Cases and Opinions on International Law

97. Termination of Mission-Recall, and Dismissal. (Hall, 301305; Wheaton (D), § 250; Wharton's Dig., § 84; Heffter, 516-522; and Ib., 522–545 "L'Art Diplomatique ; " Bluntschli, Arts., 227-240.)

98. Ambassadors' Rights in friendly States, on their way to or return from their posts. (Hall, §§ 99-101; Phillimore, II., 215-218; Heffter, 488-490; Woolsey, § 97; Wheaton (D), §§ 244-247.)

99. Consuls: Origin of office-Functions-Appointment-Dismissal -Privileges-Consuls Diplomatically accredited-"Lettre de

provision"-Exequatur. (Schuyler's "American Diplomacy," 41-104; Hall, 314-322; Wheaton (D), § 120 ; Phillimore, II., 265-336; Heffter, 555-566; Woolsey, 152-157; Calvo, III., § 1368-1390; Halleck, I., 310-330; Wharton's Digest, §§ 113-124.)

100. Judicial

Functions of Consuls in semi-civilized lands. (Phillimore, II., 337–342; Halleck, I., 330-347; Wharton's Dig., § 125.)

VIII. TREATIES.

101. What Treaties are not subjects of International Law? (Hall, 323 and note; Bluntschli, Art. 443.)

102. Kinds of Treaties-Conditions necessary to the validity of Treaties-Authority of persons contracting-Freedom of Consent-Intimidation-Fraud, etc. (Hall, 323-327; Heffter, 190-204; Woolsey, 159-164; Wheaton (D), §§ 252-262; Halleck, I., 234-237; Bluntschli, Arts. 402-424, 442; Phillimore, II., 68-83; Pomeroy, 340 et seq.)

103. Forms-Tacit and express ratification-Refusal to ratify-Completion of ratification. (Hall, 329-334; Pomeroy, 332; Wheaton (D), §§ 256-264.)

104. Interpretation of Treaties. Convention of 1818 between England and the United States (Fisheries), the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850.) (Hall, 334-342; Heffter, § 95; Woolsey. 173-174; Phillimore, II., 94-125; Wheaton (D), § 287.)

105. Conflict between different Treaties, or between different Parts of the same Treaty. (Hall, 340-342; Phillimore II., 126132; Calvo, $$ 720-723; Bluntschli, Art. 414.)

106. Treaties of Guarantee. (Hall, 342-345; Bluntschli, Arts. 437-440; Phillimore, II., 84-93; Woolsey, 166-170; Heffter, § 97.)

107. Legislation necessary to carry treaties into effect-Is the House of Representatives in the United States under obligation to pass acts necessary to carry treaties into effect? The Jay Treaty, 1794, The Alaska Treaty, 1867. (Wheaton (D), 266; Halleck, I., 222-224; Calvo, III., § 1643-1647; Wharton's Dig., § 131a.)

108. A Treaty dates from the time of Signing, not from that of Ratification.

109. The obligation of Treaties-Difference between a void and a voidable Treaty-Test of voidability. (Hall, 351, 359; Creasey, 40-44; Phillimore, II., 76; M. Bernard, "Lectures on Diplomacy," 168; Heffter, § 98; Bluntschli, Arts. 415, 456-461; Pomeroy, 347; Maine: "Ancient Law," 23; Fiore, Part I., Chapter IV.; Halleck, I., 243, 244 ; Wharton's Dig., 137a.)

110. Most favored Nation Clause in Commercial Treaties. (Wharton's Dig., § 134.)

111. Renewal of Treaties. (Hall, 117.)

IX. AMICABLE SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AND ATTEMPTS TO MITIGATE THE EVILS OF WAR.

112. Arbitration-Mediation. (Hall, 361-363; Bluntschli, Arts. 488-498; Calvo, § 1706 et seq.; Rouard de Card, "L'Arbitrage International "; Creasey, 397-399; Wharton's Dig., § 316; Sheldon Amos: "Political and Legal Remedies for War"; R. D. J., VI., 117-128, 421-452, VII., 57-69, 277, 418, 423-426, 708, VIII., 167, X., 661; Halleck, I., 413-418; Phillimore, III., 1-17.)

113. International acts and movements with a view to mitigate the

evils of war.

(The Declaration of Paris," Appendix B ; The Declaration of St. Petersburg," " Ib., C; The "Geneva Convention," Ib., D; The "Brussels Congress, 1874. See on this Congress: Revue de Droit International, VII., 87, 438; Diplomatic Review, III., 9 et seq.; Halleck, I., 418-421 and notes; Calvo, IV., § 1898.)

114. Acts of Individuals and Societies: Founding of the "Institute of International Law," 1871, and the "Association for the Reform and Codification of International Law," at about the same time. (Annuaire de l'Institute, I., 27; R. D. J., VII., 307. For code of the "Institute," etc., see Appendix, F;" and for Von Moltke's criticism of it, see his letter to Bluntschli, R. D. J., XIII., 79 et seq.)

PART II.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AS MODIFIED BY WAR.

I. MEASURES SHORT OF WAR-DEFINITION OF WAR-DECLARATION OF WAR.

115. Reprisals-Retorsion-Pacific Blockade. (1. Silesian Loan, Cases and Op., 243; 2. Don Pacifico, Ib., 246; 3. Other Cases, Ib., 248, note. And see: Hall, 364-373; Wheaton (D), $$ 290-292 and note No. 151; (L), pp. 505-510 and note No. 168; Bluntschli, Arts. 499-508; Halleck, I., 422-428; Phillimore, III., § 18-43; Calvo, III., § 1809 et seq.; Heffter, §§ 110-112; Woolsey, 181-187; Walker, 154-158.)

116. Hostile Embargo. (The Boedus Lust, Cases and Op., 249 and note. See also: Hall, 373; Wheaton (D), § 293 and note No. 152; Halleck, I. 433; Fhillimore, III., 44– 49; Calvo, III., § 1824 et seq.; Woolsey, 180.)

117. Declaration of War-War without a Declaration-Civil WarDate of the beginning of a War. (1. The Teutonia, Cases and Op., 250; The Prize Cases, Ib., 254. And see Hall, 374382; Heffter, § 121; Halleck, I., 474-480; Phillimore, III., 85-113; Calvo, IV., § 1899 et seq.)

118. Definition of War-Its Object-Causes of War-Kinds of War. (Creasey, 360-392; Heffter, §§ 113, 119; Phillimore, III., 77-84; Halleck, I., 439-453, 454-473; Bluntschli, Arts. 510-528; Wheaton (D), § 296; Calvo, IV., 1-40 a resume of opinions of writers; Woolsey, 210.)

II. EFFECTS OF WAR AS BETWEEN ENEMIES.

(a) Laws and Usages of War-Conduct of Hostilities. 119. Who are enemies in a war? One theory is that all citizens or subjects of one belligerent state are the enemies of all the citizens or subjects of the other. Another theory is that war is a contest between states, and that private individuals of the belligerent states are not enemies at all. The first is the old view, and is still supported by the better authority. (Creasey, 376-388; Calvo, $$ 2035-2036; Halleck, II., 52-53; Bluntschli, Arts. 529-530; Woolsey, 550; Walker, 273.)

120. All peaceful relations between the belligerent States and their citizens cease on the breaking out of war. But modern usage permits alien enemies to remain in the territory unmolested unless their presence becomes dangerous to the state. (Hall, 389-393; Heffter, p. 289 and note 9; Calvo, §§ 1912-1914; Phillimore, III., 128-130; Halleck, I., 483-485.)

121. Who are Non-Combatants? (Hall, 394-396; Woolsey, 216221; Halleck, II., 2-3.)

122. Who are lawful Combatants ?-Conditions-Authority-Organization-Dress. (Hall, 396, 514-525 and notes; Halleck, II., 6-9; Bluntschli, Arts. 569-573; Calvo, $$ 2049-2058; Walker, 249; Woolsey, 214-215.)

123. Maritime War.-Privateers-Letters of Marque and ReprisalVolunteer Navy. (Hall, 525-529; Wheaton (D), § 358 and note No. 173; Wharton's Digest, §§ 383-385; Calvo, 2297 et seq.; Halleck, II., 9-20; Woolsey, 201-208; Heffter, § 124; Declaration of Paris, Appendix B.)

124. Prisoners of War.-Who may be taken prisoners ?-TreatmentParole-Exchange-Ransom. (Hall, 403-413; Halleck, II., 3 n., 74-89; Davis, 233-237; Creasey, 452-458; Calvo, §§ 2133-2157; Bluntschli, Arts. 593-626.)

125. Care of the sick and wounded-Geneva Convention-Red-Cross Society. (Hall, 399-403; Bluntschli, Arts. 586-592; Calvo, § 2034 et seq.; Moynier: "Le Croix Rouge"; Boyland: "Six Months under the Red Cross.")

شرکتی

126. Instruments of War-Means of Destruction. (Hall, 529-531; Halleck, II., 20-22; Woolsey, 211-213; Bluntschli, Arts. 557-560; Heffter, § 125; St. Petersburg Declaration, Appendix D.)

127. Devastation.-Is it ever lawful? (Hall, 533-534; Halleck, II., 117-119.)

128. Bombardment of towns-Fortified-Open. (Hall, 535; Davis, 219-222; Woolsey, 223-224; Bluntschli, Arts. 552-554, bis; Calvo; 2067-2095. All the important cases will be found in Calvo.)

129. Deceit Spies-Balloons. (Hall, 535-539; Halleck, II., 2235; Calvo, §§ 2106-2126; Bluntschli, Arts. 627-636; Davis, 241-244.)

(b) Effect of War upon Property, and Commercial Relations with the Enemy.

130. When war breaks out between two states, the movable or personal property of citizens of either, found in the territory of the other, on land, was by the old and strict rule of war confiscable. Debts due to citizens of the enemy State followed the same rule. But in modern practice this rule has become nearly obsolete. (1. Ware v. Hylton, Cases and Op., 260; Brown v. United States, Ib., 263; Ex parte Boussmaker, Ib., 267; Wolff v. Oxholm, Ib., 268. See also: Hall, 435-440; Halleck, I., 485-492; Wheaton (D), §§ 298-308 and notes No. 156 and 157 Phillimore, III., 128-148; Woolsey, 194-198; Heffter, § 140; Calvo, §§ 1915-1925.)

131. Property of the enemy found afloat in ports, on the breaking out of war was generally confiscable as prize until a very recent time. But here, too, later practice would seem to have discarded the harsher rule. Compare with Embargo-case of Boedus Lust. (Phillimore, III., 132; Wheaton (D), 389, note; Halleck, I., 491-492; The Johanna Emilie, Cases and Op. 270, n.)

« Anterior Continuar »

Libros

Cases and Opinions on International Law: With Notes and a Syllabus