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for this special form of activity. But it is natural for American laymen to wonder whether an infusion of democracy in government might not be desirable here.

When, the other day, Commander Evangeline Booth, head of the Salvation Army in America, received from her brother in London, Commander-in-Chief Bramwell Booth, polite and appreciative marching orders, she accepted them without a word of complaint; she is a good soldier; she knows how to obey. In due time she will return to England to accept any command or work assigned her. It is reputed that General Booth proposes himself to supervise from London the American organization through the co-operation here of three Commissioners, in New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. All this is quite correct legally and quite within the rules and methods of the organization. But again the American layman may express the (C) Underwood hope that the head of the Army and his staff will give due emphasis to the fact that the great body of the Army on this side of the water is American and that practically all the money contributed is American and that care will be taken to assure the public that American ideals and wishes will be considered in the management of the Army. It was largely the feeling that this was not the case which led to the split in the organization about twenty-five years ago.

CHINA AND AMERICAN SECTARIANISM

A

T the recent National Christian Conference in Shanghai it was reported that 120 different religious communions from the Occidental world are now working in the Oriental republic. Native Christians are tired of explaining to the people why Southern Methodists are found in Northern China. Translating such words as Baptist, Episcopal, and Presbyterian leads to results that rejoice the facetious but which do not contribute to edification. People who are critical of mission boards may understand a little better why denominationalism continues in China by a study of recent history among the Disciples of Christ. The reports issued at their convention at Winona Lake, Indiana, the first week in September, and the discussion of these reports, throw a great light upon the problem. From the face of the documents it seems that Disciples missionaries, who were immersionists at home, have not been very zealous in pushing the denominational dogma beyond the sea. Chinese Presbyterians and other pedobaptists moving into a district where only Disciples churches were found were received as Christian brethren and put to work. They became hurch officers and were even employed

DONALD B. MACMILLAN

as mission workers. So little account did the missionaries take of denominational distinction that they in some instances reported these unimmersed people as members. A conservative minister of America visited the mission fields last year with an interpreter, and these facts were brought to the attention of the American constituency in an unmistakable way, compelling the mission board to admit most of the allegations, and to try to explain them.

The Disciples of Christ at Winona Lake have answered the demand of the Shanghai Conference of native Christians with denial of their request for Christian union. The missionaries are warned that if they take pedobaptists into the native churches as full members they will be recalled, though as a compromise measure the board has replied to an inquiry from the Rev. E. K. Higdon in the Philippines that he may believe in "open membership" if he will agree not to practice it without the consent of his board. That the board is disposed to be as generous as its constituency will permit is seen in the indorsement of the practice of enrolling "guest members" from other communions. If the missionaries do their duty, they must make these "guest members" know that such members are deficient in the matter of baptism from the Disciples standpoint.

Very few Disciples missionaries who have been on the field in the face of naked paganism care much for the theological disputes at home. They see that the only hope of the infant Christian movement in China is co-operation and the erasure of all denominational labels. Chinese leaders have served notice that they will have none of our Occidental denominationalism when they are able

to support the Christian movement without foreign money. Christianity halts in China not because of narrow-minded native leadership in that land, nor because of bigoted missionaries, perhaps not very much on account of ignorant board memIbers at home. It is the sectarian preacher in America who threatens to boycott the missionary task when it gets too liberal who is responsible. Only as broad-minded laymen in the churches are able to modify this noisy sectarianism will China win the chance to become Christian.

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NEW POLAR GEOGRAPHY

THE

HE return of the Arctic explorer Donald MacMillan from his year's voyage in the Arctic seas is an interesting event in the world of science and exploration. As in his former expeditions, Dr. MacMillan has brought back valuable contributions to our knowledge of that portion of the ice-bound seas which has never been thoroughly explored. The value of such observations is not of a sensational character but it is no less serious and important.

The region just explored by Dr. MacMillan is on the upper and western coast of Baffin Bay. It now appears that the geography of this region has always been incorrectly charted on the maps. The MacMillan expedition succeeded in penetrating further into these unknown regions than anyone but the Eskimo has ever gone. It will be remembered that five years ago this explorer returned after four years spent in the Arctic the result of which was to disprove the existence of the supposed Crocker Land. It appeared that what was supposed by Admiral Peary to be a newly found stretch of land was in fact the effect of a mirage. Now Dr. MacMillan reports that the entire map of the coastline of Baffin Bay will have to be revised. It has been charted on maps in accordance with the reports of an explorer commonly known as "Northwestern Fox." His dash in this vicinity was made three hundred years ago, and no one since that time has penetrated so far along that coast. Now MacMillan has followed Fox's road and gone considerably beyond it, and, as was almost to be expected, he finds that Fox's charts abound in error.

It is interesting to report that under the modern and scientific methods of exploration carried out by this expedition and recommended by Peary and Stefansson it was conducted with perfect safety and comparative comfort.

There are great possibilities of discoveries that may be of practical value in the far north. Even if this were not so, there is something in the nature of mankind which will never be satisfied

until the whole surface of the earth is thoroughly explored and mapped.

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THE TENNIS CROWN STAYS PUT

HE tennis crown of America still

THE

rests on the head of William T. Tilden, 2d, of Philadelphia. In the recent national tournament at Germantown, Pennsylvania, Tilden fought out the finals with William M. Johnston, of California. The present trophy had been twice won by each of the finalists, and this year's victory gives Tilden permanent possession.

The experiment was made in this year's tournament of "seeding the draw," instead of leaving the arrangement of the players entirely to fortune. The most noteworthy contestants were planted through the list in order to preserve as far as possible the best contests for the last. The scheme, which brought Tilden and Johnston into the final bracket, worked admirably. Johnston took two sets from his opponent, and then Tilden was forced to win three sets straight in order to gain the victory. The come-back of Tilden under such circumstances afforded a thrill which the spectators will not soon forget.

INTERNATIONAL YACHT RACES

HE contest for America's Cup de

into a on

the greatest of sports. The beautiful and fragile toys developed by that historic event we trust will never be brought forth again. It will be a disappointment if the next challenge from England is not made and accepted under rules which will produce vessels rather than the playthings of millionaires.

Since the last contest for America's Cup there have been two Anglo-American team races of a type which deserve hearty encouragement. Last year four American yachtsmen took their sixmeter racers to England and suffered a defeat in British waters. This year four British boats were brought to Long Island Sound for a return match. The American challengers were the victors.

These international races are run on a point basis. The winner of the race is given one point for finishing and one additional point for each beaten contestant. Thus, if eight boats are entered and finish the race, the winner scores eight points for her team, and the second seven, and so on down the line. The present series of six races was won by the Americans by a score of 111 to 104. Even with boats of the six-meter class the sport is not one for those with slender purses. It would be an interesting experiment to attempt to build up an international one-design class. In such a case team matches of even an interrational character could be held frequently at a minimum of expense, for

Photo Edwin Levick, N. Y.

GREBE (AMERICAN) LEADING REG (BRITISH) IN THE FINAL DAY OF THE INTER

NATIONAL RACES IN LONG ISLAND SOUND OFF OYSTER BAY

it would only be necessary for helmsmen and crews to cross the Atlantic to challenge or defend the trophy at stake. By holding enough races so that each helmsman and his crew could sail all of the boats in turn, an absolute equality of conditions could be created.

The one-design idea has been the making of our small-boat sailing, for it has afforded the best possible training for our young yachtsmen.

It is recognized, of course, that the present method implies both a contest in yacht design as well as yacht handling. To limit an international contest to ves sels of one type would eliminate what has been regarded as an important feature of such races; but the gain might more than offset the loss.

LABOR BANKS

is to say, banks organized and in the control of trade unions. There is one at Cleveland, Ohio, conducted by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers; another at Hammond, Indiana, conducted by the same Brotherhood; a savings bank at Washington, D. C., belonging to the Machinists' Union; a trade union savings bank at Seattle, Washington; the Finnish Mutual Savings Bank, under labor management, at Superior, Wisconsin; and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers' Bank at Chicago, Illinois. The Order of Railroad Telegraphers has applied for a bank charter in St. Louis, Missouri; a labor bank is planned at Birmingham, Alabama; a labor trust company is reported to be in process of organization in Philadelphia; Pittsburgh is about to have a labor bank; two are planned at the Machinists'

T is hard to understand the curious in- Cincinnati, one

the ground that we are all human and are therefore all more or less inconsistent.

While during the past summer the leaders of labor organizations have with one hand been knocking down industry, with the other they have been building it up. There are now nine or ten labor banks in operation in this country-that

one by the Railway Clerks

Union; and labor banks are being organized in San Bernardino, California; Detroit, Michigan; St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnestota; Kansas City, Missouri; Tucson, Arizona; Spokane, Washington; Dallas, Texas; and Three Forks, Montana.

Of all these banks the pioneer

1

most successful is the Cleveland Bank, of which Mr. Warren Stone, head of the Locomotive Engineers' Brotherhood, is President. The Locomotive Brotherhood Bank at Cleveland, and all the other labor banks, differ not at all under the law from banks generally, but they are introducing some rather novel and interesting methods. The Cleveland Bank, for example, has disturbed some of its competitors in that prosperous city by paying a larger rate of interest for city and county funds than the other banks had agreed to. The result is said, by a well-informed correspondent of The Outlook, to be that the Locomotive Brotherhood bank, although it has a capital of one million dollars and a surplus of one hundred thousand dollars, and is a member of the Federal Reserve System, is not a member of the Cleveland Clearing-House. The Cleveland Bank, 51 per cent of the stock belonging to the Locomotive Brotherhood as an association and 49 per cent being owned by individual members of the Brotherhood, proposes to pay a dividend to stockholders of not over ten per cent when earned, and to distribute its sur plus earnings over that amount to depositors in an increased interest rate. This is somewhat of a novelty in banking, and is raising some discussion in Cleveland. We imagine, however, that the depositors are not objecting.

Every believer in thrift and prosperity must welcome the creation and successful administration of these labor banks. The Outlook certainly welcomes them. But they confirm its opinion that trade unions ought to be put under the operation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Law, exactly like unions of capital. One law for all is what has made the American Federal Reserve banking system a success and what has enabled these labor banks to spring into being. The trade unions which have wisely organized these labor banks should be held as responsible to the law when they combine to restrain trade, as they should be protected by the law when they combine to promote thrift.

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of the returns; for we do not believe that those who voted for a modification of the law, so as to permit the consumption of beer and light wines, realize what their vote actually meant.

The Constitution now forbids the manufacture, sale, or importation of intoxicating beverages. The Volstead Act defines as an intoxicating beverage any beverage containing more than one-half of one per cent of alcohol. If the Volstead Act is so modified as to permit the consumption of beer and light wines, which would require at the very least a ten per cent alcoholic content, the country will inevitably have a return of the saloon problem. Beer and light wines must be sold if they are to be consumed. Even if they were not sold for consumption on the premises and the sale were limited to "bottle trade" at groceries or other similar places there would rise triumphant in all its glory the old backroom-grocery barroom-one of the worst phases of the American saloon. If the 40.8 per cent of the "Digest's" voters who want "light wines and beer" had been fairly presented with the indisputable fact that the legal sale of beer and light wines means the revival of the saloon problem, we do not believe it is extravagant to assume that at least half of them would have voted against the saloon.

If our assumption is correct that onehalf of those in the "Digest's" poll who voted for modification would have voted against the return of the saloon, the real significance of the poll is that at least sixty per cent of the balloting was in favor of prohibition-prohibition, at least, of the liquor saloon as it used to exist in this country, and as it still exists as a terrible social sore in Great Britain.

In spite of the reports in the daily press of bootlegging, deaths from wood alcohol, and the violation of the law in the clubs and restaurants of the large cities, scientific and impartial statistics prove, we think, that the social and economic results of the operation of the law so far are beneficial. The "Manufacturers' Record," of Baltimore, has issued an exceedingly interesting report of a country wide inquiry it has made of the effects of prohibition on American industry. An overwhelming majority of the leaders of industry favor it. Postal Savings Bank deposits as well as deposits in regular savings banks, especially in industrial centers, have grown. Crimes and convictions due to drunkenness have decreased. Hospitals report a marked falling off in cases of alcoholism and secondary diseases due to alcoholism. These social and economic gains are not matters of guesswork but of carefully compiled statistics. The "Scientific

Temperance Journal," of Boston, pub

lished in June a complete, elaborate, and impartial survey of the situation in Massachusetts, and quotes Dr. Charles W. Eliot, of Harvard, a man of scientific type of mind who weighs his words, as saying to the Massachusetts Legislature: "Evidence has accumulated on every hand that prohibition has promoted public health, public happiness, and industrial efficiency. This evidence comes from manufacturers, physicians, nurses of all sorts, school, factory, hospital, and district, and from social workers of many races and religions laboring daily in a great variety of fields. This testimony also demonstrates beyond a doubt that prohibition is actually sapping the terrible force of disease, poverty, crime, and vice. These results are obtained in spite of the imperfect enforcement in some communities of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution."

Nation-wide prohibition is a magnificent and unique experiment. Time only, and a fair trial, can demonstrate whether it can be made a permanent success. But it at least deserves a fair trial, and so it seems to us that every man who wishes his family and his country well will by his vote for members of Congress this autumn sustain strict enforcement in order that the men and women of the oncoming generation may have a chance to determine from experience what the permanent policy of the country shall be regarding alcohol as a beverage. We have little doubt that, with fair play and a chance to study actual results over a reasonable period of time, the verdict of the coming generation will be against alcohol, as the verdict of our generation has been against morphine and cocaine.

Ο

THE OLD SOAK

NE of the most fertile imaginations in America is possessed by Mr. Don Marquis, now columnist for the New York "Tribune." The delightful succession of characters which have emerged from Mr. Marquis's brain and served as the vehicles for his philosophies and his antipathies constitutes a most agreeable chapter in the writings of the present day. None of his figures perhaps has yet attained the universal popularity of Mr. Dooley, but many of the creatures of his brain seem almost as much alive as the hero of Archey Road.

News that "The Old Soak," vehicle for Mr. Marquis's antipathy to prohibition and his recognition of both the vices and the imaginary quality of the so-called virtues of alcohol, was to appear on the stage made many theater-goers look for

Photograph by Abbe

HARRY BERESFORD AS THE OLD SOAK AT THE PLYMOUTH THEATER,
NEW YORK CITY

ward to the opening night with their
risibilities on the qui vive. From the
reception which was awarded the play
it is quite obvious that most of the
theater-goers were not disappointed in
their expectations. The probabilities
are that Mr. Marquis's comedy will have
a more prosperous career than that of
the Old Soak himself.

The play was in some measure a disappointment. The fertility of Mr. Marquis's imagination seemed to have exhausted itself in the creation of the chief character and in some of the dialogue. Both in plot and situation the play is almost wholly lacking in originality. The wealthy and sanctimonious banker, the wayward son, the actress who was better than she seemed-we have met their like many times before. They afford typical examples of the kind of literary characters at which Mr. Marquis himself delights in poking fun. The setting for "The Old Soak" is, in fact, so obviously ready-made that we suspect that Mr. Marquis utilized it with his tongue in his cheek. The obviousness of the setting probably will not detract from the popularity of the play for that large portion of the theatergoing public which likes to have the

occasions for a tear or a laugh pointed out well in advance. If they run across stock signals to "Smile here," or "Weep now," it makes it all the easier for them to enjoy the progress of the drama under consideration. They will find plenty of sign-posts in Mr. Marquis's dramatization of "The Old Soak."

superior right in basic and universal industries at times when "the whole Nation once every two years or less can be pushed to the precipice of want and commercial collapse; when we are brought to consideration of price-fixing against extortion in time of peace; when hundreds of thousands of workers, not only in the industry, but outside of it, are thrown into skimping and starving, and when the Nation is made to suffer the shame of Herrin and rampant crime that has followed in the train of strikes."

Later he defined what he meant by this superior right as "the right of the public to a continuous supply of its vital necessities and services upon terms fair to the employer and employee. When these various rights [collective bargaining, the National basis of unions and employers, and so on] infringe upon the public right, then the dominant right is public right."

All of this applies to other basic. industries as well as to coal. That even in the strikes just settled the public interest has not yet been guarded is indicated by the remark of Senator Cummins on the day when the Senate passed the Coal Anti-Profiteering Bill, after the strike was settled, that "Profiteering is more general now than it has been at any time since the strike. If there ever was an emergency, it is now." How such an industrial war as we have been going through works widespread injury to classes that have nothing whatever to do with inciting or settling railway and coal strikes, is shown from Mr. Hoover's view, expressed on another occasion, that the greatest loss is caused to the farmer who has to accept low prices because the railways cannot transport his crops. So, too, Governor Miller of New York has denounced the obduracy of striking railway shopmen against fair offers of set

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THE SUPERIOR RIGHT tlement, saying that in effect they de

S

ECRETARY HERBERT HOOVER

has the reputation of being a doer rather than a talker. Yet on occasion he can put a truth of import in as clear and forcible a fashion as any speech-maker of them all. Such an instance was his affirmation of "the superior right of the public" in a recent talk before the Salesmen's Association of the American Chemical Association. He was speaking directly about the coal strikes, since composed by what many think is but a temporary truce-a truce based on realization that the industry can for the present at least furnish high wages and high profits and with precious little reference to the rights of the public for service and fair prices. In plain, round terms Secretary Hoover denounced the outrage to the public's

clare: "We must maintain our stranglehold until, not our adversary, but the public, is brought to its knees." He asserted that it was such a thing as this that he would make a serious penal offense.

It is for the people at large to declare and enforce this superior right through their elected representatives in Congress and executive office, but also through exercising their industrial intelligence to understand business and economic processes. Some of the considerations involved are discussed in this issue in an article by Mr. Edward Eyre Hunt, which includes some expression of Mr. Hoover's views as to business cycles.

In wars between capital and labor the public is not an indifferent neutral; its resources are exhausted and its rights are outraged.

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