(b) Lead pipes shall not be used under coal bunkers or oil fuel storage tanks, nor in boiler or machinery spaces, including motor rooms in which oil settling tanks or oil fuel pump units are situated.

(9) The Administration shall make rules relating to the diameters of the bilge main and branch pipes which shall be proportioned respectively in relation to the size of the ship and the sizes of the compartments to be drained.

(10) The arrangement of the bilge and ballast pumping system shall be such as to prevent the possibility of water passing from the sea and from water ballast spaces into the cargo and machinery spaces, or from one compartment to another. Special provision shall be made to prevent any deep tank having bilge and ballast connections being inadvertently run up from the sea when containing cargo, or pumped out through a bilge pipe when containing water ballast.

(11) Provision shall be made to prevent the compartment served by any bilge suction pipe being flooded, in the event of the pipe being severed or otherwise damaged, by collision or grounding, in any other compartment. For this purpose, where the pipe is at any part situated near the side of the ship or in a duct keel, there shall be fitted to the pipe in the compartment containing the open end either a nonreturn valve, or a screw-down valve which can be operated from a position above the bulkhead deck.

(12) All distribution boxes, cocks, and valves in connection with the bilge pumping arrangement shall be in positions which are accessible at all times under ordinary circumstances. They shall be so arranged that in the event of flooding the emergency bilge pump may be operative on any compartment. If there is only one system of pipes common to all the pumps, the necessary cocks or valves for controlling the bilge suctions must be workable from above the bulkhead deck. If in addition to the main bilge pumping system an emergency bilge pumping system is provided, it shall be independent of the main system and so arranged that the emergency pump is capable of operating on any compartment under flooding conditions. Pumping Arrangements (Motor Ships).

(13) The bilge pumping arrangements in motor ships shall, so far as practicable, be equivalent to those required for steamships of similar size, except as regards main circulating pumps.

REGULATION XX.-Power for Going Astern.

Ships shall have sufficient power for going astern to secure proper control of the ship in all circumstances.

REGULATION XXI.-Auxiliary Steering Apparatus.

Ships shall be provided with an auxiliary steering apparatus which, however, may be of less power than the main apparatus, and need not be worked by steam or other mechanical power, provided adequate arrangements for manual operation are practicable. A duplicate main steering power plant shall be considered as an auxiliary steering apparatus within the meaning of this Regulation. REGULATION XXII.-Initial and Subsequent Surveys of Ships.

(1) Every new or existing ship shall be subjected to the surveys specified below:

(a) A survey before the ship is put in service.
(b) A periodical survey once every 12 months.
(c) Additional surveys, as occasion arises.

(2) The surveys referred to above shall be carried out as follows: (a) The survey before the ship is put in service shall include a complete inspection of the hull, machinery, and equipments, including the outside of the ship's bottom and the inside and outside of the boilers. This survey shall be such as to ensure that the arrangements, material, and scantlings of the hull, boilers, and their appurtenances, main and auxiliary machinery, life-saving appliances, and other equipments, fully comply with the requirements of the present Convention and of the detailed regulations promulgated as a result thereof by the Government of the country to which the ship belongs for ships of the service for which it is intended. The survey shall also be such as to ensure that the workmanship of all parts of the ship and its equipments is in all respects satisfactory.

(b) The periodical survey shall include an inspection of the whole of the hull, boilers, machinery, and equipments, including the outside of the ship's bottom. The survey shall be such as to ensure that the ship, as regards the hull, boilers, and their appurtenances, main and auxiliary machinery, life-saving appliances, and other equipments, is in satisfactory condition and fit for the service for which it is intended, and that it complies with the requirements of the present Convention, and of the detailed regulations promulgated as a result thereof by the Government of the country to which the ship belongs.

(c) A survey, either general or partial, according to the circumstances, shall be made every time an accident occurs or a defect is discovered which affects the safety of the ship or the efficiency or completeness of its life-saving appliances or other equipments, or whenever any important repairs or renewals are made. The survey shall be such as to ensure that the necessary repairs or renewals have been effectively made, that the material and workmanship of such repairs or renewals are in all respects satisfactory, and that the ship complies in all respects with the provisions of the present Convention and of the detailed regulations promulgated as a result thereof by the Government of the country to which the ship belongs.

(3) The detailed regulations referred to in subparagraph (2) shall prescribe the requirements to be observed as to the initial and subsequent hydraulic tests to which the main and auxiliary boilers, connections, steam pipes, high-pressure receivers, and fuel tanks for oil motors are to be submitted, including the test pressure to be applied, and the intervals between two consecutive tests.

Main and auxiliary boilers, connections, tanks and receivers, also steam-piping of more than 3 inches (76 millimeters) internal diameter shall be satisfactorily tested by hydraulic pressure when new. Steam pipes of more than 3 inches (76 millimeters) internal diameter shall be tested by hydraulic pressure periodically.

REGULATION XXIII.-Maintenance of Conditions After Survey.

After the survey of the ship as provided in Regulation XXII has been completed no change shall be made in the structural arrange

ments, machinery, equipments, etc., covered by the survey, without the sanction of the Administration.

LIFESAVING APPLIANCES, ETC.

REGULATION XXIV.-Standard Types of Boats.

The standard types of boats are classified as follows:

Class I.-Open boats with rigid sides having either (a) internal
buoyancy cnly, or (b) internal and external buoyancy.
Class II. (a) Open boats with internal and external buoyancy-
upper parts of sides collapsible, and (b) decked boats with
either fixed or collapsible watertight bulwarks.

No boat may be approved the buoyancy of which depends upon the previous adjustment of one of the principal parts of the hull, or which has not a cubic capacity of at least 3.5 cubic meters (equivalent to 125 cubic feet).

No boat may be approved the weight of which when fully laden with persons and equipment exceeds 20,300 kilograms (equivalent to 20 tons).

REGULATION XXV.-Lifeboats of Class I.

Lifeboats of Class I must have a mean sheer at least equal to 4 percent of their length.

The air cases of lifeboats of Class I shall be so placed as to secure stability when fully laden under adverse weather conditions.

In boats certified to carry 100 or more persons the volume of the buoyancy shall be increased to the satisfaction of the Administration. Lifeboats of Class I must also satisfy the following conditions: (a) Lifeboats with internal buoyancy only.-The buoyancy of a wooden boat of this type shall be provided by watertight air cases, the total volume of which shall be at least equal to one-tenth of the cubic capacity of the boat.

The buoyancy of a metal boat of this type shall not be less than that required above for a wooden boat of the same cubic capacity, the volume of watertight air cases being increased accordingly.

(b) Lifeboats with internal and external buoyancy. The internal buoyancy of a wooden boat of this type shall be provided by watertight air cases, the total volume of which is at least equal to 72 percent of the cubic capacity of the boat.

The external buoyancy may be of cork or of any other equally efficient material, but such buoyancy shall not be obtained by the use of rushes, cork shavings, loose granulated cork, or any other loose granulated substance, or by any means dependent upon inflation by air.

If the buoyancy is of cork, its volume, for a wooden boat, shall not be less than thirty-three thousandths of the cubic capacity of the boat; if of any material other than cork, its volume and distribution shall be such that the buoyancy and stability of the boat are not less than that of a similar boat provided with buoyancy of cork.

The buoyancy of a metal boat shall be not less than that required above for a wooden boat of the same cubic capacity, the volume of the watertight air cases and that of the external buoyancy being increased accordingly.

REGULATION XXVI.-Boats of Class II.

Boats of Class II must satisfy the following conditions:

(a) Open boats with internal and external buoyancy-Upper part of sides collapsible.-A boat of this type shall be fitted both with watertight air cases and with external buoyancy the aggregate volume of which, for each person which the boat is able to accommodate, shall be at least equal to the following amounts:

The external buoyancy may be of cork or of any other equally efficient material, but such buoyancy shall not be obtained by the use of rushes, cork shavings, loose granulated cork, or any other loose granulated substance, or by any means dependent upon inflation by air.

If of any material other than cork, its volume and distribution shall be such that the buoyancy and stability of the boat are not less than that of a similar boat provided with buoyancy of cork.

A metal boat of this type shall be provided with internal and external buoyancy to ensure that the buoyancy of the boat shall be at least equal to that of a wooden boat.

The minimum freeboard of boats of this type shall be fixed in relation to their length; and it shall be measured vertically to the top of the solid hull at the side amidships, from the water level, when the boat is loaded.

The freeboard in fresh water shall not be less than the following

The freeboard of boats of intermediate lengths is to be found by interpolation.

The collapsible sides must be watertight.

(b) Decked boats with either fixed or collapsible watertight bulwarks.-(i) decked boats having a well deck. The area of the well deck of a boat of this type shall be at least 30 percent of the total deck area. The height of the well deck above the water line at all points shall be at least equal to one-half percent of the length of the boat, this height being increased to 12 percent of the length of the boat at the ends of the well.

The freeboard of a boat of this type shall be such as to provide for a reserve buoyancy of at least 35 percent.

(ii) Decked boats having a flush deck. The minimum freeboard of boats of this type is independent of their lengths and depends only upon their depths. The depth of the boat is to be measured vertically

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from the underside of the garboard strake to the top of the deck at the side amidships and the freeboard is to be measured from the top of the deck at the side amidships to the water level when the boat is loaded.

The freeboard in fresh water shall not be less than the following amounts, which are applicable without correction to boats having a mean sheer equal to 3 percent of their length:

For intermediate depths the freeboard is obtained by interpolation. If the sheer is less than the standard sheer defined above, the minimum freeboard is obtained by adding to the figures in the table one-seventh of the difference between the standard sheer and the actual mean sheer measured at the stem and sternpost; no deduction is to be made from the freeboard on account of the sheer being greater than the standard sheer or on account of the camber of the deck.

(iii) All decked lifeboats shall be fitted with efficient means for clearing the deck of water.

REGULATION XXVII.-Motorboats.

A motorboat carried as part of the lifesaving appliances of a vessel, whether required by Regulation XXXVI (2) or not, shall comply with the following conditions:

(a) It shall comply with the requirements for a lifeboat of Class I, and proper appliances shall be provided for putting it into the water speedily.

(b) It shall be adequately provided with fuel and kept so as to be at all times ready for use.

(c) The motor and its accessories shall be suitably enclosed to ensure operation under adverse weather conditions, and provision shall be made for going astern.

(d) The speed shall be at least 6 knots when fully loaded in smooth

water.

The volume of the internal buoyancy and, where fitted, the external buoyancy shall be increased in sufficient proportion to compensate for the difference between the weight of the motor, the searchlight, and the wireless telegraph installation and their accessories, and the weight of the additional persons which the boat could accommodate if the motor, the searchlight and the wireless-telegraph installation and their accessories were removed.

REGULATION XXVIII.—Life Rafts.

No type of life raft may be approved unless it satisfies the following conditions:

(a) It shall be of approved material and construction;