HENDERSON H. DONALD: The Negro Migration of 1916-1918 II. Previous Negro Movements III. Source, Volume, Composition, and Destination V. The Effects of the Migration on the South VI. The Effects of the Migration on the North VII. The Effects of the Migration on the Migrants IX. The Statistics of 1920 471 X. Some Conclusions 485 BOOK REVIEWS: 499 Floyd's The Life of Charles T. Walker; Beard's A Short History of NOTES: INDEX TO VOLUME VI 504 506 THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF NEGRO LIFE AND HISTORY, INCORPORATED 41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, Lancaster, Pa. 1216 YOU STREET, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C $2.00 A YEAR 60 CENTS A COPY FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS, 25 CENTS EXTRA BOUND VOLUMES, $3.00 by Mail COPYRIGHT, 1921 BY THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF NEGRO LIFE AND HISTORY Entered as second-class matter January 1, 1916, at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3, 1879. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861 The History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War BY CARTER GODWIN WOODSON, Ph. D. (HARVARD) 460 pp. $2.00; by mail $2.15 "This book is neither a controversial treatise on Negro education nor a study of recent problems. Dr. Woodson has given us something new. He has by scientific treatment amassed numerous facts to show the persistent strivings of ante-bellum Negroes anxious to be enlightened. What they accomplished is all but marvelous." The author aims to put the student of history in touch with the great movements which effected the uplift of the Negroes, and to determine the causes which finally reduced many of them to heathenism. The titles of the chapters are: "Introduction," "Religion with Letters," "Education as a Right of Man," "Actual Education," "Better Beginnings,' 'Educating the Urban Negro," "The Reaction," "Religion without Letters," "Learning in Spite of Opposition," "Educating Negroes Transplanted to Free Soil," "Higher Education," "Vocational Training," "Education at Public Expense." In the appendix are found a number of valuable documents. The volume contains also a critical bibliography and a helpful index. OPINIONS "I like it very much. You seem to have loosened up on your style a bit and you have done-an excellent piece of research. I hope that your book will have a good sale."—Edward Channing. McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History Harvard University. "It seems clear to me that you have made a substantial contribution to the subject and I know I shall profit by it."-Frederick J. Turner, Professor of History, Harvard University. "I thought at first it would be out of my line, but on turning its pages, I discovered that it may well hold the attention of everybody with an intelligent interest in the colored people. You write easily and flexibly and have certainly compiled important material in the true spirit of scholarship. I congratulate you sincerely."-Ferdinand Schevill, Professor of History in the University of Chicago. "It seems to me that you have taken a field of which little has been known and developed in It a most interesting and valuable book. I am glad to have it in my library and rejoice that I have had the privilege of some personal acquaintance with the author."-Francis W. Shepardson, Professor of History in the University of Chicago. "I am delighted with the thoroughly scholarly way in which it has been put together and I know enough about the subject to appreciate what it has cost you in time and effort to perform this work."Dr. Robert E. Park. "It is the story of the effort on the part of certain agencies to educate the Negro. It is above all the story of the strivings of the Negro himself under tremendous difficulties and opposition, to learn things, to know more, to be more.... Apart from the fund of information on the subject which Dr. Woodson has here offered, the supreme point of this study is the unconquerable will of the Negro. .The book, as a whole, is an illumination of the recent development of education among the colored people."-The Washington Star. THIS BOOK MAYBE OBTAINED FROM THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY 1216 You Street, Northwest Washington, D. C. Agents Wanted THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOL. VI-OCTOBER, 1921-No. 4 THE NEGRO MIGRATION OF 1916-19181 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In accordance with its title, this essay is intended to be an interpretation of the recent Negro migration in the United States. Its object is to sift out from the mass of 1 This dissertation was presented by Henderson H. Donald to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Yale University in candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts, May, 1920. Since then it has been considerably revised and augmented. In the preparation of this work the following books were used: James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, Volume II; F. S. Chapin, Introduction to the Study of Human Evolution; H. P. Fairchild, Immigration; H. E. Gregory, A. G. Keller, and A. L. Bishop, Physical and Commercial Geography; A. G. Keller, Societal Evolution; R. F. Hoxie, Trade Unionism in the United States; E. J. Scott, Negro Migration during the War; W. G. Sumner, Folkways; F. J. Warne, The Immigration Invasion; C. G. Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration. The following magazine articles were also helpful: Ray S. Baker, "The Negro Goes Forth" (World's Work, 34: 314-17, July, 1917); W. E. B. DuBois, “The Migration of Negroes" (The Crisis, 14: 63–66, June, 1917); B. M. Edens," When Labor is Cheap" (Survey, 38: 511, September 8, 1917); H. A. Hoyer, “ Migration of Colored Workers" (Survey, 45: 930, March 26, 1921); G. E. Haynes, "Negroes Move North" (Survey, 40: 115-22, May 4, 1917) and ́ ́ Effect of War Conditions on Negro Labor" (Academy of Political Science, 8: 299-312, February, 1919); T. A. Hill," Why Southern Negroes Don't go South" (Survey, 43: 183-85, November 29, 1919); H. W. Horwill, "A Negro Exodus" (Contemporary Review, 114: 299-305, September, 1918; Literary Digest, 54: 1914, January 23, 1917); "The South Calling Negroes writings the most salient facts pertaining to this movement and to present them in such a manner as to give a correct impression of it in its entirety. In this regard, however, it is not a mere narration of events, but, as far as possible, a sort of scientific analysis of the facts therein contained. Thus, it aims to treat in a systematic and logical manner the various aspects of the movement, to show the relationship between them, and to try to understand and account for the economic and social forces involved. In pursuance of this it has, therefore, seemed fitting to include in this study a brief survey of migration in general, the origin, nature, and scope of the recent movement, its relation to previous movements, its causes and effects, and some conclusions regarding its meaning and significance. In the preparation of this essay, moreover, the writer Back; An Exodus in America" (Living Age, 295: 57-60, October 6, 1917); "The Negro Migration" (New Republic, 7: 213–14, January 1, 1916; New York Times, November 12, 1916, 11, 12: 1; September 4, 1917, 3: 6; October 7, 1917, 111, 10: 1; January 21, 1919, 3: 6; June 14, 1919, 3: 6; June 16, 1919, 12: 5; June 11, 1920, 18: 1; December 12, 1921, 14: 1); H. B. Pendleton, "Cotton Pickers in Northern Cities" (Survey, 37: 569-71, February 17, 1917); W. O. Scroggs," Interstate Migration of Negroes" (Journal of Political Economy, 25: 1034-43, December, 1917); "The Lure of the North for Negroes (Survey, 38: 27-28, April 7, 1917); "Reasons why Negroes go North "" (Survey, 38: 226-7, June 2, 1917); " Negro Migration as the South sees It" (Survey, 38: 428, August 11, 1917); "Health of the Negro (Survey, 42: 596–7, June 19, 1919); “Negroes in Industry" (Survey, 42: 900, September 27, 1919); "A New Migration" (Survey, 45: 752, February 26, 1921); F. B. Washington, “ The Detroit New Comers' Greeting (Survey, 38: 333-5, July 14, 1917); W. F. White, " The Success of Negro Migration (The Crisis, 19: 112-15, January, 1920); T. J. Woofter, Jr., "The Negro and Industrial Peace" (Survey, 45: 420-421, December 17, 1921); J. A. Wright, "Conditions among Negro Migrants in Hartford, Connecticut'' (a letter). The following pamphlets and reports were also valuable: Branson and others, Migration, Minutes of University Commission on Southern Race Questions, pp. 48-49, 1917; Bureau of the United States Census, Negro Population in the United States, 1790-1916, and Negroes in the United States, Bulletin 129: A. Epstein, The Negro Migrant in Pittsburg; G. E. Haynes, Negro New-comers in Detroit, Michigan; Home Mission Council, The Negro Migration; E. K. Jones, The Negro in Industry, Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, pp. 494–503, June, 1917; United States Department of Labor, Negro Migration in 1916-17, and The Negro at Work during the War and Reconstruction. has drawn very freely from the material contained in a report of the United States Department of Labor. Accurately described, this source is rather a compilation of reports based on investigations of this movement during the summer of 1917. These inquiries were authorized by the Secretary of Labor and were supervised by Dr. James H. Dillard, formerly a professor and a dean of the faculty at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, and, at present, Director of the Jeanes and Slater Funds for Negro education in the South. The actual investigations were made and reported on by the following: Mr. T. J. Woofter, Mr. R. H. Leavell, Mr. T. R. Snavely, Mr. W. T. B. Williams and Professor F. D. Tyson of the University of Pittsburgh. This essay, however, views this movement as the Negro Migration of 1916-18 instead of the "Negro Migration of 1916-17," as some have termed it. This position is taken on the following grounds: The Negroes were attracted to the North largely through the great demand for labor which had been made a fact by the departure of thousands of aliens to serve their respective countries in the Great War. The Negro migration stream began flowing in the spring of 1916, reached its highest mark in 1917, and, even though much diminished, coursed on through 1918 up to the signing of the armistice. With the occurrence of this event the need for Negro labor became considerably less acute, thus causing a decided dwindling of the movement, but not a sudden stoppage of it. It drifted on, however, but with an ever-decreasing volume. Even during the latter part of the summer of 1919 signs that this movement was still in progress were evident, as Negroes were found moving North, though in very small numbers. A study of the movement of any group of mankind almost of necessity reverts to the consideration of the relation of man to his environment, both natural and human. In the first place, it is known that man, like the plant or the animal, is greatly influenced by his natural surroundA full list of these occurs in the bibliographical section of this essay. |