Lt. (J. G.) Raymond D. MacCart, U. S. N. R. F.
Lt. (J. G.) Chas J. McCarthy, U. S. N. R. F.
Lt. (J. G.) Chris. A. Rodegerdts, U. S. N. R. F.
*Lt. (J. G.) Walter C. Wilson, U. S. N. R. F.

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE

Lt. Comm. J. W. Rankin, U. S. N.

BUREAU OF SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTS
Lt. Comm. Emory D. Stanley, U. S. N.

YARDS AND DOCKS

Lt. K. B. Bragg, U. S. N.

LIST OF OFFICERS AT NAVAL AIRCRAFT FACTORY,
LEAGUE ISLAND, PHILA.

Comm. G. C. Westervelt, U. S. N.
*Comm. H. C. Richardson, U. S. N.
*Comm. R. D. Weyerbacher, U. S. N.
Lt. S. S. Pierce, U. S. N. R. F.
Lt. W. McFellers, U. S. N. R. F.
*Lt. R. W. Fleming, U. S. N.

Lt. R. S. Barnaby, U. S. N. R. F.

Lt. (J. G.) W. B. Dunlap, U. S. N. R. F.

Lt. (J. G.) R. Emerson, U. S. N. R. F.

Lt. (J. G.) V. N. McKenna, U. S. N. R. F.

Ens. W. A. Sprout, U. S. N. (T).

COMMANDER AIR FORCE, ATLANTIC FLEET
Capt. A. W. Johnson, U. S. N.

COMMANDER AIR FORCE, PACIFIC FLEET
*Capt. H. C. Mustin, U. S. N.

*Pilot.

GRADUATES OF NAVAL ACADEMY WHO ARE ALSO NAVAL AVIATORS AS OF NOV. 1st, 1920.

B. G. Leighton.

H. B. Cecil.

E. W. Coil.

D. W. C. Ramsey.
R. E. P. Elmer.
V. D. Herbster.
Newton H. White, Jr.
R. D. Kirkpatrick.

J. C. Montfort.

R. R. Paunack.

E. W. Spencer.
Paul Cassard.
P. N. L. Bellinger.
R. E. Byrd.
Wadleigh Capehart.
N. B. Chase.
Zachary Lansdowne.
J. P. Norfleet.
LIEUTENANTS.

Homan J. Miller.
Harry V. Baugh.
F. W. Wead.
R. E. Davison.
C. J. McReavy.
W. D. Thomas.
Homer Clark.

F. B. Stump.

H. W. Hoyt.

R. G. Pennoyer.
R. W. Fleming.

John F. Maloney.
John D. Price.
Calvin T. Durgin.
A. J. Selman.

R. M. Farrar.
J. J. Ballentine.
F. B. Connell.
E. L. Erickson.
J. S. Farnsworth.
J. G. Farrell.
F. C. Fechteler.
V. F. Grant.
W. S. Factor.
J. B. Kneip.
A. C. McFall.
K. McGinnis.
A. W. Radford.
Hugo Schmidt.
J. H. Strong.
C. W. Wieber.
G. B. Woolley.
H. E. Halland.

C. H. Havill.

LIST OF NAVAL AIR STATIONS AND FIELDS WHERE EXPERI

MENTAL WORK OR TRAINING IS CARRIED ON.

Carlstrom Field, Arcadia, Fla. (Courtesy U. S. Air Service).

Great Lakes, Machinists School.

Naval Training Station, Great Lakes.

March Field, Riverside, Cal. (Courtesy U. S. Air Service).
Mineola, Mitchel Field, L. I. (Courtesy U. S. Air Service).

NUMBER OF OFFICERS AND MEN

The total personnel, officers and enlisted men, assigned to Naval Aviation, as of December 15, 1920, was 7,883. Of this number 624 were officers, classified as follows: 376 qualified aviators, heavier-than-air and lighter-than-air; 39 student aviators; 114 ground officers; 95 staff officers. Of the 376 qualified aviators, 244 are in the Naval Reserve, 60 hold temporary commissions and 72 are regular officers in the U. S. Navy. Forty more graduates of the Naval Academy began aviation instruction December 1, 1920. Including reserves and temporary commissioned officers, 52 aviators were attached to the Atlantic Fleet and 50 to the Pacific Fleet, as of November 1, 1920. Of the enlisted personnel, 4627 had aviation ratings and 2632 general ratings, as of November 1, 1920

NAVAL OFFICERS PERFORMING AVIATION DUTIES ABROAD. *Lieut. R. G. Pennoyer, London. *Lieut. F. P. Culbert, Berlin.

*Pilot.

DATA ON UNITED STATES DIRIGIBLE Z.R.-2 (FORMERLY THE R-38) AND PLANS FOR FLIGHT TO UNITED STATES IN 1921

Successful operation of lighter-than-air craft over both land and water during the war, and proof of its usefulness in national defense, impelled Naval Aviation to recommend an airship building program. To save time and gain experience, the R-38, one of two dirigibles under construction at the Royal Airship Works, Bedford, England, was purchased from the British Government. It was renamed the Z.R.-2, another, an American airship under construction in the United States, having been named the Z.R.-1.

The compilers of this volume are indebted to Naval Aviation for release of certain data concerning the Z.R.-2 and an account of typical airship operations, which probably has anticipated the methods of operating the giant dirigible which the Navy Department hoped to fly to the United States soon after its completion in February, 1921.

A detachment of 72 U. S. Naval Aviation officers and men were in training for this purpose at the Royal Air Station, Howden, England, for many months in 1920. The party, headed by Commander L. H. Maxfield, had navigated the R.-32, a British dirigible similar to the R.-34, and also received technical instruction at the Royal Airship Works at Cardington, Bedford; and at the Sunbeam Motor Works, Wolverhampton, where the power plants for the Z.R.-2 were assembled.

In 1919, the airship R.-34 made an epochal round-trip flight across the Atlantic. Huge as that craft appeared, it is almost onethird smaller than the Z.R.-2 and has only half the cruising range. This would seem to indicate the possibility of the Z.R.-2 not only flying the Atlantic in 1921, but actually continuing on, possibly without pause, until it reaches the Pacific Ocean.

The Z.R.-2 is approximately 700 feet long and more than 85 feet in diameter. It has a gas capacity of 2,720,000 cubic feet, as against 2,000,000 cubic feet for the R.-34. The disposable lift of the Z.R.-2 is about 45 tons, while that of the R.-34 is only about 25 tons. The economic cruising speed of the Z.R.-2 is around 60 miles an hour. There are six engine cars.

Airship terminals at Lakehurst, N. J., and Cape May, N. J., were being completed late in 1920. It is expected to establish a

terminal on the Pacific Coast. The hangar at Lakehurst is the largest in the world and was designed to house the Z.R.-2 and permit the assembling of the Z.R.-1.

In daily routine aboard the big airships, the first thing done is to take "lift and trim." This means calculating the total lift of the airship by adding up the amount of ballasti.e., water, gasoline, oil, etc., on board, and noting its location on a chart. In this way a record of the airship's daily lift and variation from day to day is noted. Thus, if to-day's lift is appreciably less than it was yesterday, and no gas has been valved, there is obviously a loss somewhere, and a search for leaks in the gas bags is made. By noting the location of ballast on board, the "trim "-i.e., the tendency for lightness or heaviness in one end of the ship or the other - can be seen and compensated for if necessary, it being desirable to keep weights distributed as evenly as possible along the length of the ship to avoid stresses on the hull structure.

After "lift and trim" is taken, the airship is thoroughly cleaned. Engineers then do any necessary work on the engines and cars, riggers inspect controls, gas bags, valves, the outer cover, fin surface, etc., and do the necessary upkeep work, and, where there is a wooden hull, carpenters inspect and repair the framework.

Once a week the purity of each gas bag in the ship is tested, this serving as a check on the general condition of gas tightness of each bag and the ship as a whole. As the purity of the gas directly affects the lift of the ship no pains are spared to keep the gas bags always in the best possible condition.

In preparing ship for flight it is first necessary to know how large a crew is going to be carried and the length and nature of the flight, as knowing this it is then possible to figure out just how much gas is needed to give the necessary additional lift, how much ballast and fuel must be carried. The officer in charge of the operation having figured out just what is necessary, informs the Chief Engineer and gas plant how much gas will be needed. Members of the crew take their respective stations. Gas is taken into the ship through a central gassing hose about twelve inches in diameter with leads off to each gas bag, and comes in directly from the holders through large gas mains sunk in the hangar floor. Four riggers are detailed to put water ballast aboard as it is needed when the lift increases from incoming gas.

When the ship is gassed, fuelled and ballasted, a very careful "lift and trim" is taken and charts made out showing the amounts and location of all fuel and ballast. These charts are posted in the control car and are referred to by the operating officers during

flight. Engineers finally check and run all engines and the ship is ready for flight. When the ship is ready to go out, the flying crew gets on board, sufficient ballast being discharged to compensate for the weight of the crew taken on board. As soon as the ship is clear of the hangar the ship's nose is turned into the wind, in which position it is guided to the desired point for taking off.

The ship in flight is operated as far as possible along the lines of seagoing operation and orders are given and watches stood and relieved similarly. In the present ships where the radio cabin is in the control car there is also a radio operator always on watch In the power cars there is one engineer always on watch. Orders from the control car to power units are transmitted by engine telegraph similar to ship engine telegraphs but especially designed for airships.

Meals are served at regular times. There are two cookers attached to two of the power units and hot coffee or chocolate and a certain amount of hot food can be served. One of the crew is assigned as cook, and he prepares and serves the meals. In landing, which is done at a set time as received by radio from the Station or Base, the crew are piped to landing stations where they remain with as little movement as possible while the ship is put in trim and its buoyancy checked and regulated. The station is radioed for the ground wind, its direction, the temperature, and barometric pressure which, when received, enable the Captain to make the necessary landing calculations.

The following is the personnel of the Z.R.-2:

OFFICERS

*L. H. MAXFIELD, Comdr., USN.- *M. H. ESTERLEY, Lieut., USNRF. Commanding Officer

V. N. BIEG, Lieut. Comdr., USN. *E. W. COIL, Lieut. Comdr., USN. *H. W. HOYT, Lieut., USN. *R. W. PENNOYER, Lieut., USN. *C. G. LITTLE, Lieut., USNRF. *T. B. NULL, Lieut., USNRF. *J. B. LAWRENCE, Lieut., USNRF. *A. R. HOUGHTON, Lieut., USNRF. *Pilot.

ALLER, C. I.

BROOM, C. H.

BURNETT, J. C.

CARLSON, A. E.
CHRISTENSEN, H.
COLLIER, J. H.

COLEMEN, L. K.

W. R. TAYLOR, Lieut. (MC), USN. J. H. KYGER, Lieut. (SC), USN. *J. H. HYKES, Ensign, USN. *W. J. MEDUSKY, Ensign, USN. *S. S. HALLIBURTON, Ch. Mach., USN. H. T. DYER. Comdr., USN. (special representative Bureaus of Engineering and Construction and Repair).