572

SCIENCE AND ARTS.

SCIENCE AND ARTS.

These curious results of scientific investigation are probably capable of many other and of even more important applications than Mr. Bain at preTHE WORLD A VOLTAIC TELEGRAPH !-Be not sent contemplates. To military men, for example, alarmed, gentle reader, at the startling announcement: though "the great globe which ye inhabit" it may suggest the idea of applying the galvanic is now proved to be one vast voltaic battery, with agency of the earth to the means of impregnable power equal to effect its own destruction, there is defence against invaders, by converting the islands no present danger of its committing suicide. He of Great Britain and Ireland into gigantic torpedos. who has detected the latent torpedo has no inten-It is well known, that instant contact with a few tion of employing it to annihilate the world, but plates of metals differently oxidizable will melt the solely for the annihilation of space. Yes, truly, we hardest rocks and convulse the strongest animals : and the Antipodes may soon be placed in contact who then can calculate the effects when all the copby galvanic influence-mentally at least-with per and tin in the bowels of Cornwall combine with the iron of Wales to produce a never-ending sueheads to heads in lieu of feet to feet. cession of shocks?-Spectator.

GAULISH ANTIQUITIES.-There has just been discovered in the ground excavated for the railroad, between St. Leu d'Essevens and Montalair, a girdle of solid gold, wrought to imitate a cord, having a hook at each end. The weight is 342 grammes, and the gold is valued at 880fr. It was found within two and a half feet of the surface, and no other article was discovered near it. It is supposed to belong to the Gaulish period, about Julius Cæsar's time.-Athenæum.

In a former notice of the improvements effected by Mr. Bain in his electrical telegraph, we communicated his discovery that the circuit of a voltaic battery may be completed, by the earth as a conductor, from any points however distant. We then anticipated that the next step would be the application of the air as a conductor for the return current, so that earth and air might call and respond to each other from all quarters of the globe. Mr. Bain has, however, shown that he can do more than this. He has converted the globe itself into a constant voltaic battery, and proved that it may be rendered the means of carrying on instantaneous ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.-In September, 1838, a correspondence through the earth. This result was the sequence of the previous discovery; for, valuable piece of mosaic, representing Orpheus having ascertained that the moisture of the earth is and Ceres, with her attributes, was discovered in sufficiently conductive of the electric current of a the forest of Brothonne, in Normandy. Since then voltaic battery, he inferred that by placing a plate the Archæological Society of Caen have extended of copper and a plate of zinc under ground and con- the researches, and found a long suite of Roman necting them with an isolated wire, an electric apartments, and several baths. One of the rooms current would be formed. The experiment was is splendidly decorated, and on the walls are the tried in Hyde Park, with zinc and copper plates finest specimens of mosaic work, representing various aquatic birds. One side is a large stove, with placed a mile asunder; and with complete success. This discovery made, it was readily applied to sim-flues to convey the heat, and on the hearth were plify and work the electric telegraph. A single charcoal and ashes, as fresh as if newly brought wire, connected with a copper plate at one terminus there. Another room was entirely paved with moand with a zinc plate at the other, is now all the saic, but unfortunately only a few fragments remain electrical apparatus required. The principle on entire, the rest having been crushed by the falling which the telegraph operates with this simple self-in of a wall. There were also found coins, with acting battery is this-At each terminus there is a corresponding apparatus, with series of wheels like clock-work, which are set in motion by powerful springs or weights: this apparatus is so contrived, that when the hand of a dial is stopped at any letter marked thereon, that letter is printed on paper; the hands on the dials at each station are adjusted alike; therefore, when set in motion and stopped at the same instant, the hand of each dial will point to and print the same symbol. Electrical agency is required only to set the apparatus in motion: this it effects, whenever the voltaic connexion is broken, by deflecting a coil of wire, which action removes a stop; the instant the voltaic circuit is renewed, the machinery ceases to act. The communications may thus be carried on for any time with great rapidity; the symbol indicated on one dial being indicated on the other instantaneously, however far apart. As the velocity of electricity is immeasurable; and as the conducting power of the earth is without stint, there appears to be no assignable limit to the action of this terrestrial voltaic tele"ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE LEAVES OF graph. Should the Lords of the Admiralty conclude satisfactorily their pending negotiation with the patentees for the construction of a telegraph on PLANTS," by William Haseldine Pepys, Esq.-The this principle between Portsmouth and London, the author gives an account of a series of experiments copper sheathing of the guard-ship in Portsmouth on the products of the respiration of plants, and harbor would form a magnificent negative plate for more particularly of the leaves; selecting with this the actuating battery; the positive pole of which view, specimens of plants which had been previcould be supplied by the water-tanks at the Admi-ously habituated to respire constantly under an inralty, the space between them constituting an earthenware cell, on a large scale.

the profiles of Nero, Antoninus, Gallienus, Claudius, and other Roman emperors, with bricks, tiles, double-headed nails, vases of terra cotta of different colors, pieces of stone, marble, and glass, and several articles in iron, bronze, and ivory. There were also numerous stags' horns, boars' tusks, and bones of animals.-Ibid.

EARTHQUAKES.-A communication has been made by the French Minister of War to the Academy, being the letter of an inhabitant of Guadaloupe, dated, dated March 7, which gives an account of a phenomenon apparently connected with the catastrophe of February 8. The gentleman relates, that between the eastern point of Mariegalante and Guadaloupe, and in mid-channel, a column of water, black in color, and of large diameter, arose from the sea with great force. All around it, to a considerable distance, a quantity of vapor covered the sea. This appearance lasted about half an hour. No doubt was entertained by him of its being the effect of a submarine volcano.-Ibid.

closure of glass; and employing for that purpose the apparatus which he had formerly used in er

perimenting on the combustion of the diamond, and consisting of two mercurial gasometers, with the addition of two hemispheres of glass closely joined together at their bases, so as to form an air-tight globular receptable for the plant subjected to experiment. The general conclusions he deduces from his numerous experiments, conducted during several years, are, first, that in leaves, which are in a state of vigorous health, vegetation is always operating to restore the surrounding atmospheric air to its natural condition, by the absorption of carbonic acid and the disengagement of oxygenous gas; that this action is promoted by the influence of light, but that it continues to be exerted, although more slowly, even in the dark. Secondly, that carbonic acid is never disengaged during the healthy condition of the leaf. Thirdly, that the fluid so abundantly exhaled by plants in their vegetation is pure water, and contains no trace of carbonic acid. Fourthly, that the first portions of carbonic acid gas contained in an artificial atmosphere, are taken up with more avidity by plants than the remaining portions; as if their appetite for that pabulum had diminished by satiety -lb.

ried on in the open air, and that if they are obliged' to choose some in-door employment, it should be one requiring strong exercise, and that they, more than others, should avoid exposure to dust and habits of intemperance.—Ib.

A GIGANTIC BIRD.-At a late meeting Dr. Buckland read some interesting letters detailing the discovery of the bones of a gigantic bird, which must have recently inhabitated New Zealand, should it not be proved to be still an inhabitant of that colony. The first announcement of its supposed existence was conveyed in a letter from Mr. Wm. Williams, dated February 28, 1842, in which he says, that hearing from the natives that an extraordinary monster inhabited a cave on the side of a hill near the river Weiroa, he was induced to offer a reward to any one who should produce either the bird, or one of its bones. In consequence, a large bone, but much worn, was soon produced; and shortly after, another of smaller size was found in the bed of a stream which runs into Poverty Bay. The natives were then induced to go in large numbers to turn up the mud in the bed of the same river, and soon brought a large number of bones, which proved to have belonged to a bird of gigantic dimenINFLUENCE OF EMPLOYMENTS UPON HEALTH.sions. The length of the large bone of the leg is The materials from which this paper was compiled, two feet and ten inches; they have been found a were obtained from the registers of the out-patients little below the surface, in the mud of several other of King's College Hospital, and comprised upwards rivers, and in that situation only. The bird to of 3000 individuals, all engaged in various occupa- which they belonged is stated to have existed at no tions. A series of elaborate Tables accompanied very distant period, and in considerable numbers, the paper, showing the different diseases to as bones of more than thirty individuals had been which males and females had been subject, from collected by the natives. Mr. Williams had also which the author arrives at the following conclu- heard of a bird having been recently seen near sions. In females, the ratio of cases of pulmonary Cloudy Bay in Cook's Straits, by an Englishman consumption to those of all other diseases, is high-accompanied by a native, which was described to est in those following sedentary employments, less be not less than fourteen or sixteen feet in height, in those having mixed in-door employments, and least in those occupied out of doors. The highest ratio occurs in the case of females whose habits of life are irregular. In men, the ratio of cases of pulmonary consumption to those of all other diseases is somewhat higher in those following in-door occupations, than in those working in the open air. The ratio of cases of pulmonary consumption to those of all other diseases in the case of men following in-door employments varies inversely as the amo unt of exertion, being highest where there is least exertion, and lowest in employments requiring strong exercise. Neither a constrained posture, nor exposure to a high temperature nor a moist temperature appear to have any marked effect in promoting pulmonary consumption. The ratio of cases of pulmonary consumption to those of all other diseases, is highest in the case of men whose employments expose them to the inhalation of dust, there being, in persons so employed, two cases of consumption, for less than three of all other diseases The ratio is also high in the case of persons addicted to habits of intemperance, there being two cases of pulmonary consumption to five of all other diseases. The age at which pulmonary consumption makes its attack varies with the employment, being earlier in those occupations characterized by a high ratio of consumptive cases. Thus it is ear- CONTINENTAL RAILWAYS.- Negotiations have lier in those following in-door occupations than in been opened between the Canton of Geneva and those employed in the open air, and in those using Sardinia for the construction of a railroad from Gelittle exertion than in those using much. It also neva to Chambery. Since the Government has occurs very early in those who indulge in intem- come to the aid of the shareholders of the Lombardoperance, and in those whose occupations lead to the Venetian railway, the works have been going on inhalation of dust. The practical rule to be deduced very actively at all the unfinished sections. A from the preceding observations, is, that those per- Hamburgh journal mentions a project for a railroad sons who have an hereditary tendency to consump-between that city and Berlin by the right bank of tion should make choice of occupations which are car- the Elbe. A new section of the railroad of Upper

which he supposes to be about the size of the largest of those to which the bones belonged. Of these bones one case has already arrived, and a second is daily expected. A letter from Professor Owen detailed the contents of the box, which has arrived; and from these fragments it was clear that they had belonged to the species of bird which the Professor had already described in the Zoological Transactions, vol. iii. from a fragment of a femur which he had received some time previous.-Ib.

PRESERVATION OF MEATS BY FERRUGINOUS SYRUP.-A memoir was received from M Dussourde on the preservation of meats by ferruginous syrup, -a syrup which undergoes no deterioration by keeping. Meat which has been steeped in this syrup dries with only a slight diminution of volume, and is not affected by the most active agents of putrefaction. When required for use, the meat is put into cold water, and it soon assumes its original size. Its color and odor are then like those of fresh meat, of which it has all the properties. The syrup is made by boiling iron in an impalpable powder with common syrup until the latter becomes sufficiently impregnated with the iron.—Ib.

Silesia, that from Brieg to Oppein, was opened on the 29th ult. We learn from Brunswick that the railroads in that country are urged on with so much energy, that the road from the capital to Madgeburg will be finished in the course of the next month, and that from Brunswick to Hanover may be opened very shortly after.-Court Journal.

EARTHQUAKES PREVENTED BY ARTESIAN WELLS. M. Delpon believes that, by boring artesian wells, localities subject to earthquakes may be protected from such calamity: he says, whatever be the force which causes subterraneous explosions, it would be neutralized by the opening of wells, which would serve for the escape of this force.-Lit. Gaz.

OBITUARY.

JOHN ALLEN, Esq.-April 3. In South street, aged 73, after a short illness, John Allen, Esq., M. D, Master of Dulwich College.

He was born in January 1770, at Redford, a few miles west of Edinburgh-a beautiful small property to which he succeeded by the death of his grandmother, and which was afterwards sold. He graduated at the University of Edinburgh as M. D. ive member of the Association then instituted at in 1791, and in 1792 he became a zealous and actthat city to forward Parliamentary Reform, along with Thomas Muir and many other promoters of the measure, of whom Mr. Robert Forsyth, advocate, and Mr. William Moffatt, solicitor, are believed to be the only survivors.

Mr. Allen gave lectures on comparative anatomy at Edinburgh, which were of such excellence as to have induced M. Cuvier eagerly to seek his acquaintance. At the beginning of the present century he left Edinburgh, and since that time was a constant inmate, first with Lord Holland, and, after the death of that amiable and enlightened statesman, with Lady Holland. All who resorted to Holland House valued his extensive research, his accurate knowledge, his ever ready and exact memory, and his kindness in imparting information to those who sought it. His facility in unravelling the intricate and obscure parts of history was remarkable. His articles in the Edinburgh Review," and his other works, attest his various and profound

ANTIQUITIES.-The dredging machine, employed in clearing the bed of the Soane at Chalons, has brought up many interesting remnants of antiquity. Among them are some coins of Charles. Cardinal de Bourbon, of great rarity-a small brass plate, on which appears a Christ on the cross, with symbolical animals at the four corners, and some Gothic characters which have not yet been deciphered, apparently a work of the earliest part of the middle age-some amphorae and cine rary urns in good preservation. But the most valuable prize is a beautiful vitrified cup. It is shallow and broad like a dish, but the outside is enriched with wavy and spiral ornaments in relief; affording a new proof that the art of moulding in glass was well known in ancient days, and indi-learning. His zeal for the Constitution led him to cating the residence of the Romans at Cabillonum, after the Eduens and previously to the Burgundians.-Ibid.

search for its foundations in the Anglo-Saxon laws, and to study a language comparatively little known. He published "An Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative, in England;" "A Vindication of the Independence of Scotland;" and a Reply to Dr. Lingard, who had remonstrated upon a criticism of his History of England which Mr. Allen had contributed to the Edinburgh Review. He wrote, indeed, more than one article upon that work, at first approving Lingard, but afterwards censuring his partiality, particularly his misquotation of Strada, with regard to the massacre of St. Bartholemew.

Mr. Allen was one of the members of the late

Commission on Public Records.

ELECTRICITY OF STEAM.-We have so recently (Lit. Gazette, No. 1369, page 239) given the results of Mr. Faraday's investigations in regard to the electricity of steam, that we should not again recur to them were it not for the relation they bear to that extraordinary operation of nature, the thunderstorm, to which many of the remarks on Friday evening had reference. How is the atmosphere electrified? Is it by evaporation? by means of it clouds and mists, rains and dews, are formed; but does the same operation carry up and supply electricity? Hitherto our knowledge extended to this: An inmate in Holland House for more than forty we knew that by pouring water into a hot crucible, years, Mr. Allen had the opportunity of becoming for instance, and by the first bursting into vapor, acquainted with all the distinguished men of all electricity could be obtained; and hence evapora- countries, and his long life may be said to have tion was supposed to be a source of electricity. been passed between the best reading and the best The discovery of the electricity of the steam-boiler conversation. Nor in a society where Romilly, and appeared likely to extend our views in this respect; Horner, and Mackintosh, were welcome and defor if the quantity of electricity produced were a re-lightful guests, was there a single person who did sult of the mere issue of steam, then might atmosnot listen with respect to the voice of one with pheric electricity be affirmed to be due to evapora- whom Lord Holland searched the records of history tion. But Mr. Faraday asserts that there is no for the materials of his speeches, and to whose connexion between evaporation and atmospheric friendly eye were submitted those admirable proelectricity; and proves that the electricity of steam tests in which the cause of liberty was so eloquently is not produced by the evolution of steam, but by pleaded. the friction of the water only, and that consequently there is no substance in nature so high in the scale of electric bodies as water it takes rank above catskin, hitherto the head of the list.

Literary Gazette.

LIFE-COLORED DAGUERREOTYPES.-A letter from Nice, of the 27th March, announces that an artist named Iller has succeeded in obtaining daguerreotypes with all the colors of life, the rapidity of taking them being undimished.-Ib,

In the Exhibition at the Royal Academy last year was a pleasing picture of Lord and Lady Holland and Mr. Allen, seated in the library of Holland House, painted by Leslie.

He was esteemed and loved by Lord Holland, which is eulogy in itself, and there can be no doubt that his affliction for the loss of such a friend shortened his life.

*To Mr. Allen's article in the Edinburgh Review, XXVI 341, Sir James Mackintosh refers as having been written by one of the most acute and learned of our constitutional antiqua ries." Hist. of England, 1. 241. Mr. Allen wrote the life of Fox in the Encyclopedia Britannica.

The warmth of his heart, and the steadiness of his attachment to his friends, were indeed not less remarkable than his high intellectual qualities. He had a marked part in that circle so eloquently described by Mr. Macaulay, "in which every talent and accomplishment, every art and science had its place."

the metropolis struck off with wonderful accuracy and amusing effect. His rustic figures are no less true and excellent. In his larger work, The Royal Palaces, the engravings are splendid, and the text replete with talent, whether applied to graphic remark or antique anecdote and research. His Wine and Walnuts (originally published in the Literary Mr. Allen has died worth about £7000 or £8000, | Gazette, and then collected in three volumes,) atof which he has bequeathed £2500 to the descend-tracted much public notice, and induced him to start ants in his mother's second marriage, named Cleg- a weekly periodical of his own, which was called horn, and resident in the western states of Ameri- the Somerset House Gazette, but lasted only for one ca. The sum of £1000 and all his medical books year. The pains he bestowed on his anecdotical and manuscripts are bequeathed to his intimate inquiries were extraordinary; and every little incifriend Dr. John Thompson, Emeritus Professor of dent and fact which he stated, if capable of confirPathology in the University of Edinburgh. In re-mation, were as carefully investigated as if he had spect to his other manuscripts his wishes are expressed in the following terms :

"I bequeath to Col. Charles Richard Fox all my manuscript journals, diaries, and letters, with the exception of such as have been already devised to Dr. Thompson, of Edinburgh. I know that my manuscript collections, which were made for purposes that I cannot hope now to execute, are of no value to any one but myself; but I am loath to destroy them while I am still alive, and having the same confidence in Colonel Fox which I had in his father, to whom I had formerly bequeathed them, I am sure he will take care that they fall into no hands after my death where they can be used to my discredit." His Spanish and Italian books are left to Dulwich college. The will is dated Oct. 29, 1S42.

been composing national history. This gave great value to his pictures of elder times, his biographical sketches, and touches of manners. Latterly he communicated some agreeable papers to Frazer's Magazine, in which it is believed the last of his literary essays have appeared.

During his long career Mr. P. was intimately associated with all the principal artists of the time, and also with very many of its literary ornaments. His conversation was original, instructive, social, and entertaining, and caused his company to be much courted by all who could appreciate these agreeable qualities. He was connected with the late Mr. Ackerman, and the suggester and main-spring of many of that worthy publisher's most successful undertakings, from the issue of a print to the institution of the famous subscription for the sufferers in Germany. His mind, indeed, was ever full of cuHENRY NELSON COLERIDGE, ESQ.-Jan. 26. In rious projects; but perhaps his perseverance was Chester place, Regent's Park, Henry Nelson Cole-not equal to his invention, and fortune did not reridge, Esq., M. A, Barrister at Law.

Mr. Nelson Coleridge was the son of Colonel Coleridge, a brother of the poet. He married his cousin, a daughter of the poet, a very learned and accomplished lady; she published some years ago a translation of the "History of the Abipones," from the Latin of Dobrizhoffer, and more recently a beautiful fairy tale called "Phantasmion." He was educated at Eton and at King's college, Cambridge, where he was elected Fellow, and graduated B. A. 1823, M. A. 182-. He accompanied his uncle, the Bishop of Barbadoes, on his outward voyage, and the result was a work entitled "Six Months in the West Indies in 1825," originally published anonymously, but with his name in the third edition, 1832, which is one of the series of Murray's Family Library.

He was called to the bar by the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple, Nov. 24, 1826; practised as an equity draftsman and conveyancer; and was appointed Lecturer on the principles and practice of equity to the Incorporated Law Society.

ward his efforts so liberally as to bless his closing days with the independence his genius so richly deserved.

He was, we believe, the son of a respectable leather-seller in Holborn, and displayed so early and strong a predilection for the arts as to induce his father to place him on trial with a clever draughtsman and print-colorer. But when the time came that he should be bound an apprentice, much as he liked the pursuit, he refused to accept the master; and at fourteen left him in disgust because he had called his word in question! This sense of respect and right grew up with William Henry Pyne; and to the end of his life, though afflicted with much suffering, his temper was placid and amiable, his conduct affectionate and unworldly.—Literary Gaz.

It is with much regret that we inform our readers of the sudden and painful death of the Rev. Samuel Kidd, M. A., the talented Professor of Oriental Literature in University College. The Rev. gentleman fell down in a fit of epilepsy on Monday morn

In 1830 he published an Introduction to the Studying, and died before any assistance could be rend

of the Greek Classic Poets.

ered him. He was an erudite scholar and a sincere

In 1836 he published the Literary Remains of Christian.-Court Journal. Mr. S. T. Coleridge; and he has since been the editor of several other posthumous editions of various portions of his great relative's writings.

He also wrote several articles in the Quarterly Review.

W. H. PVNE, Esq.-May 29. At Pickering Place, Paddington, after a long illness, aged 84, William Henry Pyne, Esq.

As an artist, Mr. Pyne possessed a great facility of pencil, and a charming taste and fancy for natural and picturesque objects, whether animate or inanimate. His publication in quarto entitled "The Microcosm of London" is a most pleasing performance, and the character of the varied population of

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

Great Britain.

1. Arts, Antiquities, and Chronology of Ancient Egypt By George H. Wathen, Architect. Longman and Company.

Egypt, as the birth-place and cradle of his art, must ever be a country of peculiar interest to the Architect; but if he is also an antiquary, the attraction is irresistible. Mr. Wathen visited Egypt partly for professional improvement, and also to gratify a liberal curiosity. The result of his inves

details respecting the regulations of the port of London, the conservancy of the Thames, the public markets, the Exchange, &c. He has made extensive researches, and compiled his volumes with considerable method. We can, therefore, confidently recommend this "Practical Treatise" to the attention of our readers.—Monthly Magazine.

tigations leads him to conclude, that many incor- | kind of knowledge; and Mr. Pulling gives ample rect opinions are current regarding Egyptian antiquities, and particularly as to the age of some of the most interesting monuments. In his very elegant work, Mr. Wathen, with diffidence, submits these views to the judgment of the public. This is the original feature of the volume. It is embellished with architectural and other plates, mostly taken from the magnificent works published by the French and Tuscan governments, and with tinted lithograph plates from views made by the author.Tait's Magazine.

2. History of the Hawaian or Sandwich Islands, embracing their Antiquities, Mythology, Legends, Discovery by Europeans in the Sixteenth Century, Re-discovery by Cook, with their Ciril, Religious, and Political History, from the Earliest Traditionary Period to the Present Time. By James Jackson Jarves, Member of the American Oriental Society.

There is always something intensely interesting in watching the gradual development of civilization in any country, and we know of none of the little green spots of earth rising out of the bosom of the ocean for the habitations of man where this is more

true than of the Sandwich Islands. Considered as

bearing upon the interests of France, England, and America, these islands are of vast political importance, yet to the eye of the philanthropist and the philosopher, they furnish other material of abundant speculation and contemplation, and the history which the American traveller and author, Mr. Jas. Jackson Jarves, has here given us, is as really interesting in its arrangement and management as in its material. Writing from personal observation, we have a faithful description from the best means of its attainment, since no hearsay evidence can equal that of the bodily organs; and while the present is displayed in the colors of existing truth, the past has been narrowly investigated to furnish its own history. Thus Mr. Jarves has produced a really capable and interesting work, into which is crowded a vast mass of information, of which perhaps the most important feature is the theology of the land, though its domestic usages might seem to rival such a preference.-Metropolitan.

3. A Practical Treatise on the Laws, Customs, and Regulations of the City and Port of London. By Alexander Pulling, Esq., of the Inner Temple. 8vo. London: Stevens and Norton.

This Work may be read with advantage, not only by the citizen of London, but by every person who wishes to obtain a comprehensive notion of the present state of the last relic of the old municipal institutions of this country. These institutions are extremely curious, and well worthy the study of the politician. The explanation, however, of the functions of the Lord Mayor, the Common Council, the Aldermen, is more than a mere object of curiosity. These names are almost of daily occurrence in life, and comparatively few are acquainted with the whole extent of their duties. To those who feel a desire to rescue themselves from this state of ignorance, we cannot recommend a better guide than Mr. Pulling. He will tell them all they need know, not only of the principles on which the city is governed, but also of the mode of administering justice; its courts, its police, prisons, &c. The laws relating to the poor are also very fully detailed in the volume before us. But the most important portion of it is, perhaps, that in which the machinery of commerce is entered into. The public, we repeat, have long been in want of this

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GREAT BRITAIN.

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The History of Gustavus Vasa.

A Visit to the East, comprising Germany and the Danube, Constantinople, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Idumea. By Rev. Henry Formby, M. A.

Acts of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 1638-1842. Reprinted from the original edition, under the supervision of the Church Law Society. Wrongs of Women. By Charlotte Elizabeth.

FRANCE.

La Russie en 1839: par le Marquis de Custine. Paris.

Esprit de l'Economie Politique : par Ivan Golowine, Auteur Russe. Paris.

Histoire de Jeanne de Valois, duchesse d'Orleans et de Berri, reine de France, foundatrice de l'ordre des Annonciades: von Pierquin de Gembloux. Paris.

GERMANY.

Synoptische Tafeln für die Kritik und Exegese der drei ersten Evangelien: von J. G. Sommer. Bonn.

Uebersetzung und Auslegung der Psalmen, für Geistliche und Laien der Christlh. Kirche von Dr. A. Tholuck. Halle.

Das wahre Geburtsjahr Christi, oder wir sollten 1862 anstatt 1843 schreiben: von W. D. Bloch. Berlin.

F. Passows Vermischte Schriften. Herausgeg. von W. A. Passow. Leipzig.

SWITZERLAND.

Ueber Johannes Marcus und seine Schrif

ten, oder welcher Johannes hat die Offenbarung, verfasst: von F. Hitzig. Zürich.

Anecdota zur neuesten Deutschen Philosophie und Publicistik von Br. Bauer, L. Feuerbach, F. Köppen, K. Nauweach, A. Ruge und eineigen Ungenannten, herausgeg. von A. Ruge. Zürich.