te having produced very severe symptoms in man. The best data, from 2,4,5-T, and I would like to read to you a brief account blished in 1959 by T. Flint entitled "Dermatitis and Kidney Red to Weed Killer 2,4,5-T."

an episode involving two sisters, age 4 and 6 years, who had everal hours in a yard which had been sprayed heavily a short th the Ortho brand of 2,4,5-T, brush killer. This was used for prison oak.

Contained 15.4 percent of the isopro ester of 2,4,5-T in an oil

Vi stred mention parenthetically, I don't have the exact data at hand, Waits much more than that, I believe in excess of 60 percent of

me must dis both girls exhibited generalized erythema-reddening of the des swelling of the oral and vaginal mucous membranes.

ate and body temperature were not elevated, but both children sented as appearing slightly toxic. The limbs and eyelids were slightly The Nens membranes of the mouth were inflamed. On the 3d day sms of kidney damage. Albumen was noticed in the urine. There TIN MONOR of liver injury, the urinary abnormalities persisted for about months later the urine specimens for both patients were

gure are other reports in which 2.4-D, and 2,4,5-T are alleged to have adfects on the nervous system as measured by the electroenThat is after ingestion, there was a desynchronization of the elecpremes of the nervous system. I bring these points up only to reinng thức thất đo chemical is completely innocuous. Some individuals are

→11 NTR and some may require a big dose, and some a - Lite these stoormal effects produced, but I share with Dr. that when people appear and say that they have been farad by these chemicals, immediate and adequate attention De push by that these reports will furnish yet additional surement the rather large amount of scientific data already existing. 7 ray Thank you. Dr. Galston. I wonder if you couldA ons after your inspection of the sprayed area, and the * TÊ THỊT T at this point care to have in the record?

10 sor a few words. I want to make it perfectly clear - SOM ATZ, I don't want to pose as an expert either on Tects of vegetation, or on people, but as a biologist work, Thọ Is Sie einclusions I think I can make which point out grethe rescation, and everything I say should be held in ve za ng dried trip yesterday? Well, I would classify them in

The Mine everlocking the picnic area, I observed and mee was me dreht that you could smell residual diesel oil The emmer for the herbicide which had been splashed avechar ate the bellcopter.

it smer 2, there was a good deal around, and that would DON IN ANI, wy moines in certain selected areas, how much how much there might be in the soil, or in the water, I - soms to me that I could smell evidences at various points appe vode are residues here and there, and those OWLY DOES SECar of letching. I suppose, into the waters of WE ARVUTI that possibility, *ke wax Aby nant damage, and the plant damage was by the canyon, and undesired plant damage in to the drifting. I assume, the herbicide. Des were pointed out to me by some of the desired killing of such plants as

Manzanita and Oak, and the desired persistence of what they considered more desirable plants such as gerardia.

Now, I suppose a question could be raised as some of the local residents have been raising undesirable, and desirable, according to whose criteria, and by what judgmental values. Manzanita and Oak do live on these hillsides, they do transpire to water, and I suppose their killing is desirable in the contention of wanting to avoid the evaporation of water. Whether after you are all through with the operation and plant to grass, which is the stated objective of this clearing observation, you are going to save very much water, I'm not sure, and whether, in fact, the esthetics of the environment will be improved another stated objective of this operation is also I'd say open to question, I would think it would be a very useful operation for those groups charged with making policy to hold some public hearings at which citizens could come with their points of view. I think a lot of this fracas is due to poor interchange of information between official agencies, and the citizens. If there had been open hearings, and announcements, this is what we intend to do, this is why we are doing it, and this is how we are going to do it, and have objections recorded at the time, a lot of the acrimony that's built up here might have been avoided.

Now, so far as the damage of plants around homes, there is no doubt about it, it has occurred. I have seen it, and as a plant physiologist, I could testify that this is typical damage due to herbicide drift. I think that this points up a lesson when you discharge herbicides from the nozzles of spray on a helicopter, you are getting an assortment of droplet sizes, the big drops are going to fall quickly, the small drops are going to be carried for longer distances. I think until the technology is improved, the so-called invert sprays is one possibility here, and new types of booms for spraying are another, it seems to me that it's very unwise to spray in areas where homes are so intimately associated with the forest and woodland, that you are trying to control. You cannot pinpoint the spray, you cannot keep it out of the water, and you cannot prevent inadvertent spray damage to the nearby residences, and I would say that there are certainly many sprays in the country where the application of aerosol sprays is a highly beneficial practice.

From my cursory look here that I would say the intervening of house and the canyons in which spraying is desired, is so intricate that the slightest miscalculation, the slightest air movement, the slightest malfunctions of the spray equipment would lead to damage to the property, and I don't know how that could be worked out technically, and I would want assurance that those problems are looked into.

I think the people whose plants have been damaged ought to be compensated in some way because the damage has been considerable around some homes, and I think it's unfair to expect these people to bear the brunt of this kind of inadvertent drift operation.

Now, I did see damaged animals, and I talked with humans who alleged that they were adversely affected.

All I can say here is the damage is there, and spray operations did occur, but I know of absolutely no scientific evidence which would link the spray operation to the damage, and I think the people who showed me the damaged animals showed it to me in the spirit that this could be a consequence of spray operations, but they weren't sure, and certainly I'm not sure, but unlike some people I would not immediately offhand say this is ridiculous. It could be as I have shown from my previous reading from this scientific compendium, and I could document further a lot of the symptoms that people are reporting here have been reported for massive doses of 2,4-D. So we should not leave the possibility that this did occur, but a much more scientific information is required.

My overall view after one day of looking around is one of puzzlement. I wonder why it's desired to initiate this kind of an operation in this kind of an environment. The stated objective is to improve water runoff, and water runoff will benefit, I presume, the citizens of a nearby urban area, Phoenix, which is growing rapidly, and which has a lot of water requirements, and their water

por roman is the years go by. We know this is an arid area-by the #17 DC being an Arisa resident, and not being a politician, I perhaps gend say some things here which a lot of people were thinking, but haven't

waters gig to be wilting in this area for others. So far as I can Less Ice Ticology makes it available on a massive scale, which I Frese a take water from this area to give to another area, you is ad med Peter to pay Paul. If you are robbing water from here, are going to partially change the kind of vegetation, perhaps you are bemade sole of the areas in order to increase the runoff, this involves Hijamante set of rules Whose object is going to be gored here, whose care parament? Well, clearly cities are not going to be able to grow we are going to have to put some limit on them, we know, for hat the city of Los Angeles got into a lot of trouble with smoke lery toe there are just too many people there. In the same way cities in the West mir hire to limit their size ultimately based on the number of fer din support on the amount of water resources there are. The case every amount of water out of the Country brings a possibility Art President Nixon among others is calling for a campaign to restore fecment it might be that we would want to look at this whole project tntext of what we are doing to the entire State, and to the entire I ould like to merely renew my suggestions that the people who peller, who set up this whole spray program should identify request the contributions of the citizenry as an input

y should not be made without question. This is a demowhich citizens have responsibility to interest themselves in peter, and-my faith in the American people, and in their teir own country has been to a certain extent reinforced by grensed citizens bere out to protect their rights.

21.CRY Thank you. Doctor Galston. I think the points you & die that I wou'd just enlarge on a bit is that I am presently imha to be established to support a National Growth Policy, I te commensurate with the resources and of course, in this སཱཙཏཱ ཏི། ཏྭཾ ཎྜ ཏཾ མཐཎྜ ཨུཝ

se these bearings new with a couple of observations. I think know that 245-T was developed at the Army's chief Germ Roseeno Center at Fort Detrick, Md. My experiences in investigating and biological warfare programs, and policies, has not se deer some of the actions that have been taken, without taking wone of the unforeseen consequences. For instance, when Sose of waste frem nerve gas production at the Rocky Hear Denver, they first dumped this material into ponds on Dey didit erect that it would find its way out. They would be mist abserved in the water on the pond. It wasn't, it was beat streams, and the neighboring countryside, and killed vestock and 6 square miles of sugar beets.

ANG ANG N

་་ ་

ga deep well and figured the best way to dispose of it was by The earth. That set off 1,500 earthquakes in the Denver bọn gà to ex on the Richter scale, and caused great alarm in they pa'y bad to pull out this material, and of course the

Dạy should ship it across the entire United States. They Sara Scientists later said it would risk the lives of www he was also called for dumping this large quantity of ma erta's into the Atlantic Ocean. They thought that

sad in cord destroy all marine life in 600 cubic miles of the 1a værtegnsæic effect on ocean's production cycle.

Now, I cite these instances not in reproaching the Army, or the C.B.W. establishment, but I think that this particular program has a questionable record.

We find 2,4,5-T developed by the Army's Germ and Gas Warfare establishment, 25 years ago to this date. We do not know for sure whether it will produce birth defects in human beings, I find it unwise to say the least to use such a substance without being sure that it is safe. For some reason the burden of proof seems to be on me and my colleagues in the sense that the attitude is, "we'll keep using it until you can prove it unsafe." Well, I quarrel with the basic assumption, I think that it should be just the reverse, I don't think that any toxic substance whether herbicide, pesticide, drug, whatever, should be used, sold in the United States until it can be shown that it is not harmful to human beings, that it doesn't produce cancer, or birth defects, or genetic effects.

One would think that we have learned from the Thalidomide experience, but apparently we haven't.

I also find it incredible that the Dow Chemical Corp. could have succeeded in helping reverse an order from The White House.

Now, I read this section from the statement of October 29 wherein the President's science adviser said that certain agencies of Government, the Department of Defense, the Department of Interior, the Department of Agriculture would do certain things, will inaugurate a new policy. Now we have the letter received today from The White House addressed to me, advising me that The White House is backing off from this directive, and is saying that the statutory responsibility resides with the individual agencies.

I find it personally unconscionable that in light of the Bionetics findings, and the scientific data cited by Doctor Galston this morning about the proven effects of 2,4,5-T on females, that this substance would be continued to be used on wide scale in the United States, and for that matter in Vietnam where even larger quantities are used.

I welcome the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Investigation into this. I will prepare a full report which will appear in the public documents that will be developed as a consequence of our trip will be made available to not only the Senate Commerce Committee, but appropriate other committees of the Congress, as well as to the study of the American Association for the Advancement of Science under the directorship of Professor Messelson of Harvard.

We finally conclude by thanking the officials who have been most helpful, and to the residents of Globe who have been most hospitable, and I would hope that this experience here might have effects far more reaching than the small area of Globe, Ariz., and that perhaps as a result at least in part of what we have discovered here, that we will stop using 2,4,5-T around the world until we can run a series of tests that show that it is not harmful to this generation, and to the next generation.

Thank you very much.

Appendix 6

ALBUQUERQUE, N. MEX., February 26, 1970.

Hon. RICHARD D. MCCARTHY,

House of Representatives,

Washington, D.C.

DEAR MR. MCCARTHY: Thank you for your letter of February 16 and for the opportunity to furnish additional documents or statements for the record of your hearing in Globe.

FOR THE RECORD REGARDING WINDS

In my testimony I promised to furnish you with additional data on windspeeds during the 1969 spray project. While windspeed was measured by the Project Air Officer who used a pocket anemometer, no record of observations was made. He did, however, maintain a record of application flight times

* shows when the work was shut down due to winds exceeding 10 miles our The following table summarizes these important times from this

fle winds" during application have been made, it is the store shut-down times with winds recorded at the Station The Globe Station records are for observations • HT at 1900 hours, but do not indicate the presence of "gale far of the project. These 1300 hours observations are as fol

Acan be set from the two tables, the only day on which applications aux viet berond 1300 hears was June 8, when the 1300 hours observation was

I s per hour. The June 11 shut-down time of 1250 hours would tend she that winds d possibly exceed 10 miles per hour when compared with 34) Jours Ceservation of 16 miles per hour. Ranger Moehn has stated sus på get exceed 10 miles per hour in the area of the spray applicaind is sente possible since spray work was high up in Russell Gulch, v z sereng mountains to the Southwest, on that date.

OTHER ITEMS FOR THE RECORD

series of the Forest Service Interim Position Statement and of le the Sant of infrared detection of dead and distressed vegetatræer 10 are enclosed for the record.

Prowser Gilston asked for additional information on the 3-Bar des and a water yield. Since the Interim Position Statement s that the Statement will serve for the record, but would Are you or for Dr. Galston to receive a copy of the rough serge referenced in the Statement.

de desiner converted to a trash barrel, and found in Kellyear old tour, became a matter of importance to the

Conal information may serve as a useful insertion for Dow Chemical Company label does not specify that the

or of specimen label enclosed); (2) As a matter of be that all pesticide containers not be reused, and when sh barrels were being made of the containers by the Rocons: Forester directed by memorandum on January 29 Save Nocion Ranger Districts discontinue such uses; (3)

soonse to the Regional Forester's direction, had all' such Joke # weer in the week of your visit; (4) presence of the via st the Kölner recreation area cannot be explained by we word De area and had not seen it prior to your field kav sør fod deen washed with water and detergent prior to