Some

constitution, which was ratified, April 20, 1868,
by a popular vote of 89,007 to 71,309. It de-
clared the paramount allegiance of the citizen
to be due to the constitution and government of
the United States, voided all state laws "in con-
travention or subversion thereof," declared all
persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and residents in the state, to be citizens of the
state, forbade the legislature to abridge the
privileges or immunities of citizens, abolished
slavery and the limitation of suffrage to white
males, prolonged the governor's term to four
years, and voided all contracts for the encourage-
ment of rebellion, made and not executed.
changes, not affecting any of the above points,
were made in congress, and the state was read-
mitted by act of June 25, 1868. - The election at
which the constitution had been ratified had re-
sulted in the choice of republican state officers, a
republican senate, and a democratic house of
representatives. In July the new state officers
entered on their duties and the legislature ratified
the congressional changes in the constitution; but
during this and the next month the legislature
proceeded to declare negroes ineligible to mem-
bership in it, and to admit to membership several
persons who, it was alleged, were disqualified
to hold office by the 14th amendment. During
the year the state supreme court decided in favor
of the eligibility of negroes to office, but the
action of the legislature provoked an unfavor-

sition to the latter measure, as elsewhere mentioned, was to the advisability, not to the principle, of secession, and ceased when the majority had pronounced the decision. Indeed, the leader of the so-called union party of the state, A. H. Stephens, was almost immediately elected vice-president of the new southern confederacy. (See ALLEGIANCE, SECESSION, CONFEDERATE STATES.) In November, 1860, an act of the legislature provided for a special election for delegates to a state convention, which met at Milledgeville, Jan. 16, 1861. Jan. 19, by a vote of 208 to 89, an ordinance of secession was passed. It repealed the ordinance ratifying the constitution, and the acts ratifying the amendments to the constitution, dissolved the union between Georgia and the other states, and declared that the state of Georgia is in the full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent state." The minority, however, signed the ordinance, as a pledge that they would sustain their state, with the exception of six; and these yielded so far as to place on the minutes a pledge of "their lives, fortunes and honor" to the defense of the state. Ten delegates were chosen by the convention to represent the state at the organization of the provisional government in Montgomery, and Georgia thus became one of the confederate states. The progress of the war developed a considerable opposition in Georgia to the confederate government.able feeling to Georgia in congress, and was conIn the leaders it took the form of a sublimated state sovereignty, in opposition to the despotic acts of the executive; but in the mass of voters there seems to have been a strong undercurrent in favor of reconstruction in its first form, that is, re-entrance to the Union on terms. April 30, 1865, the Sherman-Johnston agreement ended the rebellion in Georgia. (See CONFEDERATE STATES, REBELLION, RECONSTRUCTION.)- June 17, 1865, James Johnson was appointed provisional governor of the state. Under his directions a convention met at Milledgeville, Oct. 25, repealed the ordinance of secession, voided the war debt, and adopted a new state constitution, Nov. 7, which was ratified by popular vote. It recognized the abolition of slavery by the federal government as a war measure, but reserved the right of its citizens to appeal to “the justice and magnanimity of that government" for compensation for slaves; it made the governor ineligible for re-election; it confined the right of suffrage to free white male citizens; and it enjoined upon the legislature the duty of providing by law for the government of free persons of color." State officers were elected Nov. 15, 1865, the legislature met in December, and the state remained under the new form of government until March, 1867. (See RECONSTRUCTION.) The state then became a part of the third military district, under Maj. Gen. John Pope. Under the direction of Maj. Gen. Meade, who succeeded him, a state convention met at Atlanta, Dec. 8, 1867, and formed a new

strued as an effort to avoid the terms of reconstruction. In December, therefore, the Georgia senators were not admitted, and did not obtain their seats until January and February, 1871; the representatives had been admitted July 25, 1868. The Georgia electors, in obedience to a state law passed under the confederacy and not repealed in 1880, voted Dec. 9, 1868, the second Wednesday of December, instead of the first, as required by the federal statute. On this nominal ground a vigorous effort was made in February, 1869, to reject the vote of Georgia, but it was counted "in the alternative." (See ELECTORS, VII.) — Nothing, however, could save Georgia from rereconstruction. The act of Dec. 23, 1869, authorized the governor to reconvene the legisla ture, with only such members as the reconstruction acts allowed, prohibited the exclusion of qualified members, authorized the use of the army and navy to support the governor, and imposed upon the legislature the ratification of the proposed 15th amendment as a condition precedent to the admission of senators and representatives from Georgia. The seats of the representatives also were thus vacated until January and February, 1871. The organization of the legislature in January and February, 1870, was only effected with great difficulty by the governor, and his irregular course of action was condemned by the senate investigating committee; but the organization was finally accomplished, the conditions fulfilled by the legislature, and the

David B. Mitchell (1815-17); William Rabun (1817-19); John Clark (1819-23); George M. Troup (1823-7); John Forsyth (1827-9); George R. Gilmer (1829-31); Wilson Lumpkin (1831-5); William Schley (1835-7); George R. Gilmer (1837-9); Charles J. McDonald (1839-43); George W. Crawford (1843-7); G. W. B. Towns (184751); Howell Cobb (1851-3); Herschel V. Johnson (1853-7); Joseph E. Brown (1857-65); James Johnson (provisional, 1865); Charles J. Jenkins (1865-7); John Pope and G. G. Meade (military governors, March, 1867-June, 1868); Rufus B. Bullock (June, 1868-October, 1871); Benjamin Conley (acting, October, 1871-January, 1872); James M. Smith (chosen by special election, January, 1872- January, 1877); Alfred H. Colquitt (1877-83).-See 1 Poore's Federal and State Constitutions; 3 Hildreth's United States, 532; 1 Stat. at Large (Bioren and Duane's edition), 448, 488; White's Hist. Coll. of Georgia; Hewitt's Historical Account of Georgia (to 1779); Georgia Hist. Soc. Collections; Stevens' History of Georgia (to 1798); McCall's History of Geor gia (to 1816); W. H. Carpenter's History of Georgia (to 1852); Muller's Bench and Bar of Georgia; 2 A. H. Stephens' War Between the States, 297, 312; 1, 4 Force's Tracts; Tribune Almanac, 1838-81; Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia, 1861-80.

ALEXANDER JOHNSTON.

state admitted by act of July 15, 1870. The first | John Milledge (1802-6); Jared Irwin (1806-9); election under the new régime took place Dec. 20- | David B. Mitchell (1809–13); Peter Early (1813–15); 22, 1870, and resulted in the choice of democratic state officers, and of five democratic and two republican representatives in congress. At the next election for congressmen, 1872, the state having been re-districted, the republicans lost one congressman and gained one. At the next election, 1874, the democrats elected all the nine congressmen; in two districts the republican vote entirely disappeared, and in all the others it was much reduced. Since that time the state has been democratic in all elections, state and national, and the political contest has been confined to factions of the dominant party. The peculiar state law, requiring electors to vote on the second Wednesday of December, excited some comment in 1881, but the undisputed republican majority in the presidential election of 1880 allowed the state's electoral votes to be admitted without objection.-A new constitution was formed by a convention which met at Atlanta, July 11, 1877, and was ratified by popular vote, Dec. 5. Its only noteworthy changes were its location of the state capital at Atlanta, and its limitation of the right of suffrage by prohibiting any one convicted of a penitentiary offense, and not pardoned, from registering, voting or holding office.-The most prominent citizens of the state in national politics have been William H. Crawford, Herschel V. Johnson, and Alexander H. Stephens. (See those names.) Reference should also be made (see also list of governors) to John M. Berrien, democratic United States senator 1825-9, attorney GERMAN EMPIRE. I. Area and Popula general under Jackson (see ADMINISTRATIONS), tion. The geographical position of Germany is and whig United States senator, 1841-52; Joseph almost in the centre of Europe, it being situated E. Brown, democratic United States senator between the Slavonic lands of the East, and the 1879-85; Howell Cobb, democratic representative Romanic countries of the West and South, and 1843-51 and 1855-7, speaker of the house 1849- bordering in the north on Denmark, the home of 51, and secretary of the treasury under Buchanan a people who are the kinsfolk of the Germans. (see ADMINISTRATIONS); Jolin Forsyth, democrat- At one time the whole country from the Rhone ic representative 1813-18, United States senator to the eastern banks of the Vistula was tributary 1818-19 and 1829-34, minister to Spain 1819–23, to the German king, when he, as emperor of and secretary of state under Jackson and Van Rome, extended his supremacy even over Italy. Buren (see ADMINISTRATIONS); Joseph Haber- Of Poland, which was also tributary to him, sham, postmaster general 1795-1801; Benj. H. the German rulers retained Silesia and Posen, and Hill, democratic United States senator 1877-82; of Denmark they held Schleswig-Holstein; but Thos. Butler King, whig representative 1839-43 all the land in the west, Lotharingia (Lorraine) and 1845-9; Wilson Lumpkin, democratic repre- and Arles, was in the course of time incorporated sentative 1815-17 and 1827-31, and United States into France, which succeeded in securing even senator 1837-41; John Milledge, democratic repre- provinces whose population was chiefly of the sentative 1792-3, 1795-9, and 1801-2, and United Teutonic stock-Elsass (Alsace) and German States senator 1806-9; and Robert Toombs, whig Lotharingia (Lorraine), which, however, through representative 1845-53, democratic United States the war of 1871, again came under German rule. senator 1853-61, and secretary of state of the Others, such as Switzerland and the Netherlands, confederate states. The name of Georgia was were, through the peace of Westphalia, completely given to the colony in 1732 in honor of King cut off from the empire. The only province George II. The prosperity of the state and its which, until the wars of the French revolution, vast possibilities of future growth have encour- still formed part of the imperial dominion-Belaged its citizens to give it the popular name of the gium-was, by the congress of Vienna, ceded to empire state of the south. - GOVERNORS. George the Netherlands. For her losses in the west, Walton (1789-90); Edward Telfair (1790–3); Geo. Germany was partly compensated by an acquisiMatthews (1793-6); Jared Irwin (1796-8); James tion of territory in the east, where it made some Jackson (1798-1801); Josiah Tatnall (1801-2); | inroads upon the Slavonic population. The

present territory of the German empire, by the terms of the treaties between the North German confederation and the South German states (December, 1870), and through the acquisition of Elsass (Alsace) and German Lotharingia (Lorraine), embraces all the territory of the German league (Deutsche Bund), excepting Austria, Luxemburg and Liechtenstein, and includes the Prussian provinces-Prussia, Posen and Silesiaand the imperial province or territory of ElsassLothringen (Alsace-Lorraine). It is bounded on the north by the North sea, Denmark and the Baltic; on the east by Russia, Poland and Galicia; on the south by Austria from the Vistula to the lake of Constance, and Switzerland; on the west by France, Luxemburg, Belgium and the Netherlands. The present area and the population of the different states and principalities of the empire, including Elsass-Lothringen, according to the census of Dec. 1, 1880, are shown in the following table:

English Population Population,
square Dec. 1, 1875. Dec. 1, 1880.
miles.

27,278,911
5,284,778
1,971,118
2,972,805

137,066

29,292

7,675

5. Baden

25,742,404 5,022,390 1,881,505 6,777 2,760,586 5,851 1,507,179

6. Mecklenberg

4,834

553,785

309,577
100,269
207,075

13. Anhalt.....

232,592

194,716
155,036

16.

Waldeck.

-Emigration, which had been on the decline for a short time, mainly owing to the unsettled condition during the civil war, of the United States, which received the largest average number of emigrants, has again been on the increase, especially since 1879. The number of German emigrants during the period 1870-80 was 625,425. Out of every 10,000 emigrants 9,345 went to the United States, 22 to Canada, 4 to Central America and Mexico, 13 to the West Indies, 351 to Brazil, 73 to other states of South America, 21 to Africa, 5 to Asia, 1,570,196 and 166 to Australia. Taking the census of 1875 577,055 as a basis, 13.9 out of every 1,000, emigrated from 936,340 the German empire. Emigration was at its high337,478 349,367 est in 1854, when over a quarter of a million persons left Germany; after which it gradually declined till 1862, in which year the number was as low as 27,529; it rose again slowly, with fluctuations, till 1872, when there were 155,595 persons 56,548 who left for the United States alone. In 1873 the 120,246 total number was 130,937; in 1874 it was 75,502; 80,296 in 1875 it declined to 56,289; in 1876, to 37,803; 71,107 in 1877, to 21,964. In 1878 it again rose to 24,217; in 1879, to 33,327; and in 1880, to 106,190. Of the latter there were 63,778 men and 42,412 women, and about 103,115 emigrated to the United States of America, and 2,119 persons to Brazil. In 1881 emigration materially increased again. During the period 1846-80 the total number of emigrants to the United States was over 3,000,000. II. Trade and Industry. As a branch of the industries whose province it is to develop the natural resources of a country, agriculture has attained a high state of perfection in Germany. Almost two-thirds of the entire population are engaged in it. The largest crops are returned by the low lands in the province of Prussia, the districts at the foot of the Alps in Bavaria, those at the foot of the mountain range from the upper Oder to the Maas river, the fertile marshes along the North sea, the strips along the Baltic, and those along the rivers and in the valleys.— On the basis of the statistics taken in 1878, showing the state of agriculture in the empire, the following figures are obtained:

101,330 35,374 50,782 453 869 63,571 155,723 1,566,670

212,036 42,727,360 45,238,829

As may be seen from the above table, the free towns, Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck, take the lead as regards the increase of population during the census period, 1875-80; next comes Saxony, while Prussia comes last. As far as the decrease of the population is concerned, it was largest in the imperial province of Elsass-Lothringen. Of the total number of the population given, there were in the empire 22,185,433 males and 23,048,628 females; 275,856 were foreigners. The population of the principal cities having over 100,000 inhabitants, was, according to the census of 1875 and 1880, respectively, as follows: