bonded account or liable to inland taxes, the senders shall prove their right to send the goods abroad by producing a certificate from the customs of the place of destination.

AIR TRANSIT.

12.

When an aircraft to reach its destination must fly over one or more contracting States, without prejudice to the right of sovereignty of each of the contracting States, two cases must be distinguished :—

1. If the aircraft neither sets down nor takes up passengers or goods, it is bound only to keep to the normal air route and make itself known by signals when passing over the points designated for such purpose.

2. In other cases, it shall be bound to land at a customs aerodrome and the name of such aerodrome shall be entered in the log book before departure. On landing, the customs authorities shall examine the papers and the cargo, and take, if need be, the necessary steps to ensure the re-exportation of the craft and goods or the payment of the dues.

The provisions of paragraph 9(2) are applicable to goods to be re-exported.

If the aircraft sets down or takes up goods, the customs officer shall verify the fact on the manifest, duly completed, and shall affix, if necessary, a new seal.

VARIOUS PROVISIONS.

13.

Every aircraft during flight, wherever it may be, must conform to the orders from police or customs stations and police or customs aircraft of the State over which it is flying.

14.

Customs officers and excise officials, and generally speaking the representatives of the public authorities shall have free access to all starting and landing places for aircraft; they may also search any aircraft and its cargo to exercise their rights of supervision.

15.

Except in the case of postal aircraft, all unloading or throwing out in the course of flight, except of ballast, may be prohibited.

16.

In addition to any penalties which may be imposed by local law for infringement of the preceding regulations, such infringement shall be reported to the State in which the aircraft is registered, and that State shall suspend for a limited time, or permanently, the certificate of registration of the offending aircraft.

17.

The provisions of this Annex do not apply to military aircraft visiting a State by special authorization (Articles 31, 32, and 33 of the Convention), nor to police and customs aircraft (Articles 31 and 34 of the Convention).

The Commanding Officer guarantees the accuracy of the contents of this manifest under penalties provided by law. Consequently he has dated and signed this document immediately below the last entry.

AERIAL LAW RESOLUTION BY AMERICAN LEGION The American Legion, at its National Convention in Cleveland, September 27, adopted the following resolution:

WHEREAS, the United States of America has, at the present time, no federal legislation affecting the manufacture, flying or landing of aircraft, and

WHEREAS, a lack of such legislation leads to extremely dangerous confusion and retards the development of aircraft, which is of vital importance to the national defense, therefore,

Be It Resolved, That the American Legion, in national convention assembled, does hereby request the Congress of the United States of America at once to enact legislation which has for its object a development of the art and industry of flying by passing proper laws regarding it; this legislation to cover the licensing of aircraft for air worthiness; periodic inspection and reinspection of aircraft while in service; the initial examinaton and licensing of pilots for various types of flying, and periodic re-examination of such pilots in order to determine their continued fitness for flying; and the definition and specification of what constitute proper landing fields.

NEW YORK STATE AERIAL LAW RESOLUTION

The New York State Assembly passed the following resolution in February, 1920:

WHEREAS, aviation and aerial navigation has passed the experimental stage and is now recognized as a useful, safe and practicable method of the transportation of both person and merchandise; and

WHEREAS, little, if any, legislation has been enacted either by the individual states or by the United States of America, governing the use, control and development of aircraft and aerial navigation; and

WHEREAS, it appears self evident by reason of the intricacies of the aerial problem of the necessity of a uniform law in all of the United States of America, creating certain fundamental propositions defining, limiting and extending the use, control and development of said aerial navigation by the citizens of the respective states; and

WHEREAS, the sovereign state of New York has long past recognized the need of immediate federal legislation providing for such regulation and development of this modern method of transportation and that the said State is now preparing to enact legislation along similar lines, as hereinbefore set forth.

Now, Therefore, Be It Resolved (if the Senate concur), That the legislature of the State of New York respectfully urge the congress of the United States to enact such laws as they may deem proper and expedient for the regulation of the use, control and development of all air craft and aerial navigation in and through all the states and territories of the United States of America, pertaining and applicable to all private individuals, associations and corporations.

Further Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be transmitted in due form, by the clerks of the legislature to the respective clerks of the Senate and House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States.

AIRCRAFT INSURANCE

Although aircraft insurance has been written in the United States since 1912, it was not until 1920 that protection against loss or damage by operation was

available. Insurance companies from the beginning have recognized the importance of covering all possibilities, but they have been handicapped by the lack of proper Federal Laws, the danger of local or state legislation, and by the consequent inability to collate accurate, comprehensive statistics.

In March, 1920, the National Aircraft Underwriters Association was formed, including within its membership the following firms: Aetna Life Insurance Co.; Aetna Casualty and Surety Co.; Automobile Insurance Co. of Hartford, Conn.; National Liberty Insurance Co.; Firemen's Fund Insurance Co.; Home Insurance Co., and the Globe and Rutgers Insurance Co. The Travelers Insurance Co., which is not a member, also offers aircraft insurance. These companies are now writing various kinds of aircraft insurance on 95% of the total number of insured planes in the United States. In the organization there are also seventeen associate member companies which plan eventually to write aircraft insurance. Many of these are life insurance companies seeking pilots' records and fatality and accident reports for use in their regular business.

The National Aircraft Underwriters' Association is co-operating with the Underwriters' Laboratories of Chicago and with the Manufacturers' Aircraft Association, in compiling data, which will include causes of accidents, physical characteristics and flying ability of machines, air port facilities, etc.

At its first annual meeting, November 30, 1920, the National Aircraft Underwriters' Association, through its Executive Committee, of which Edmund Ely is chairman, went on record as urging the immediate formulation and enactment of a Federal aerial code. The report declared: "While we are engaged in the insurance of aircraft, presumably, in the face of all experience, to derive a profit for our companies, I conceive a different aspect to our province. Granting that proper insurance protection is essential to successful and widespread commercial operation of aircraft, it should be borne in mind that the passenger-carrying ship in time of peace is the potential bomber in time of war. In the face of intensive cultivation of the art of flying abroad, it is the plainest common sense as well as a patriotic duty for the insurance interests to devote such time and thought to the subject as will enable us to assist in the establishment of equal standards here. Considerations of commerce, national pride and national safety urge us to give all possible furtherance to flying development in this country and we solicit the continued and whole-hearted support of our membership and the entire insurance fraternity toward this end."

Following are the officers of the National Aircraft Underwriters' Association: Edmund Ely (Aetna Life), President; E. Stockton Martin (Home), Vice-president; Charles H. Payne (National Liberty), Secretary; J. D. Lester (Globe and Rutgers), Treasurer, and R. J. Smith, Assistant Secretary. Mr. Smith has charge of the association offices at 132 Nassau Street, New York City, and invites correspondence.

As of December, 1920, the following lines of aircraft insurance are available:

Fire: Covering all loss by fire to the machine itself while in the air, on the ground, in the hangar or in any location.

Collision: Based on the ability of the pilot, condition of the machine and motor, uses to which the plane will be. put, territory over which it will be operated, etc. Permission is given to carry passengers, do cross-country flying, photography and advertising, each at an additional premium. Cargo is insurable, but this field has been limited, so far. Life insurance on the pilot or passenger is written either through an accident ticket for one day