a successor being chosen on 1 August (City Greyfriars, Leamington. BENJAMIN D'ISRAELI OF DUBLIN.-What relation was Benjamin D'Israeli of the city of Dublin, notary public about the end of the eighteenth century, to Lord Beacons field, and what is known of his career? I believe he left money to some Irish charities. J. T. Dublin. TEESDALE LEGION.-Can any of your readers assist me to find particulars about a volunteer corps called the Teesdale Legion? It existed in the south of co. Durham some time during the latter part of the eighteenth century or the first few years of the nineteenth. W. L. VANE. Thornfield, Darlington. CAPT. WITHAM AND THE SIEGE OF GIBRALTAR. - In 'England's Artillerymen,' by THACKERAY AND PUGILISM.-The article on 'Pugilism' in Chambers's Encyclopædia,' 1901, vol. viii. p. 486, says: Thackeray....devoted one of his 'Roundabout Papers' to the fight between Sayers and Heenan." Where did this originally appear ? Has it been reprinted? Also, in Temple Bar for January, 1864, under the heading of 'The Millers and their Men' appeared a most racily - written account of the fight between Heenan and Tom King, signed P." I should be glad to know the author's name, and if he wrote H. P. any more ‘Idylls of the Ring.' in his Thackeray: a Biography (Lane, 1909). [See Mr. Lewis Melville's useful Bibliography The account desired is No. 1062 in the list: "Roundabout Papers. V. On Some Late Great Victories. With an Illustration. Cornhill Magazine, June, 1860; vol. i. pp. 755–60.”] THACKERAY AND THE STAGE.-About twenty years ago Mr. Chas. P. Johnson said in The Athenæum that he had acquired a playbill of a piece called 'Jeames, the Railroad Footman of Berkeley Square,' which J. A. Browne, published in 1865, the follow-was produced at the Theatre Royal, Liver, ing passage occurs in reference to the sortie Church Street (Liverpool), 13 July, 1846. of the garrison in November, 1781, during the I shall be glad if any one will put me in communication with Mr. Johnson if he is great siege of Gibraltar :still alive. S. J. ADAIR FITZ-GERALD. 8, Lancaster Road, Bowes Park, N. "Two Spanish Officers were taken prisoners. One, a Lieutenant, was taken in the middle of the battery by Capt. Witham, of the Royal Artillery, who commanded the detachment of the Corps out upon this service. The Spanish Officer was armed with a drawn sword, when Capt. Witham, with a fire-brand only in his hand, seized him by the sword arm, and in Spanish demanded the key of the magazine of that battery. The Lieutenant, Don Vincente Friza, replied, Todo es Bombas (the whole is a magazine), and gave up his sword." Can any one give the authority for this story? The author of the book does not remember from what source he obtained it. The present representatives of the Witham family possess a seal with the motto Todo es Bombas " upon it, which confirms the existence of the story. Ancell and Spilsbury refer to the incident, but no one else, as far as I know, mentions the 'Todo es bombas " part of the story. Bomba means a shell." 66 Dykes Hall, Sheffield. J. H. LESLIE. GRANGE COURT, ST. CLEMENT DANES.Can any one tell me if there is a record or list of the solicitors who lived in the above court between 1730 and 1750? Information is wanted about Edmund Combe, described as of Grange Court, and Hartley Wintney, Hants. T. R. M. THOMAS JAMES THACKERAY.-This rather versatile writer and adapter of plays seems to have "flourished" between 1826 and 1854. Two of his plays are 'The Barber Baron,' from the French (through the German), Theatre Royal, Haymarket, 8 September, 1828, and The Force of Nature,' same theatre, 4 August, 1830. He also wrote and lectured about rifle shooting. The 'D.N.B.' is silent as to his career. Was he in any way related to W. M. ThackeS. J. A. F. ray? "OR. GOLDSMITH, B.A."-I have before me a copy of The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer, to which are added an Essay upon his Language,' &c. (by T. Tyrwhitt), published in 4 vols., small 8vo, by T. Payne, London, 1775. The title-pages of vols. i. and ii. respectively bear the following inscriptions in a contemporary clerkly hand (certainly not that of the author of "the Gift Vicar of Wakefield'): vol. i., of Or Goldsmith to Edwd. Bratt"; vol. ii., "The Gift of O. Goldsmith, B.A., to Mr Edward Bratt." As Dr. Oliver Goldsmith died in April, 1774, it seems difficult to identify him with "O. Goldsmith, B.A."; The but if not, who was the donor, and who was his friend Edward Bratt? It has occurred to me that the first two volumes may have been published before the other two, early in 1774, but, it being foreseen that the work could not be completed until 1775, they were postdated. As the two inscriptions do not exactly correspond, the two volumes were not probably issued together. If this hypothesis be correct, the books may have been sent, and inscribed by the publisher, at the donor's request. Unfortunately, no entry of this edition of Chaucer is to be found in the Register of the Stationers' Company, so the actual date of publication cannot be ascertained; but the work was noticed in Gent. Mag. for March, 1775. Can any of readers help me to clear up these points? Reading. your J. S. ATTWOOD. MONTAGU GERRARD DRAKE was admitted on the foundation at Westminster School in 1725, and died young. He is described in the parentelæ of that year as the son of William Drake, "Abberburiæ," co. Oxford. I should be glad to obtain further particulars of his parentage, and the date of his death. G. F. R. B. RICHARD HEYLIN was elected from Westminster School to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1644. I should be glad to ascertain anything about him. In the last edition of Welch's Alumni Westmonasterienses' he is erroneously identified with Richard Heylin, Canon of Christ Church, who died 26 April, 1669, aged 72. G. F. R. B. WILLIAM JOSEPH LOCKWOOD is stated in 'Burke's Landed Gentry to have been "shot blind by the mob at Westminster School," where he was admitted 1 Feb., 1773. Where can any account of this occurrence be found? I should be glad also to obtain the respective dates of his birth and death. G. F. R. B. xi. 384; xii. 74, 154.)-Mr. F. W. Cornish TEETOTAL": EARLY USE. (See 8 S. writes in his English Church in the Nineteenth Century' (1910: at II. v. 97):- "In February, 1830, the Bradford Society for Promoting Temperance,' the first society to which the name Teetotal' (i.e. 'total') was given, was founded by Henry Forbes." Can information be given as to when Dicky HACKNEY AND TOM HOOD.-In a very amusing letter of Tom Hood's (quoted in Walter Jerrold's biography), the poet describes his adventures in Hackney. He had been invited to a ball, and just when (as he humorously parodies Sir Walter, I think) Hackney had gathered then Her beauty and her chivalry all bright, And there were well-dressed women and brave men, a chimneystack was blown down and hurled through the house, which stood close to a private asylum. Can any one identify the persons and the locality for us? Who was proprietor of the madhouse ? M. L. R. BRESLAR. Percy House, South Hackney. MISS PASTRANA. In a foreign dealer's recent catalogue I find this once famous lady described as Miss Julia Pastrana, the well-known bearded Mexican danseuse. Middle of last century." Were there two ladies of that name and fame? I distinctly remember having seen as a small boy an exceedingly ugly, monkey-like creature, but she performed in a circus on a regulation paste-board" strapped on the back of the usual plump grey cob, and jumped through hoops, over ribbons, &c. L. L. K. LADY ELIZABETH PRESTON, FIRST DUCHESS OF ORMONDE.-I should be grateful for information of any existing portrait of this lady, who is frequently mentioned by Lady Fanshawe in her memoirs. Lord Ormonde has informed me that there is no picture of her in his possession, and I have been unable to trace one anywhere else. H. C. FANSHAWE. 72, Philbeach Gardens, S.W. COUNTY COATS OF ARMS: ARMS OF CO. SOMERSET.— .-Would any reader who is interested in heraldry inform me whether each county in England possesses a coat of arms, and what the arms of the county of Somerset are? BLADUD. [County badges were discussed at length at 7 S. i., ii., iii., and viii.] CORONER OF THE VERGE.—When was this royal office abolished, and what were the duties attached to it? I do not find it mentioned in John Chamberlayne's Present State of Britain,' 1723; but in Cowel's 'Interpreter' it is thus noticed, " Coroner' : 8.V. 'Note, there be certain special Coroners within divers Liberties, as well as those ordinary Officers in every County, as the Coroner of the Verge, which is a certain compass about the King's Court, whom Cromp, in his Jurisd.,' fol. 102, calleth the Coroner of the King's House, of whose Authority, see Co. · Rep. fol. 4, lib, 46." I believe that a verge, as used in the royal household, was a stick or rod whereby a person was admitted tenant to a lord of the manor. In The Weekly Journal of 5 October, 1723, is the following paragraph, illustrating perhaps a late usage of the office :— "Mr. White, the present Coroner of the Verge of his Majesty's Houshold, is appointed, by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, to be Coroner for that City and Liberty, in the Room of Mr. Turton, deceased." J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. CROWE FAMILIES OF NORFOLK AND SUFFOLK.-Carthew's Hundred of Launditch' contains a pedigree of Crowes from the fifteenth century to the eighteenth. Arms: a gyronny of eight sable and or; on a chief of the first, two leopards' faces of the second (granted 1614). There was also a Suffolk family of the name who bore Gules, a chevron between three cocks arg. (granted 1584). Information is desired in continuation of Carthew's pedigree, also generally about the Suffolk family. Are there any representatives of either now living? There were two mayors of Norwich at the end of the eighteenth century, James and William Crowe of Lakenham, who bore the former arms. Can any reader tell me who they were ? W. ROBERTS CROW. case. Replies. POOR SOULS' LIGHT: THE query by J. D. refers to a very interesting subject, on which there is plenty of literature, with about fifteen theories of explanation, but no single one is satisfactory in every but I want what is often difficult, and in I have a large quantity of material, many cases impossible, to get evidence on certain points to elucidate a certain theory. In this respect J. D., while givingto me at all events-something new, omits what is important evidence, probably from want of knowledge of the literature on the subject, which has engaged my attention for some years. Let me state my position as clearly as I can, not only as a help to J. D., but also to obtain evidence one way or the other as to my theory. not only in Great Britain, but also on the There are several peculiarities in churches, Roman Catholic edifices, which I have Continent, and not confined to Protestant or treated as local manifestations of a general controlling principle. 1. The axial line of the nave does not always coincide with that of the chancel, there being a greater or less deflection of the latter to north or south. There are four theories to account for this. Some 2. There are certain perforations in the walls of churches, outer or inner, or both, which have been called Low Side Windows, though a few are High; Leper Windows, Lychnoscopes, Hagioscopes, and the old English word Squint, which is more descriptive than any other, and commits us to no theory. They are mostly rectangular and narrow, but some are oval or round. are square with the wall, but generally they are aslant and splayed. They all have a common characteristic, whatever their shape or size or position-their axial line points to the high altar. There are, as I have said, fifteen explanations of these openings, not one of which is satisfactory in every case. To these I have ventured to add another, and for it I am collecting evidence. My theory is that these openings are connected with orientation. To give full references would take half a number of 'N. & Q.,' and to many readers they would be un necessary, the subject having been discussed in previous volumes. As a guide to J. D. and others, it may be permissible to say that for deflection of chancels, see 2 S. xi. 55; 10 S. viii. 392; Seroux d'Agincourt, History of Art by its Monuments,' vol. ii., pl. xiv., xvii.; vol. iii. pl. xxvii., xcviii., cxxxiv., cliv.; Lasham, Three Surrey Churches,' pp. 88109; Planché, 'A Corner of Kent,' pp. 410-12; Atkinson, Memorials of Old Whitby,' pp. 104, 110, 124, 126, 129, 147-8, 149-51. ་ For the other points see 2 S. x. 68, 118, 253, 312, 357, 393; xi. 34, 55, 412; 7 S. i. 387, 435; vii. 251, 470; Arch. Journal, iii. 299, 308; iv. 314-26; The Reliquary, ix. 9-16; The Ecclesiologist, New Series, vii. 65-75, 101-2, 141–2; viii. 166-71, 288-90, 374-5; ix. 113-17, 187-9, 252-3, 348-52. It would assist materially if J. D. could supply a fuller description of the two churches he mentions, or give references to where descriptions can be obtained. For instance, according to a gazetteer I consulted, there are about a dozen Rothenburgs in Germany and Switzerland. A. RHODES. [We cannot afford space for the further discussion of such a wide subject, but will forward any letters to MR. RHODES.] When I was visiting Garway Church in Herefordshire several years ago, an opening high up in the wall of the part connecting the church with the tower was pointed out to me as an example of a "poor souls' light." R. B-R. South Shields. Father Thurston, S.J., in 'The Catholic Encyclopædia,' iii. 507, writes: "A curious feature found in many churchyards from the twelfth to the fourteenth century, especially in France, is the so-called lanterne des morts, a stone erection sometimes 20 or 30 feet high, surmounted by a lantern, and presenting a general resemblance to a small lighthouse. The lantern seems to have been lighted only on certain feasts or vigils, and in particular on All Souls' Day. An altar is commonly found at the foot of the column. Various theories have been suggested to explain these remarkable objects, but no one of them can be considered satisfactory.' One may compare the French and Italian custom of putting lighted candles on graves on All Souls' Eve. Mr. Leopold Wagner, in his Manners, Customs, and Observances,' p. 270, states that in the time of the Druids the ancient Irish prayed to Saman, the Lord of Death, in front of their lighted candles, for the souls of their departed relatives. Father Thurston in The Catholic Encyclopædia,' iii. 247, says: "St. Cyprian in 258 was buried prælucentibus ceris." At the present day, at all solemn Requiem Masses, lighted tapers are held in the hands of some or all of those who assist, both among those who follow the Byzantine Rite and among those who follow the Latin. JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. Mueller and Mothes in their (German) Archæological Dictionary,' s.v. TodtenPetrus Venerabilis (died 1156) to explain the leuchte,' quote the following passage from use of these lights : "Obtinet medium cimeterii locum structura quædam lapidea, habens in summitate sua quantitatem unius lampadis coparum quæ ob reverentiam fidelium ibi quiescentium totis noctibus fulgore suo locum illum sacratum illustrat." According to the same authors, such lights were either burnt on isolated columns or in stone lamps attached to church walls. Examples of the former kind are still extant in France (12th century) and Germany (13th to 16th centuries). In Germany their use was abandoned about the latter date. Illustrations are given in the book of an isolated light in Freistadt (Upper Austria) dating from about A.D. 1488, and of an attached lantern against the wall of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna (A.D. 1502). Other examples mentioned are those at Schulpforta (13th century), Regensburg (Cathedral, 14th century), and Klosterneuburg (A.D. 1381), the last being about 30 feet high. Others are to be found in Austria and Westphalia, but the localities are not given. Tapers and lamps are nowadays still burnt on graves in Roman Catholic cemeteries on the Continent, but only on one evening in the year, viz., on All Souls' Eve. L. L. K. A "Totenlaterne " is to be distinguished tity." Dr. Norman Moore in 'D.N.B.' from an Ewige Lampe." An Ewige gives a far juster estimate. One piece of Lampe is lighted and placed before the picture of a deceased near relation. The eccentricity at least should be remembered to his credit. An Englishman holding praying before the "Eternal Lamp' has a benefice in Wales, Wotton learnt the the same object as the reading of masses for language of the country and published a the souls of the departed, i.e., the hope of Welsh sermon. EDWARD BENSLY. shortening the time the departed has to spend in Purgatory. H. G. WARD. Aachen. EARLY GRADUATION: GILBERT BURNET, JOHN BALFOUR (11 S. ii. 427).-MR. P. J. ANDERSON, after instancing the case of a student who graduated at Aberdeen when just under thirteen years and six months old, asks whether that record can be broken. It can. A southern university has seen an example of still greater precocity. COLANI AND THE REFORMATION (11 S. ii. 488). Though born in France, Timothée Colani (1824-88) received his religious education in Germany, and subsequently settled at Geneva, where he assisted in the publication of a paper called La Réformation au dix-neuvième Siècle. As a college thesis he had already written a vindication of Christianity against the views_contained in Strauss's 'Life of Jesus.' In 1850 he adopted the German critical method of inquiry, and with Scherer and other theologians founded the Revue de Théologie, which at once created a stir among French Protestants, and led to the formation of the Nouvelle École, or liberal party in that Church, of which party Colani became the acknowledged leader. He undertook а vigorous campaign against religious despotism, publishing at different times several important tracts, besides writing critical articles on eclecticism and the philosophy of Leibnitz, Kant, and Hegel. As a preacher he suffered much from the attacks of the orthodox French Protestants. In 1864 he was appointed to the Chair of Theology at Strassburg; but after the war of 1870 he removed to Paris and devoted himself to literary pursuits, becoming Librarian of the Sorbonne. His other works include some volumes of sermons, a review of Renan's Vie de Jésus,' and in particular his own 'Jésus Christ et les croyances messianiques de son temps.' His religious opinions underwent material change at different stages of his career. For details see the articles in Brockhaus and Larousse. N. W. HILL. William Wotton of St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, afterwards Fellow of St. John's, who was born on 13 August, 1666, was "only twelve years and five months old when he commenced Bachelor in January [1679] (Hist. of St. Cath. College,' by Dr. G. Forrest Browne, Bishop of Bristol). Although at this early age a year one way or the other makes a real difference, there is some discrepancy among writers who have referred to Wotton's juvenile success. J. H. Monk in his 'Life of Richard Bentley,' vol. i. p. 10, 2nd ed., speaks of Wotton at the time of his degree as a boy of thirteen.' The 'D.N.B.' life of Bentley, by Sir Richard Jebb, says that Wotton "became a bachelor of arts at the age of fourteen." The published lists of Graduati Cantabrigienses' from 1659 to 1787 and from 1659 to 1823 give 1679 as the year in which Bentley as well as Wotton graduated. Now Bentley, who as an undergraduate was Wotton's contem-sur la philosophie de la religion de Kant porary, appears to have taken his degree on 23 January, 1680. Can January, 1679, when Wotton became a B.A., be the historical year 1680? In either case, it may be observed, Wotton was younger than John Balfour when he proceeded to his first degree. Nor was Wotton without distinction in later life. Sir H. Craik treats him with singular harshness in his 'Life of Jonathan Swift,' 1882, p. 66: "He faded into a maturity of eccentric and licentious nonen Timothée Colani's 'Exposition critique was printed as his thesis in 1846. His first two sermons, which appeared in 1856, were "L'Individualisme Chrétien' and 'Le Sacerdoce Universel.' The Premier et Deuxième Recueil of sermons in French, mostly delivered at Strasburg (but some of them at Nîmes), were printed in 1860 in 2 vols., a copy of which I have before me. They were translated, with the author's sanction, by A. V. Richard into German, and printed at Dresden, under the title Predigten in |