enemy, said he. He has infringed on the laws of The following is an extract from GIBBON's history the Koran, and has suffered his punishment; now of Rome:

you must suffer yours. As I foresaw the chastise- "As soon as Hadrian's passion was either gratifiment I was reserved for, I answered, 1 had throwned or disappointed, he resolved to deserve the the stone with my left hand, in order to save the right. He then ordered the hand which had committed the crime to be tied to a plank, and struck till the skin and flesh were taken off, which was executed immediately in the most cruel manner. After I had suffered this dreadful torture, without being allowed to dress my wound, I was compelled that very day to move round a millstone which I was condemned to do for a whole year.

thanks of posterity by placing the most exalted merit on the Roman throne. His discerning eye easily discovered a senator, about 50 years of age, blameless in all the offices of life, and a youth of about 17, whose riper years opened the fair pros pect of every virtue: the elder of these was declared the son and successor of Hadrian, on condition, however, that he himself should immediately adopt the younger. The two Antonines (for it is of them we are now speaking) governed the Roman world for 42 years, with the same invariable spirit of wisdom and virtue. Although Pius had two sons, he preferred the welfare of Rome to the interest of his family, gave his daughter Faustina in marriage to young Marcus, obtained from I remained 28 years amongst these barbarians, the senate the tribunitian and proconsular powers, until the bey of Titre, (Titerie) who was tributary and with a noble disdain, or rather ignorance of to the dey of Algiers, after some negociations en.jealousy, associated him to all the labors of gotered into with the cheyk, had us conveyed into vernment. Marcus, on the other hand, revered the country under his jurisdiction; we were then only five hundred in number; and walked eight days to get to Titre, where we remained about five months.

The cheyk of the Coubaly tribe was always at war with the other tribes; and when he was forced to march his troops against them, he took along with him one hundred slaves to pitch the tents, to load and unload the camels, and generally for the most tiresome and painful duty.

the character of his benefactor, loved him as a parent, obeyed him as his sovereign, and, after he was no more, regulated his own administration by the example and maxims of his predecessor.Their united reigns are possibly the only period of history in which the happiness of a great people was the sole object of government.

The bey sold us to the regency of Algiers, for a sum of money which was deducted from that he was bound to pay for his annual tribute. After the Dargain was concluded we set out, and arrived, after four nights' journey, at Algiers, where I reed a second Numa. The same love of religion, mained a slave about six years.

I was liberated in the glorious expedition under lord Exmouth, to whom I owe my restoration to my country, after a slavery of 34 years!

Titus Antoninus Pius has been justly denominat.

justice and peace, was the distinguished characteristic of both princes. But the situation of the latter opened a much larger field for the exercise of those virtues. Numa could only prevent a few neighboring villagers from plundering each others harvests-Antoninus diffused order and tranquility A Roman Coin found in Tennessee. over the greatest part of the earth. His reign is marked by the rare advantage of furnishing very Nashville, July 7.-It has long been a desidera few materials for history; which is, indeed, little tum with the learned to know by whom the numer more than the register of the crimes, follies, and ous old fortifications, &c. in the western country, misfortunes of mankind. In private life he was an were erected. It is now in our power to add one amiable as well as a good man. The native simfact that may serve to direct enquiries a little fur-plicity of his virtue was a stranger to vanity or af ther. A short time since a cellar was dug in the town of Fayetville, on Eik river, in this state, not far from the lines of one of those ancient fortifica tions so common in the western states; and in the dirt was found, corroded with a kind of rust, a small piece of metal, which being disrobed of its covering, was ascertained to be a Roman silver earned harvest of many a learned conference, of coin, issued about 150 years after Christ, and in a many a patient lecture, and many a midnight lugood state of preservation. It is in the possession cubration. At the age of twelve years he einbrac of a merchant of Nashville, and has been seen by ed the rigid system of the Stoicks, which taught hundreds, many of whom are antiquarians, and him to Submit his body to his mind, his passions they are all satisfied it is a genuine coin, and one to his reason, to consider virtue as the only good, gentleman, who was lately in Italy, and saw the vice as the only evil, all things external as things busts of the persons represented on the coin, de-indifferent. His meditations, composed in the tu clares the heads to be very good likenesses.

On one side, around the edge, these letters are

seer,

ANTONINVS Avg pivs p p TRP COS III

on the other side,

AVRELIVS CAESAR AVO P 111 COS

Which is construed to read thus

fectation. He enjoyed with moderation the con veniences of his fortune, and the innocent pleasure of society and the benevolence of his soul displayed itself in a cheerful serenity of temper.

The virtue of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was of a severer and more laborious kind. It was the well

mult of a camp, are still extant, and he even condescended to give lessons of philosophy, in a more public manner, than was perhaps consistent with the modesty of a sage, or the dignity of an emperor. But his life was the noblest commentary on the precepts of Zeno. He was severe to himself, indulgent to the imperfections of others, just and

Antoninus Augustus Pius, princp. pontifex tertio beneficent to all mankind. ¡le regretted that Avi

consule.
and

dius Cassius, who excited a rebellion in Syria, had disappointed him, by a voluntary death, of the Aurelius Cæsar Augustus pontifex tertio consule.pleasure of converting an enemy into a friend, and The marks, letters, &c. exactly agree, in every he justified the sincerity of that sentiment, by mo particular, with the probable state of the arts and derating the zeal of the senate against the adhe the history of the times; but how the coin was rens of the traitor. War he detested, as the dis brought to Tennessee we leave others to ascertain.grace and calamity of human nature, but when the

necessity of a just defence called upon him to take up arms, he readily exposed his person to eight winter campaigns on the frozen banks of the Danube, the severity of which was at last fatal to the weakness of his constitution. His memory was revered by a grateful posterity, and above a centu ry after his death, many persons preserved the image of Marcus Antoninus, among those of their household gods.

If a man were called to fix the period in the his tory of the world, during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commodus. The vast extent of the Roman empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. The armies were restrained by the firm but gentle hand of four suc cessive emperors, whose character and authority commanded involuntary respect. The forms of the civil administration were carefully preserved by Nerva, Trajan, Hadrain, and the Antonines, who delighted in the image of liberty, and were pleased with considering themselves as the accountable ministers of the laws. Such princes deserved the honor of restoring the republic had the Romans of their days been capable of enjoying a ra.

tional freedom.

The labors of these monarchs were overpaid by the immense reward that inseparably waited on their success; by the honest pride of virtue, and by the exquisite delight of beholding the general happiness of which they were the authors. A just but melancholy reflection, however, embittered the noblest of human enjoyments. They must often have recollected the instability of a happiness which depended on the character of a single man. The fatal moment was perhaps approaching, when some licentious youth or jealous tyrant, would abuse to destruction, that absolute power which they had exercised for the benefit of the people."

Since the subject of the Roman coin has occupied public attention, we have learnd many facts interesting to the antiquarian.

Some few miles above Columbia, on Duck river, are a number of fortifications and mounds, into one of which some young men dug a small distance, and found several well burnt bricks, about nine inches square and three inches thick, also several fragments of earthen ware, also a sword about two foot long, differently shaped from any in use since the whites visited the continent, apparently once highly polished, but now much eat with rust. We learn from a respectable source that a gentleman passing over one of the fields of ancient slaughter, on the bank of the Caney fork, his eye caught some rude letters on a flat stone, he examined it and inade out we are all cut off. Who were the suf ferers we have yet to learn, and hope that some fortunate discovery will one day satisfy the cravings of the curious.

ing ten thousand dollars to the owner of the best improved farm in the state, containing not less than five hundred acres of cleared land; five thou sand dollars to the owner of the best improved farm, contaning not less than 250 acres; two thousand dollars to the owners of the best improved farm, containing not less than one hundred acres.

Manuring, ploughing, artificial grasses, live fenees, stock of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, and orchards, with every species of agricultural improvements, will be highly regarded by the society. The premiums to be adjudged to the greatest mass of improvement made subsequently to the passing of the resolution without regard to the natural quality of the soil. Persons claiming the premi ums must notify the society before the first day of January, 1815.

The farms to be reviewed by persons deputed for that purpose in June, 1825, and 26, and the premiums paid to whom awarded on the first day of January, 1827. Should an equality happen among the claimants, the premiums to be equally distri buted by the society.

The following elegant address was delivered by the president of the society. [Genius of Liberty.

To the society of Virginia for promoting agriculture. The chief obstacle to the success of a society for promoting agriculture in Virginia, in my view, is the morbid aversion to writing on that subject for publication. What man was without letters, agriculture would become without their use. Had any science renounced the benefits derived from the art of printing, it would have lingered far behind its sisters in improvement. Sciences, universally the same, enjoy the great advantages of reaping harvests from every clime, and of being enriched by the contributions of every language. But the subjection of agriculture to the climate, soil, and circumstances of the position, upon which she must exert her talents, renders her unable to extract a system from foreign compositions, suitable to dissimilar meridians; and exposes her to errors and disappointments, from incongruous imitations of foreign practices.

Writing, printing and publishing, are even more necessary for the improvement of agriculture, than for the civilization and good manners of mankind. Itinerant by nature, man carries about his virtues and accomplishments, and attracts imitation by exposing them to view in numberless places to a mul titude of persons. Converts from error, rudeness and vice, multiply rapidly; and the ardor of youth. to excel in gracefulness, is a powerful auxiliary to the force of example. The principles of moral rectitude are the same in every clime; but the improvements of agriculture are subservient to a vast variety of circumstances, immoveable, seen by a few, surveyed transiently, and beheld under the tyranny of habit, or with the caution of prejudice. Nor can the spectator catch at a glance the intricacies compounding the most perfect agricultural system whilst he intuitively feels the force of good actions, and perceives at once the beauty of elegant manners. As every country must acquire agricultural The agricultural society of Virginia met at Rich-knowledge by its own exertions, or remain ignomond on the 8th of June. The president, Mr. John rant, it ought to consider whether ingenious discoTaylor, of Caroline, took the chair. Seventy-four veries or skilful experiments, will not be generalnew members were admitted. Several communi-ly lost by changes of property, or buried in the cations were rec ved and a petition drawn to be tombs to which their authors are devoted, unless laid before the next general assembly, praying the grant of a lottery of five hundred thousand dollars, for the benefit of the society. In case their prayer should be granted, a resolution was adopted, award

Agricultural.

they are recorded and circulated by the same means, which have saved science from oblivion, and spread civilization, wherever it exists. Is there a man who would wish to carry out of the

world a useful discovery he has made in it, or who get industry, perfection and economy; or idleness, would not feel pleasure from the reflection that want of dexterity, and profusion? Whether the he may be doing good to mankind after he is dead? English policy of forcing their manufactures into a Ile who shrinks from publishing whatever may competition of those of all the world; or the polihave this effect, commits an act he abhors, and cy of protecting ours against a competition in indusloses the satisfaction arising from disinterested betry, even with agriculture, is most likely to com. nevolence. pass the end which both countries have in view? No censure of the genius of our country is intend- Every social interest, to flourish, must know, wheed by the observation, that it does not appear with ther it buys benefits or scourges. If agriculture much splendor in the science of agriculture; since has determined whether an equal or unequal distrithe mind of man is not constructed for the compre-bution of rights among men, or between interest hension of abstruse subjects, without study; nor for composed of men, is most suitable to her nature, the attainment of skill without practice. An exor most likely to advance her posterity, she has citement to exercise its powers, must precede a solid ground to stand on for making this enquiry. display of its powers, must precede a display of If her political ignorance is like a narcotic adminisits talents. The human mind is enfeebled by idle-tered to a confiding virgin, no physician who wishes ness, and rendered vigorous by exertion. By com to see her vigilant in the preservation of her treapositions concerning agriculture, the writer will sure, can disapprove of her acquiring an intimate improve his own knowledge, awaken the under-knowledge of her own interests, and an acute disstanding of others, and cultivate the only mode by which perfection is attainable. Without them, whatever may be the genius of Virginians for the acquisitions of accomplishments by which they are adorned, it will become dormant as to those by which they must live.

The study of agriculture, and a habit of writing upon the subject, will bestow upon the wealthy farmers no small portion of pleasure, by furnishing them with means of escaping from the irksomeness of too much leisure, and from the regret of having wasted time in unprofitable employments. Those placed above the necessity of bodily labor, must re. compense themselves by mental, or sink into a state of apathy, unfriendly to health, happiness and virtue. What subject can be better fitted for substi tuting activity for langour, than one which can gra. tify self-interest, provide for the exercise of bene. volence, and awaken the love of our country.

cernment of such measures as may advance or obstruct it. How can she gain a capacity for this discrimination, so essential to her prosperity, but by an industrious exercise of her best talents through the medium of the press.

In a struggle for empire, among the true sound and virtuous social interests, ought agriculture to relinquish her pretentions to equality, if not to preeminence, and tamely yield up a prize, to gain which she has so largely contributed? Perhaps a free and candid discussion of her claim to jus tice, may disclose some less worthy competitor, whose prowess may evince the necessity for a coali tion between those interes's, founded in principles of mutual right, and pure friendship. Are not the consequences of such an union to private happiness and public prosperity, worthy of a diligent enqui ry? Laws may affect agriculture as well as commerce and manufactures; and hence as powerfully The strongest reason which invites us to become require the attention of a society confined to that attentive to the encouragement of agricultural special object, as laws affecting commerce or manupublications, remain to be noticed. Agriculture, factures require the attention of societies for their commerce and manufactures, are the three great improvement. Would not a resolution by a socicobjects of individual interest, and national solicity for promoting commerce, manufactures or intertude. To preserve, each ought to understand its nal improvements, to disregard legal favor, justice own rights; to lose them, ignorance will suffice or injury, and to repose in legal ignorance, be a for either. Though agriculture may need no char- remuneration of the sources of success, and proter, require no bounties, claim no monopolies, and phetic of its fate?-The patriotic advocates for inask for no legal augmentations of the prices of her ternal improvement, far from confining themselves commodities, she may yet feel an unpropitious legal to mathematical discussions, contend that legisla providence, and languish under injustice. Though tion constitutes the source of their prosperity or de she may flourish in the enjoyment of equal rights cay, and laboriously investigate its influence upon with her compeers, she may be stunted or even inferior objects. Are these enquiries irrelative, or stifled by an unequal pressure. Commerce never ought the cardinal internal improvement to be proconfines her knowledge to the structure of her ships hibited by its advocates from acquiring a species and the properties of the magnet; nor manufactur- of knowledge, even necessary for the prosperity of ing, to the powers of steam, and the fabrication of her hand-maids? Is not a fair competition in indus tools. Both are politicians. Both write, publish try, under the shield of equal laws, between the in-, and petition, to gain improvement, justice or favor. terests which cover all, as necessary to excite emuBoth sift the laws by which they are affected-lation and to produce improvement, as such a comWhy should agriculture confine her attention to petition among associated individuals? vehicles, and lose sight of cargoes? Why should Supposing that the maxim "ne autor ultra crepishe be careful to her lands, and her tools, and care- dum," is as applicable to the science as to a cobler, less of her crops? Both her sisters shun this straight and that the votaries of agriculture ought to stick road towards impoverishment, and renounce the re-o the plough, and continue to "whistle as they creation to be expected from the soups of charity.drive it for want of thought," whilst her friends and Every human interest inhabits a human heart, and her foes are encouraged to become deeply learned every buman heart pants for wealth or competen- in the subtleties of legislation; yet as no one denies cy. Ought agriculture to be indifferent to the bles to them the knowledge and skill necessary to make sings considered by her sisters as essential for hu-good crops, because all eat; it is super#uous to man happiness, or remain ignorant of the extent to which their wishes may be gratified without injury to her rights? May she not at least be permitted to consider, whether bounties to expel competition, unlike premiums for exciting it, are likely to be

consider, whether verbal communications and local examples, or essays and books, constitute the best means for effecting the end since all may be united, and each may operate in its own sphere.Agriculture has certainly flourished most in those

countries, where the press has been most extensive With regard to the superior equipment of our ly employed as an auxiliary to example. Its great ships in the Mediterranean, we find a great deal of efficacy may possibly be owing to a quality of the jealousy prevails among the naval writers, and one mind, neither unfrequent nor inoperative. It is a of them of late in addressing the lords of admiralquality, often offended by the wisest lectures and ty, refers to the style and appearance of the Amerithe brightest examples; but, soothed by the appro- can fleet at Gibraltar, with evident soreness and aspriation it can make from reading, and delighted perity. We are happy to hear, however, that the by a display of acquirements, drawn from the com- utmo Lattention, politeness and decorum is found mon reservoir of knowledge. To copy example, it to prevail whenever the British and American naval looks upon as a species of plagiarism; and therefore officers meet together in any part of the Streights. the most beautiful agricultural experiment unre. As to our line of battle ships we may be allowed corded, would be frequently as ephemeral as the to express a doubt, if ever more admirable specitints of the butterfly. To yield to verbal lecture, mens of naval architecture were seen in the Meit abhors, as a confession of ignorance; and the ex-diterranean, than the Independence, Washington, cellence of advice is apt to strengthen its opposi-and Franklin, have exhibited. The qualities of the tion. But the activity of this quality, unrestrained two former of these vessels are well known, and their by the fear of degradation, and excited by the hope strength, compactness, arrangements and fast sail. of applause, may be enlisted through the press, and ing have obtained an established reputation; in adbecome highly useful in the improvement of agri-dition to which we are happy to hear, that the culture. Whatever it can thence acquire, it will Franklin proves to be the most rapid ship of the practice as its own and propagate with zeal; and line, in her sailing, that has been seen in those wa. its great share, both of talent and industry, renders ters for many years. We are not acquainted with it a coadjutor worthy of being conciliated. the comparative rate of sailing with the others, but learn that no vessel known in the Streights can hold way with her.

Criminal Law.

FROM THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCER.

Great social ends are effected by seizing a crisis in public opinion. During the predominance of a temper for emigration, inflamed by the cheapness and proximity of a new land, neither precept nor example could demonstrate the propriety of im proving the old, or subvert the ruinous habit of killing, because we could flee from the corpse The Federal Gazette, of Baltimore, censures the But now, when this habit is checked by the general delay which has occurred in executing the sentence appropriation of good new land, by its high price of death on the mail robbers convicted in that and by its increasing remoteness from commerce, city in May, and imputes it to the refusal or neglect the public begins to look for prosperity in the true of the president to sign what is called a death warplace, and to disclose some ardor to discover a re- rant. It has not been usual we believe, for the exemedy for an evil, which emigration will soon cease cutive of the United States to issue any such warto furnish. As we cannot much longer fly from rant in capital convictions-we do not at present worn out lands, and recompense ourselves for une-recollect a single case-Mr. Jefferson, we know, qual laws, by retiring to more fertile regions, we uniformly declined to do so. Indeed, it has been shall soon turn our eyes towards the means by but seldom necessary, as the federal courts, acting which we may be enabled to live at home. Let not in conformity to the practice of the states in which this new temper stop at hope, or evaporate in they are held, generally direct the execution of their theory. Let it not be neglected by a society for own sentences, without any sanction from the exe. promoting agriculture. Enlivened by writing, printcutive authority. In Maryland, however, were caing, example and experiment; excited by rewards; and encouraged by political justice, it is able to recover the fertility it has lost, and to prevent the ruin of the state, which is impending. Neglected it will gradually sink into despair, and the favorable moment for effecting an object, filled with gratifications for all classes of society, may possibly be lost forever.

It is a fact, and ought to be known that, the British | lantry, but particularly so at the battle of Allahera, have lately attempted to imitate our domestic brown shirtings. A MANUFACTURER.

Rivers of the West.

A writer in the "Inquisitor," a very respectable newspaper, just commenced at Cincinnati, urging support for the canal proposed to be made round the falls of the Ohio, says:-"The water privileges connected with the canal will be of immense value, and the stockholders could not ask for more liberal terms than those which their charter contains. For who can calculate the ratio in which the commerce of the river will increase? Let us look at the extent of navigation above the falls.

The Ohio (from Louisville to Pittsburg)
Alleghany (navigable above Pittsburg)
Monongahela

MILES.
632

200

100

70

70

Muskingum

Hockhocking

Kenhawa (to the great rapids)
Scioto

90

200

Great Miami

150

180

at which he had the rank of colonel. The course pursued by Ferdinand upon his return to Spain, was so hostile to those who had distinguished themselves in his service, so repugnant to those principles for which he had contended, that he resigned in disgust and retired to his native land, bearing with him honors only, for bis services. He immediately entered under the banners of his country, and as soon as its emancipation was effected, suggested the bold idea of crossing the Cordilleras exhausted his individual credit to obtain funds, and by his unceasing efforts, raised, embodied and disciplined an army of three thousand men, with whom he crossed the stupendous Andes. After clambering mountains and descending awful precipices, over an extent of ground exceeding one hundred and forty leagues, he arrived in the plain of Chacabuco, near St. Jago, before the enemy had an intimation of his approach. He was there met by an army of more than double the number, with a powerful artillery, and it was there that with his Spartan band he decided the fate of Chili. The passage across the Andes is at all times dangerous; there are passes of many thousand feet in height, so narrow, that mules laden cannot pass each other. The route taken was by an unfrequented path, longer and more difficult of access than that usually All of the above rivers are navigable much far- travelled and the fatigues endured so great, that ther for small boats. I do not pretend to be exact he lost twelve hundred mules, two thirds of the in the distances. It will be sufficient for the pre-number with which he commenced his march. The sent purpose to give a rough sketch of the immense extent of territory, the commerce of which must pass through the channel of the Ohio. For let us next suppose only thirty miles of country on each side of the above rivers interested in the river trade. This will give an extent of territory equal to a parallelogram of 1,750 miles in length, and 60 miles in breadth; and would contain 105,000 square miles, or 67,200,000 acres. If this be divided into farms of 200 acres each, there will be 3:36,000 farms. Suppose each farm to afford a sur. plus produce of three tons of flour, pork, &c. and the yearly amount of freight which must pass the falls will be 1,008,000 tons; which, with the present rate of toll allowed for boats descending, viz. $1 50 cents per ton, would amount' annually to the sum of $1,512,000. The toll of boats ascending, is to be added to this sum. This sum would pay interest at 6 per cent. upon a capital stock of $25,200,000. Whereas it has been calcu lated that the expense of completing the canal will not exceed 200,000. This, to be sure, is a random estimate, but it serves to show that the stock of the proposed canal cannot but be profitable. The commerce of the country will increase beyond calcnla tion; and the day is not distant, when the Ohio will be literally covered with boats, freighted with the productions of muxuriant soil."