Chitty's Pleadings. New edition, with Notes, &c. by Edward D. Ingraham, Esq. A Digest of the Reports of the Courts of the United States. By T I. Wharton, Esq. The American Dispensatory; containing the various substances employed in Medicine, together with the operation of Pharmacy, &c. &c. Sixth edition. By John Redman Coxe, M. D. The Tourist's Companion, being a guide to the Lakes, Canada, &c. Memoirs of Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, By his grandson, Richard Henry Lee, Esq. In 2 vols. 8vo with a Portrait. A new edition of Horace Delphini. High-Ways and By-Ways, or Tales by the Road-side, picked up in the French Provinces by a Walking Gentleman. Second series. 2 vols. 12mo. Collection of English Literature, edited by Washington Irving, Esq. (Goldsmith's Works, 4 vols. published.) ADVERTISEMENTS. POETICAL WORKS OF WILLIAM JUST published, the Poetical Works of This edition is beautifully and correctly printed, and afforded at less than half the price of the London copy. Extract from the North American Review. "THE great distinction and glory of Wordsworth's Poetry is the intimate converse which it holds with nature. He sees her face to face; he is her friend, her confidential counsellor, her high priest; and he comes from her inmost temple to reveal to us her mysteries, and unravel those secret influences which he had always felt, but hardly understood. It is not merely that he admires her beauties with enthusiasm, and describes them with the nicest accuracy, but he gives them voice, language, passion, power, sympathy; he causes them to live, breathe, feel. We acknowledge that even this has been done by gifted bards before him; but never so thoroughly as by him; they lifted up corners of the veil, and he has drawn it aside; he has established new relationships, and detected hitherto unexplored affinities, and made the connexion still closer than ever between this goodly universe and the heart of man. Every person of susceptibility has been affected with more or less distinctness, by the various forms of natural beauty, and the associations and remembrances connected with them by the progress of a storm, the expanse of ocean, the gladness of a sunny field, the lights of heaven, and a capacity of re- habitation; which will enable the attentive and industrious student to trace with precision, pleasure, and profit, the great variety of principles, which, like the muscles of the body, spread themselves through the English language. It is to be regretted that 30 few fully understand the grammatical and accurate construction of their own language. There is a fashion already too prevalent in our country, which has long obtained in England, particularly among the superior classes of society, and which has by no means been conducive to a general and extensive cultivation of the English language. The For sale by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. subject of allusion is an extravagant prediBoston; William Hilliard, Cambridge; lection for the study of foreign languages, Gray, Childs, & Co. and J. W. Foster, to the neglect of our own, a language Portsmouth; B. Perkins, Hanover; W. which by us should be esteemed the most Hyde, Portland; Bliss & White, and Car-useful and valuable of all. This extravavill, New York; A. Small, and Cary & gance has been justly censured by Mr WalLea, Philadelphia; E. Mickle, Baltimore; ker in the following remark. “We think," Pishey Thompson, Washington; and S. says he, "we show our breeding by a knowlBabcock & Co., Charleston, S. C. edge of those tongues [the French and Italian], and an ignorance of our own." ENGLISH TEACHER AND EXER- A knowledge of other languages is truly desirable, and the acquisition of them ought, in a proper degree, to be encouragCUMMINGS, HILLIARD, & Co. No. 134 Wash-ed by all friends of improvement; but it is ington street [No. 1 Cornhill], have for sale, new editions of these neat and valuable School Books. devoutly to be wished, by every friend to the interests of our country and of English literature, that American youth would show a zeal, in this respect, exemplified by the matrons of ancient Rome; and, like them, suffer not the study of foreign languages to prevent, but strictly to subserve the culti The English Teacher contains all the The Exercises form a neat 18mo volume It is confidently believed that the English Teacher and Exercises are excellently adapted to produce a radical improvement in this very important department of English education. With these aids, individuals and pupils, with a little instruction in parsing, may alone become not only proficients, but skilful and just critics, in one of the most copious and difficult of all languages, our own. Feb. 1. THE Publishers of this Gazette furnish, on liberal terms, every book and every The Promiscuous Exercises in each of periodical work of any value which America the four parts of False Grammar, in both affords. They have regular correspondents, volumes, have figures, or letters of the al- and make up orders on the tenth of every phabet, introduced, referring to the partic-month for England and France, and freular rule or principle by which nearly eve- quently for Germany and Italy, and import ry individual correction is to be made. from thence to order, books, in quantities Great care and vigilance have been exer- or single copies, for a moderate commiscised to prevent defects of the press in these editions, as well as to correct the numen well qualified to select the best edimerous errors which have found their waytions, and are purchased at the lowest cash into the various editions of these works prices. All new publications in any way now in circulation. There can be no haz noticed in this Gazette, they have for sale, ard in saying, that there is no American or can procure on quite as good terms as edition, either of Murray's Exercises or those of their respective publishers. Key, so correct as the English Teacher, and the Boston" Improved Stereotype Edition of the English Exercises." The silence that is in the starry sky, The sleep that is among the lonely hills. Wordsworth has taught these sentiments and impulses a language, and has given them a law and a rule. Our intercourse These very neat and handsome school with nature becomes permanent; we ac-manuals will perform much service, save quire a habit of transferring human feel- much time, and furnish teachers, private ings to the growth of earth, the elements, learners, and schools with those facilities sion. Their orders are served by gentle CUMMINGS, HILLIARD, & Co. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, BY HILLIARD AND METCALF. THE UNITED STATES LITERARY GAZETTE. Published on the first and fifteenth day of every month, by Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. No. 1 Cornhill, Boston.- -Terms, $5 per annum, payable in July. Colombia: Its present State, in respect of Climate, Soil, Productions, Population, Government, Commerce, Revenue, Manufactures, Arts, Literature, Manners, Education, and Inducements to Emigration With Itineraries, partly from Spanish Surveys, partly from Actual Observation. By Colonel Francis Hall, Hydrographer in the service of Colombia, Author of "Letters from France," and of "A Tour in British North America, and the United States." Philadelphia. 1825. 12mo. pp. 131. THE territory of the republic of Colombia is considerably more extensive than that of the United States, extending from the mouth of the Oronoco to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the Maranon. It is the Eldorado of the sixteenth century, and, if we may place confidence in Colonel Hall's description, has no small claim to that appellation, so far as its natural qualifications are concerned, at the present day. It enjoys every variety of climate, and is capable of affording almost every production of the known world. BOSTON, MARCH 15, 1825. the coast, are either inconsiderable in the volume Our first idea, on perusing the account of this last portion, was to prepare for immediate migration, especially when we cast our eyes abroad, and considered the mixture of snow, rain, and mud, the half winter and half spring, which it is our lot to enjoy for nearly one third of the year, in this our native New England,-where six or eight weeks, out of the fifty-two, of unexceptionable weather, is all that we can expect, and to balance which, we must broil in July, and be stewed in August; be hung with icicles in December, and thawed out in January; have our pores hermetically sealed in February, and drilled out again, as it were, by the searching blasts of March. We fancied ourselves for a moment in that happy land, afar from the thousand torments, that beset the housekeepers of this realm, in the shape of fire-places, grates, stoves, and flues, at one season, or in that of blinds, verandas, summerhouses, or refrigerators at another. There no sudden south-wind plunges the pedestrian mid-leg deep in snow-water, where he but yesterday shivered through an icy drift,— and no chilling eastern breeze condenses on his thin garments, the moisture which the glowing sun of a summer morning has sucked The first of these is the tract of country included up to load it; we enjoyed in imagination the betwixt the Cordillera and the Atlantic and Pacific fervours of the eternal summer of the tropics, oceans. The climate here is invariably hot, almost diluted, if we may be allowed the expressalways unhealthy; the soil luxuriantly abundant, ion, by the effects of an elevation of four wherever it is sufficiently irrigated by rivers or thousand feet. Alas! it was but an imaginperiodical rains, but parched and barren where these are deficient, as is sometimes the case from ation, and a brief one. The cruel fates have the peculiar situation of the mountains, which ren- bound us to these ungenial climes. There der the falls of rain locally precarious; while the are few readers in Colombia, and these our rivers, for want of supplies, dry up or lose them- periodical strictures would probably be ofselves in sandy deserts. Thus the province of Coro fered in vain to the public of those favoured has been sometimes four years without rain, and other parts of the coast are exposed to similar regions. That public, unfortunately for us, droughts, though in a less degree. The rivers which is not a reading one, and the sands that roll, descend from the mountains, at a short distance from mingled with gold, into Rio Hacha, would The great differences of climate are occasioned by the Cordilleras of the Andes, which traverse the province in various directions, lifting their heads, crowned with eternal snows, under the very equinoctial. The province is, in fact, divided "into three zones, characterized by their respective soils, climates, and productions." No. 24. roll in vain for us. We can neither plough, professions," says Colonel Hall, and surely The climate continues mild and agreeable to the height of 9,000 feet, when it becomes cold; the sky is usually cloudy, and vegetation slow in growth and stunted in appearance. At the height of 15,700 feet it ceases altogether: no living creature passes this dreary limit, where sterile sands, naked rocks, fogs, and eternal snows, mark the reign of uninterrupted solitude. From the level of the sea to the height of 4,800 feet, the thermometer of Fahrenheit varies from 77° to 115°, from thence to 8,000, it varies from 50° to 77°. The third zone comprehends the immense tract eastward, from the base of the Andes to the neighof level country which spreads itself southward and bourhood of the river Amazon, and the mountains which border on the Oronoco. These prodigious savannahs are watered by the numerous streams which form the Meta, the Apure, and finally the Orinoco; the periodical overflowings of which convert the whole country, during four months of the year, into an immense lake or inland sea, on which the villages and hatos, or cattle farms, raised upon small banks and elevations, appear as so many islets. When the floods retire, the whole plain is covered with luxuriant pasture; on which herds of cattle were raised, previous to the war, in numbers almost defying calculation. Nor are these plains less rich in agricultural advantages. The banks of the rivers are covered with primeval forests of the most precious kinds of woods for dyes, furniture, and buildings; and exhibit, when cleared, a soil capable of rendering abundantly sugar, cotton, coffee, cocoa, indigo, tobacco, and generally every species of tropical produce. All the energy of nature, in the production both of animal and vegetable life, is here Of the vegetable productions of this country it is unnecessary to speak. It is obvious, that there are few, which might not find a congenial soil in some part of this extensive territory. Among the precious animal products are the pearls of Margaritta and Goagira, the fisheries of which are now monopolized by a British company. The mineral treasures are gold, silver, platina, and emeralds. This work will be most interesting to emigrants, for whose use indeed it is more particularly intended. It will, therefore, be brought into action; and wild beasts, venomous | their general character is diversified by local cir- they do; but the Colombian government reptiles, and tormenting insects, enter equally into cumstances, we may observe that the inhabitants of are not, therefore, to be considered so absoa system which man vainly imagines constructed the coast line, and especially of the principal seafor his peculiar use and convenience. The climate, port towns, are the most refined and intelligent:lutely devoid of common sense and prudence though hot, is neither so unhealthy nor debilitating that the inhabitants of the interior and mountain as the Colonel supposes. They might find as that of the seacoast, the air being refreshed and country, particularly of New Grenada, are the most in the doings of other American congresses, purified by the strong breezes blowing constantly simple in their habits, the least crafty in their dis- which are admitted to be the wisest in the over this grassy ocean, which extends not less than positions, but ignorant, timid, selfish, and inhospit- world, some enactments on a principle not 300 miles in every direction betwixt the Andes and able. The inhabitants of the plains form a totally the Orinoco. distinct class, whose characteristics, as their mode very different from their own. We preof life, are peculiarly their own. Nothing is, ac- sume, moreover, that Colonel Hall has cording to an European view of the subject, more heard of such things as corn laws in his pacific than the life of a herdsman, nothing less native land, as well as other matters, in likely to engender ferocity or military habits; it is regard to which the imperial parliament itsufficient, however, to have once witnessed the self is somewhat in the rear of the march of mode of tending cattle in South America, to form a different opinion. The immense herds raised in political science. boundless and unenclosed plains, are gathered, penned, or conducted, as change of pasture may require, by half-naked horsemen, each armed with a lance, whose rapid movements, shouts, and wild demeanour, suggest the idea of a body of Tartar cavalry. The untamed nature of the cattle themselves, be in this country, for few, we imagine, will the attacks of wild beasts to which they are exposed, be so Quixotic as to leave a land like ours, the deep and rapid rivers over which they are fre- whatever may be its disadvantages, for a quently to be led, with a variety of circumstances residence in the semi-barbarous republics essential to the mode of life of the Llaneros, or of South America. To the indigent agriPlainsmen, all require and produce those habits by culturists of many portions of England, which they are distinguished; besides being the breeders and keepers of the cattle, they are also Colombia will doubtless have charms, and their butchers, both from necessity and amusement. another century will probably find, on the Their chief, we may say their only, pastime, is fertile plains of Venezuela and New Grendrawn from this source: to throw a Lazo, orada, other men and other principles from coiled rope, round a bull's horns while at his speed, to pierce him in the spine, or hamstring him till those which have so long disgraced and they have occasion to kill him; to flay, quarter, and abused this garden of the world. divide his quivering carcase with all the technicality of our old European huntsinan, is the pride and almost the sole enjoyment of their lives. The revo So much for the country, which, it must be admitted, is a fairer land than our own. We have next to inquire concerning its inhabitants and government, and here we shall find the superiority no longer visible. The character of the former is various, and is thus described by our author. more valuable in Great Britain than it can Many in this country, we suppose, will be curious to learn more particulars of the actual state of the South American provthis short sketch; and they will find in the account of Colonel Hall, a great deal of information, which cannot, as far as we know, be found any where else, and much of it of a very interesting character. We shall conclude this article with an anecdote, which illustrates the nature of the care which the Holy Inquisition exercised over the morals of the subjects, under the ancient regime. Long habits of slavery and oppression, partially counteracted by a feverish interval of liberty, ill understood and imperfectly enjoyed; the almost total want of education, and absence of that moral stimulus, which, under the name of honour or character, forces every respectable individual of European society to a line of conduct conformable with his situation; all these circumstances have produced a negativeness or debility both in thought and ac-lution thus found them a ready-made body of irreg-inces, than we have been able to give in tion, which renders them troublesome to deal with, and unfit to be relied on. It is, in fact, impossible to calculate their behaviour except you could be certain of the last idea which has occupied their imagination, for the feeling of interest most immediately present is pretty generally decisive of their conduct. Does a merchant contract with a planter for a quantity of coffee or cocoa at a certain rate?in vain would he suppose the bargain concluded, should another purchaser appear and offer the slightest advance of price. The readiness with which they break a promise or an agreement, can only be equalled by the sophistical ingenuity with which they defend themselves for having done so. In this respect they seem a nation of lawyers, who, with ease, twist words and meanings as they please.' As the reproach of being a liar is the last insult which can be offered or endured among freemen, so is the term lie the last to be used in decent conversation; here, on the contrary, not only is the expression a good one, and adapted to the meridian of the genteelest society, but the reproach of being a liar may be safely cast on friend or foe with as little offence given or taken as the term Rake' or 'Prodigal' would cause in a fashionable London circle. It is indeed a truth worth a 'thousand homilies' in defence of liberty, that without it there can be no virtue. ular cavalry; a popular chief sprang up to give The government is framed according to the central system, and is much better in theory than in practice. The distance of the capital from the various provinces, the difficulty of travelling, but above all, the character of a people just emerged from the most degrading slavery, will probably long prevent any government, and much more a The most pleasing trait in the character of the republican one, from possessing that effiColombian Creoles is good nature. It is easy to ciency, which is necessary for protecting live with them if you require little of them: they individual rights against the encroachments have little or no active benevolence, because such of craft or power. Indeed, as our author must result from strong powers of imagination and reflection. But they are not vindictive, for revenge observes, the forms of government in the is both a strong and a permanent feeling; nor are South American provinces must be considthey cruel, although this assertion may seem para-ered as yet, as experimental. Liberty, edudoxical to those acquainted with the history of the revolution, but we must distinguish between cruelties which are the fruit of a savage nature, and such as weakness itself may give birth to, when Roused up to too much wrath which follows o'er grown fears.' Neither are they in general proud or assuming, except when they have obtained place or power, on which occasions they are apt to verify the musty proverb, 'Set a beggar on horseback." As far as 'A painter in Bogota, of the name of Antonio Garcia, had two paintings from which he used to study-a Hercules spinning by the side of Omphale, and Endymion sleeping on the breast of Diana: the Commissary of the Inquisition was informed of the circumstance on the ground that the pictures were indecent, searched his cabinet, and had them cut in pieces, which the owner was allowed to keep.' Missionary Journal and Memoir of the Rev. Joseph Wolf, Missionary to the Jews. Written by himself. Revised and edited by John Bayford, Esq. F. S. A. New York 1824. 12mo. pp. 332. THERE are few things in which sensible and conscientious men differ so much as in their views of the utility and tendency of missions. Different minds may, and as they are impressed with different convictions, must have different opinions of the character and amount of the good and evil from cation, and the emigration of foreigners, which they spring, and which they effect. will, in time, enable them to establish one But this difference of opinion must be conthat shall be better adapted to their circum-fined to their use as religious missions; for stances than any which has hitherto been their influence upon the interests of literain operation. Colonel Hall criticises some ture will receive unqualified acknowledgof the prohibitory regulations of the congress ment and commendation from all who deem with severity, supposing them to evince an these interests of value: In estimating ignorance or contempt of the clearest prin- their efficacy and importance with respect ciples of political economy, and doubtless to religion, many considerations should be taken into view; for, while all admit that mano, with the intent of becoming a mem- to missionaries. We do not know that any part of the lects of North America, we are indebted work interested us more than those pages Marshman and Morrison of Mr Wolf's own memoir, which disclose have brought the Chinese language and the actual condition of the papal court, literature within reach of European schol- and makes us acquainted with the internal ars; the obscure and almost forgotten Cop- economy, the customs, purposes, and practic language is made to yield up its ele- tices of the seminaries and societies of ments to the uses of philology; the anoma-Rome. The following extracts are from lous signs and exponents of the Chinese this part of the work. words are brought to illustrate the hieroglyphics of Egypt; and there is scarcely a corner of the earth so remote or so obscure, that something of its peculiar dialect may not be known by him who wishes to learn it. Of oriental literature it is peculiarly true, that the study of every department of it is facilitated by the means which missionary efforts have wrought out, and which, but for these efforts, would not probably have existed. Again, missionary societies have established presses among the principal heathen nations. What incalculable advantages may be expected from this! Why may not Asia profit by the exercise of this wonderful art, almost as Europe has profited by it? At all events, it is a great thing to have put so powerful an instrument into operation. a I entered the Seminario Romano the fifth of September, 1816, being twenty years of age. I received a long violet blue garment, and a triangutime the vacations of the schools took place, which lar hat like the other pupils of that college. At this continued till the month of November: and I found not so much edification in the Seminario Romano, as in the shops of the German artists. The Seminario has, besides the master and vice-master, a prefect also, who was a priest like the former, but day in their walks, and when they assist any bishop man of no talent. He accompanies the pupils every or cardinal, or the pope, in any ceremony. He calls the pupils every day for the rosary prayer, and closes the door of the pupils' room in the evening, and calls them up in the morning. This is the whole duty; he receives for it two crowns per month, and his board. When the prefect opens the doors, and awakes the pupils, one of them is obliged to recite the Litany of the Virgin Mary, and they are all obliged to cry, Ora pro nobis, which they do mechanically, and without devotion! Joseph Wolf was born in 1796, in Wei- After that, they go into the private chapel, and read a meditation taken from the book of the Jesuit lersbach, in Bavaria. His father was a Segneri, which contains some good things, together Rabbi; and intending his son to be a very with Mohammedan notions and abominable superorthodox Jew, he educated him according-stitions. The description of hell and paradise here ly. But Joseph was disposed, while yet a given, is the same I once read in a superstitious boy, to become a Christian; when sevenRabbinical book, and in a surah of the Alcoran! teen years old he was baptized, and three private chapel, and then breakfast; and in the days After meditation they go to hear mass in another years after he entered the Seminario Ro-when public lectures are given, they are obliged to walk eight or nine hours. In the first month of my stay in that seminary, I went with the others to see VII., and I considered the canonization not as a the canonization of Alfonsio Maria Ligori by Pius beatification and sanctification, but only as a representation, or a description of the grace of God working in the individul; but I found afterwards, that my idea was not according to the Romish system. In Rome, they divide the canonization into two acts, calling the first act Beatificazione, and the second Suntificazione: both acts cost the family of the saint a great price. The words beatificazione and santifiazione correspond entirely to the Latin words, beatum facere, and sanctum facere aliquem. But how can I believe that a pope can make saints? since Rome herself confesses that popes may burn in hell. In November, the Exercitia Spiritualia (which always precede the public lectures, and every solemn festival) began; a strange clergyman, or some monk, is invited at such a time to preach to lege are obliged to observe a strict silence two days, the pupils about their duty. The pupils of the coland are ordered to meditate and to go every day three times into the chapel, to hear the sermons or exhortations of the missionary. The act begins with holy song, Veni Sancte Spiritus, reple tuorum emitte spiritum tuum et creabuntur, et renovabis corda fidelium, et tui amoris ignem in eis accende, faciem terræ. I heard sometimes, but not often, sermons very fine, and according to the Gospel, especially when Prince O., the Stolberg of Rome, preached to us in the seminary. He unites the zeal of Elias and true Christianity, with great worldly possessions; and adds to an unquestionable zeal and love for the Gospel, the character of a man of learning and philosophy. * The lectures upon Church History occupy four years, and yet they only come down to the fourteenth century. Dissertations about celibacy, the holy wars, and the infallibility of the popes, and reconciling the fallibility of Pope Honorius with the doctrine of infallibility, take up the greatest part of the history. The professor's prudence surprised me, when he lectured on the history of Henry IV. the latter against the emperor, he did it; but when and Gregory VII. So long as he was able to defend he came to facts mentioned of the pope which he could not defend, he merely read the history, and left us to form our own judgment. I only found one amongst the pupils of the Seminary, who had a spirit of tolerance, and knowledge of the Bible. * * * I frequently heard the noise of a crowd of people flocking to the church called Rotunda, and exclaiming, "The mother of God opens her eyes and works miracles." The clergy send soldiers to guard the image which represents the Virgin; and to deceive collects money for the mother of God. the people, one priest reads mass, and another It is true the greatest part of the clergy said to me that this was only the fanaticism of the people; but why does the pope approve such an idolatrous fanaticism, and why do they send soldiers to the altar of that image, and why do priests collect money for the the altar of that image, to show respect and honsupport of that image, and to celebrate mass before our to it? The vicar-general, in a printed declaration, approved the miracles, said to be wrought by the image of the Virgin. In the month of October, 1819, all the pupils went to Tivoli, where they have a very fine country-house. I saw there the villa of Mæcenas, the grotto of Neptune, the ruins of the barracks of the army of Trajan, and the ruins of the temple of the Sybil; and I read Horace's poetry in one of his own country houses. I went one day, with the other pupils, to the church of the Friars of that town. They were then celebrating the festival of St Franciscus Assissi. All the monks of Rome are accustomed to preach sermons on the day of their patriarch, which they call Panegyrica. I heard the panegyricum of St Franciscus of Assissi, composed by a Franciscan friar! He enumerated of his body, where they observed the five wounds all the miracles of St Franciscus, and all the pains of Christ. And, after the account of these mira 372 cles, and these wounds, he said, I therefore argue, that Franciscus Assissi has taken upon himself the sins of the whole world.' I said to the pupils, and to the master of our college, after the sermon was finished, This monk has blasphemed Christ; for Christ bore the sins of mankind, and not Franciscus Assissi. He was a pious and humble man, but yet a sinner, who, like ourselves, must be saved by Christ.' The style of this book is very peculiar; it would be obvious, from the strangeness of some of the expressions and from the general air of the whole, that the English is not the vernacular tongue of the writer, if his parentage and birth-place were not mentioned. It seems to us that his thorough acquaintance with the Hebrew tongue, and his familiar use of it in conversation, has given something of the idiom of that language to his general style. proper means, be rendered intelligible to finding knowledge in the mind we shall Pestalozzi described the minds of children as containing within themselves, in miniature, all that they will ever contain; and made the business of education to consist solely in finding and unfolding those principles or truths which are concealed or folded up in the mind. Acting according to this principle, he seldom told a child any thing except the arbitrary name of whatever he had first contrived to find in the mind. In other words, he would give the names of things, as much as possible, subsequently to the knowledge of things. Pestalozzi would not teach any thing dogmatically, but would endeavour by suitable questions to lead the pupil to find out the fact at which he was aiming; and the pupil's finding it by the exercise of his own faculties, he called finding it in the mind of the pupil. It appeared to him. that the [The system of education introduced by knowledge sought for, was, in reality, alPestalozzi, or rather first practised by him ready in the mind; and he would not admit, upon an extensive scale, has become a sub-when a truth was discovered by any project of considerable interest, both in Europe cess, that it was received from the world and in this country. Its power and ten-without, or from the world within, but that it was found in the mind, and that it had dency recommend it strongly to all whose existed there before, needing only to be attention is drawn to it, and who are com-developed or unfolded. petent to form a correct judgment of the MISCELLANY. PESTALOZZIAN METHOD OF INSTRUCTION. Every regular analysis ought to begin by the whole; and descend from decomposition to decomposition till the whole subject is fully exhausted. This rule shall be our perpetual guide. The first great and natural division of our body, which must, and undoubtedly will, offer itself to our observations, will be its trunk and members. The members we shall, of course, divide into superior and inferior limbs. The trunk of the body will be naturally divided into the torsel and head. Thus we shall proceed from division to division. On every part we shall affix a convenient name, and peculiar care will be taken to determine the accurate meaning of every term we shall be obliged to employ. This first operation will enable my pupils to solve this double problem: an object, or a part of an obthe object, or a part of an object, upon hearing its ject, being shown, to name it; and, again, to show name. Our second operation shall consist in determining the coherency, subordination, connexion, or relation between too objects, or between a part and the whole of an object. This operation must enable us to solve problems of the following nature. What coherency or subordination is there between the nail on the fore-finger of your right hand and your body? The answer must, and, of course, will be: The nail on the fore-finger of my right hand is attached to the inferior phalanx of the forefinger of my right hand; the inferior phalanx of the fore-finger of my right hand constitutes a part of the fore-finger of my right hand: the fore-finger of my right hand is a part of my right hand; my right hand belongs to my superior right member, or arm, and my superior right member, or arm, is attached to my body. What connexion or relation do you perceive betwixt that tree and the middle rib or membrane of this leaf? The tree comprehends the trunk or stem; the trunk includes the branches; the branches comprehend the twigs, that twig includes this leaf, and this leaf, finally, comprehends its middle rib or mem brane. In our third operation we shall examine the number of things. Our inquiries will, of course, be of the following kind: How many toes has the foot of a man, of a cow, horse, dog, cat, sheep, hog? How many fingers has the left hand? How many nails are to be found on the human body? What is the number of our incisive teeth? How many horns has the ox? How many panes of glass has one window, or all the windows of the room? Whether this view be metaphysically cortrue nature and scope of a system that dif-rect or not, its practical effect on his method fers so entirely from those which are sanc-of instruction must obviously be in the highest degree salutary. Others would say, that tioned by general use. But there are very the human mind consists of mere receptacles few works which will give to a general of knowledge, and that the business of edureader an idea of the principles and pro- cation is to fill these, and expand them, by cesses of this system, and we have thought such a gradual process as will enable the the following brief account of it, could not learner to digest and direct to its proper use every truth when it is received. Others, but be interesting to many of our readers, again, would adopt a different theory; but if not to all. EDITOR.] we care little about the different theories, provided they all result in the same method of aiding the mind in the attainment of knowledge. What Pestalozzi would do to find and unfold what the mind already possesses, might with equal propriety be done by another, to lead it by the exercise of its own powers to receive such truths as it is Our fourth operation shall consist in pointing out now capable of receiving. The same gen- the position or situation of an object. Thus, for eral rules apply to both theories. Nothing instance, we shall examine where the ball of the should be sought for in the mind, or pre-right eye is situated. We shall, in all likelihood, sented to it, but what it can understand find that it is contained in a hole or cavity, comclearly and appreciate justly. The previous monly called the eye-socket, beneath the right lid attainments of the scholar in the science to of the forehead, above the right cheek, on the right which he is to attend, must be carefully de- side of the upper part of the nose, and on the left side of the right temple. Which is the position termined; and from the simple ideas which of the middle finger of your right hand?" The midhe now possesses, the instructer should lead dle finger of my right hand is placed beneath the him by slow and regular advancement to metacarpus of my right hand, and betwixt the fore The inductive, analytical, Baconian, or the desired elevation in that department;- and middle finger of the same hand. These problems we shall not fail to propose in an Pestalozzian method of instruction, adopts connecting others with it from time to time, inverted order. For instance: What is the name as a fundamental maxim, that the mind is that his prospect during his journey may be of that part of your person, which is situated beat all times capable of comprehending those as extensive as his powers of vision will al-neath the middle of your forehead, above your uptruths, which are then most important for low, and that as many of the faculties of his per lip, and between your eyes and cheeks? it to receive; and by the acquisition and soul may be exercised, as can be exercised use of these, it is prepared to receive those in any orderly and profitable manner. which are next in order. Hence it rejects We have probably given as many of the the whole system and practice of dogmati-abstract principles of this system as our cal teaching. Whatever will be useful to readers will have patience to examine. In the mind at any given period, can, by order to illustrate Pestalozzi's method THE human mind is so constituted, that by proper use of the knowledge which, at any time, it possesses, it is prepared for the reception of greater quantities and higher degrees of knowledge. The mind is to be led, not compelled, to this advancement. This necessarily implies, that whatever is presented to it should be accommodated to its powers of understanding; otherwise, it will be compelled to believe or assent to what it cannot comprehend, and the memory will be burthened with mere terms and propositions, of which the meaning and use are unknown. of Our fifth operation shall consist in pointing out the qualities of objects. What qualities are remarkable in snow, water, lead, lime, ice, wood, glass, ripe cherries, apples, pears? Which objects or bodies are sour, sweet, green, blue, red, yellow, dry, humid? What is good, bad, wholeseme, fresh, withered, cool, cold? This exercise would evidently |