6 "In the course of time various other garments came into use, as mentioned in several parts of Scripture. The materials of which these garments were usually made are specified in Leviticus xiii. 47-59, The garment also that the plague of the leprosy is in, whether it be a woollen garment or a linen garment: whether it be in the warp or woof, of linen or of woollen; whether in a skin, or in anything made of skin,' &c." So far the woollen and linen manufacture, and weaving, are distinctly mentioned at that early period: other branches are also named, as well as the progress in arts, the comforts of life, the nature of trade, and the employment of coin : Gen. iv. 17. And he (Cain) builded a city. 20. And Adah bare Jabel: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such as have cattle. 21. And his brother's name was Jubal: he was the father of such as handle the harp and the organ. 22. And Zillah, she also bare Tubalcain, an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron. Gen. vi. 14. Make thee an ark of gopher wood, rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. 15. And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: the length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. 16. A window shalt thou make in the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above, and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, and second, and third stories shalt thou make it. Gen. ix. 20. And Noah began to be a husbandman, and he planted Gen. xi. a vineyard. 3. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make Gen. xiv. 23. That I will not take from a thread even to a shoe latchet. Gen. xvii. 23. And Abraham took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and all that were bought with money. Gen. xxiii. 15. My lord, hearken unto me: the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver: what is that betwixt thee and me? bury, therefore, thy dead. 16. And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron, and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant. Gen. xxiv. 22. And it came to pass, as the camels had done drinking, that the man took a gold ear-ring, of half a shekel weight, and two bracelets for her hands, of ten shekels weight of gold. The above texts show the great progress in luxury and refinement, the advancement in living, from tents to the building of cities and towers. It appears clear that the tents were made of goats' hair, and that the tents of the present day are made of the same material. The Chevalier d'Arvieux, who published an account of his travels in the East, in the early part of last century, thus describes the Arabian shepherds :-" These Arabs have no other lodging than their tents, which they call houses; they are all black, of goats' hair canvass, and are stretched out in such a manner that the rain easily runs off, without ever going through them. The tent of the Emir is of the same stuff, and differs only from those of his subjects in bigness." Mr. Fellows writes (Lycia):-" Bienden, the place of our destination for the evening, was still distant seven hours. About five miles on the way the tract lay through several Turkish burial grounds, each containing remains of ancient sculpture, marble columns, cornices, and square stones: upon one was an inscription, which could not have been moved from its original site. Its first intention may have been to commemorate the course of a great conqueror : at present, it marks the grave of some unknown Yourook, or herdsman, whose race occupy the black goats' hair tents, scattered over the widely extended plain." Mr. Fellows describes the goats' hair as very long, from eight to twelve inches, and very thick; well adapted to make tents for such a country. The goats must be very numerous. He says (Lycia, Delta of the Xanthus) :-" Around were barren crags, scarcely affording pasture to the flocks of large black goats on their rocky sides; the height to which they had climbed made me giddy, on looking up to reach whence came their bleating." The description given by Mr. Fellows of the pastoral life of the people is so interesting and so beautifully written, that its insertion is not inappropriate. MAY 10, LYCIA." The interest of our halt was greatly increased by our observing an almost uninterrupted train of cattle and people moving from the valleys to the cool places for the summer season, the Yeeilassies. I was much struck by the simplicity and patriarchal appearance of the several families, which brought forcibly to my mind the description of pastoral life in the Bible history. What a picture would Landseer make of such a pilgrimage! The snowy tops of the mountains were seen through the lofty and dark green fir-trees, terminating in abrupt cliffs, many thousand feet of perpendicular height. From clefts in these gushed out cascades falling in torrents, the sound of which, from the great distance, was heard only in the stillness of the evening, and the waters were carried away by the wind in spray over the green woods, before they could reach their deep bed in the rocky ravines beneath. In a zigzag course up the woods lay the tract leading to the cool places. "In the advance of the pastoral groups were the straggling goats, browsing on the first blossom of the wild almond as they passed. In more steady courses followed the small black cattle with their calves, and among them several asses, carrying in saddle-bags those calves that were too young to follow the watchful mother. Then came the flocks of sheep and the camels, each with their young; two or three fine camels, bearing piled loads of ploughs, tents, tent-poles, kettles, pans, presses, and all the utensils of a dairy; and amidst this rustic load was always seen the rich Turkey carpet and damask cushions,-the pride even of the tented Turk. Behind these portions of the train I must place with more finish the family-the foreground of my picture. An old man, and generally his wife, lead the clan, which consists of several generations; many of them must have seen near fourscore summers on the mountains,—the old man, grasping a long stick, leads his children with a firm step; his son, the master of the flock, follows with his wife she is often seated on a horse, with a child in her arms, and other horses are led, all clothed with the gayest trappings of a Turkish stud. Asses are allotted to the younger children, who are placed amidst the domestic stores, and never without a pet cat in their arms: long tresses of hair hang down their necks, and are kept closely to their head by a circlet of coins. By their side walks the eldest son, with all the air and alacrity of a young sportsman; over his shoulder hangs a long-barrelled gun; in his hands is the cage of a decoy partridge, and a classic-looking hound follows at his heels; a number of shepherds' boys mingle with the flock and bring up the rear. The gay costumes, the varied noises of the cattle, and the high glee attending the party on this annual expedition, must be supplied by the imagination. "I should think that twenty families passed in succession during our halt, few of them having less than one hundred head of small cattle and stock, and many had more. In some families, attendants, servants or farming labourers, were among the cattle, generally with their aprons tied around them, in which they carried two or three kids: they had often over their shoulders a small calf with all its legs tied together on the breast, exactly as seen in the offerings on the basreliefs at Xanthus and elsewhere. It appears from Scripture that the woollen manufacture was not only known in the earliest ages, but even the art of dyeing was carried to great perfection. Gen. xxxviii. 3. Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age, and he 66 made him a coat of many colours. We may The value and distinction attached to such variegated dresses, shows that they were not common, and were formed by some elaborate process. This continued long after the time of David; such a dress was a distinction for a king's daughter, 2 Samuel, xiii. 18:—" And she had a garment of divers colours upon her, for with such robes were the king's daughters that were virgins apparelled;" and Judges v. 30: Have they not divided the prey; to Sisera a prey of divers colours of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that take the spoil?" Here we see ladies anticipating the return of a victorious general, with a prey of divers colours of needlework on both sides. therefore infer that in those times people did not generally wear variegated dresses, the common use of which must have been consequent on the discovery of the art of dyeing, interweaving a variegated pattern in the original textures, or of printing it subsequently. Dr. Roberts states that in India it is now customary to invest a beautiful or favourite child with a coat of many colours, consisting principally of crimson, purple, and other colours, which are often tastefully sewed together. He adds, "A child being clothed in a garment of many colours, it is believed that neither tongue or evil spirit will injure him, because the attention is taken from the beauty of the person to that of the garment.' "The longevity of the people in this pastoral country is very remarkable. I am sure that we have seen at least twenty peasants, within the last two days, above one hundred years of age, and apparently still enjoying health and activity of body: in some instances the mind appeared wandering. The temperate habits of the Turks, as well as some of their customs, may in part account for the prolongation of life in this country. One custom I may mention, as tending to diminish the cares of age, and to show the excellence of these simple people. When sons grow up and marry, the father gives over to them his flocks and property, and trusts to the known and natural affection of his children to take care of him in his declining years: to a son his parents are always his first charge." Pictorial Bible. In reading the following texts of Scripture, - Exod. xxv. 3. And this is the offering which ye shall take of them; gold, and silver, and brass, 4. And blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, and goats' hair. Exod. xxvi. 1. Moreover thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen, and blue, and pur ple, and scarlet, &c. Exod. xxviii. 6. And they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, and of purple, of scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cunning work. it had frequently occurred to the compiler of this work, that the colours so named could not apply to fine linen, for if that were the case it would have been more clearly expressed, without the word "and" preceding "fine linen," viz.: "blue and purple, and scarlet fine linen." And in Exodus xxvi., the "and" betwixt "fine linen," and the "blue," &c., makes a marked distinction betwixt them, so as to show the colour did not apply to the linen. This construction appeared the more probable, because the full lustre and beauty of the colour cannot now be given to vegetable materials, and consequently that part of the art of dyeing must have been lost. It therefore appears most probable, that as they could not mean "linen," they might or did mean woollen manufacture. With a view to ascertain this point, he applied to Professor Hurwitz, who sent him the following note : 6 "DEAR SIR,-In reply to your note, permit me to say you are quite correct in your conjecture. Our most ancient commentators have been of the same opinion: the Talmud, Jarchi, Aben Ezra, &c. Mendlesohn, in his German translation, renders Exodus xxv. 4, Himmel blaue, purpur rothe, und hoch rothe wolle ; und leinen garn,' &c.; although strictly speaking the Hebrew words non-sky blue, pa purple, nyn-designate only the colours. In the instance as cited, the word ny-wool is understood. In and Numb. iv. 6. And shall put thereon the covering of badgers' skins, and shall spread over it a cloth wholly of blue, and shall put in the staves thereof. 7. And upon the table of the shew bread, they shall spread a cloth of blue, and put thereon the dishes, |