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Fairs and Markets instituted in England, have since

become very

Famous.

Since Spirituous Liquors were first made, they have ruined many

A Family.

When the Russian Monarchy was founded at Ladoga,

monarchies were much in

Fashion.

The Sclavonic Alphabet was invented, and had one
letter that was shaped like
A Fish-hook.

The University of Oxford was founded by Alfred the
Great, who could make A Fife or a Watch.

Alfred the Great divided England, and composed his
Body of Laws, that he might

Have Peace.

Lanterns were invented, to give light during the absence of

The Land-tax first levied in England, was not

Phœbus.

Half Paid.

When Knighthood was first established in England, every knight carried

A Half-pike.

When Edinburgh was built, the founder erected for himself

A Palace. When Greenland was discovered, it was supposed to

Poles.

extend near to one of the Christianity was introduced into Russia by the Princess Olga, to make her subjects Happy and Loyal.

Wolves were expelled from England driving them away with the

Otho the Great, conquered Italy, and dominions, while he was in

and Wales, by

Ball and Whip.

annexed it to his

A Passion.

Juries were instituted by Ethelred II., and each jury

man was commanded to

Speak and Obey.

Duties on imported Goods, were first collected in Great Britain, on all that the people had to Beg or Buy. The Grand Canal in China was built, and the boats

had to

Obey the Waves.

The Arabic Figures were introduced into Europe by the Saracens, and taught to every

Happy Poet.

Instructions.

IN the Tables of Modern Chronology, including European and American History, Remarkable Battles, Soverigns of England and France, Treaties of Peace, Distinguished Men of Modern Times, and all events transpiring since the year 1200, we find it convenient in many cases to have the formula represent the last three figures only, and complete the date by prefixing a figure 1.

Example.

and surrounded by

Gates.

1 7 1 0 St. Paul's Church in London was built, ghe, te, se, The Mnemotechnic Phrase, Gates, represents 710, and, by prefixing the figure 1, or adding 1000 years, we make the correct date. We translate the phrase by saying, ghe, seventeen hundred, and te, se, ten. After learning the dif ferent Tables, the student will very readily tell whether events belong to Ancient, Middle Age, or Modern Chronolgy. In Ancient Chronology, whenever an event transpired more than 1000 years before the Christian Era, the figure 1, the first figure of the date, is always represented in the formula. In the Middle Ages, extending from the Christian Era to the year 1000, there are never more than three figures; consequently the figure 1 must not be prefixed to any events but Modern ones. All of the Modern dates between 1000 and 1200 are represented in full by the formulas, so that we can establish this rule:

If the first articulation in the formulas for Modern Events does not represent a figure 1, then that figure must be prefixed to the translation, to complete the date.

We carry this rule still further, in some subjects connected with American History, as in the American Battles, pages 122-4, the Presidents of the United States, page

151, and the periods of the Settlement and Admission of the States, pages 152-3. In these Tables we have the formulas represent only the last two figures of the year, and we supply the figure 1, for the thousand, and the figure 6, 7, or 8, for the hundred. The most of the events in these Tables were between 1700 and 1800, or after the year 1800. This rule enables us to make shorter formulas, which are easier to learn than long ones.

Throughout this work, there are quite a number of proper names of persons and places, that the learner will find difficult to pronounce. All of these have been ar ranged in alphabetical order, and inserted in a "Pronouncing Index," beginning on page 233, with the correct pronunciation in the second column, parallel with the original name. These pronunciations are printed in a new alphabet, which has a letter for every sound. The alphabet will be seen on page 231, and the Instructions on that and the two preceding pages. By a little examination of the letters in the Alphabet, and some practice on the piece of composition printed in the new style, on page 232, the correct sound of every letter will be readily seen. After the Alphabet has been learned, the student should read over the names in the Pronouncing Index, a few times, aloud, giving their correct pronunciation according to the spelling in the second column, to get in the habit of pronouncing them correctly. Then, whenever a name is seen in any part of the book that cannot be readily pronounced, the Index should be referred to for the correct pronunciation. This Pronouncing Index will be of considerable use to teachers; as Classical Dictionaries and Pronouncing Gazetteers are not always at hand, from which to obtain the pronunciation of proper names.

We are under obligations to Charles Anthon, LL. D., Professor of Ancient Languages in Columbia College, New York, for valuable aid and information respecting the correct pronunciation of many of the Classical names.

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Macbeth King of Scotland, killed by Malcolm III.,

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1057

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Band of Assassins organized, by the "Old Man of the
Mountain,"

1090

Duelling introduced into Europe,

1096

Henry II. of England, took possession of Ireland,

First Crusade: conducted by Peter the Hermit,
Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders under Godfrey,
Order of Knight Templars instituted, in Europe,
Degree of Doctor first conferred, at Bologna,
Kingdom of Portugal established,

Guelphs and Ghibellines in Italy and Germany,
City of Moscow founded,

Third Crusade, by Richard Cœur de Lion, and Philip II.

1096

1099

1118

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of France,

1188

Acre taken by the Crusaders, after a siege of 2 years,

and a loss of 300,000 men,

1191

Robinhood and Little John the Robbers, lived,
Parliament first convened in Great Britain,

Hamlet King of Denmark, reigned,

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Ghengis Khan proclaimed Emperor of the Tartars,
Magna Charta signed by King John,

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Court of Common Pleas established in England,
Ghengis Khan invades Persia,

League of the Hanse Towns, formed,

Hermits Order began,

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Caliphate of Bagdad abolished by the Tartars,
Last Crusade to the Holy Land,

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Band of Assassins broken up,

Sicilian vespers-10,000 Frenchmen massacred,
Wales united to England, by Edward I.,
Jews banished from England, by Edward I.,

Acre and the Holy Land reconquered by the Saracens,
Turkish or Ottoman Empire founded by Othman I.,
Robert Bruce elected King of Scotland,

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