Hospital have increased so much under their care, that it now [1831] supports and educates 130 youths annually, many of whom have done honor to their country, in different situations." Another account of Heriot says that he originally added the business of a money-lender to that of a goldsmith, and that he was largely indebted for his fortune to the extravagance of the queen, and to the imitation of that extravagance by the nobility.

The original fund left by Heriot was £23,625. It has now increased nearly thirty fold, viz., to £667,134. The income in 1886 was, from grain feu duties £1,887, from money feu duties £19,475, from rents of houses and lands £2,268, from other sources £4,118; a total of £27,748, or more than the original principal. The number of boys now maintained on the original foundation at the hospital is 180, of whom 120 are resident. A large number of schools in different parts of Edinburgh are maintained from the rapidly expanding fund. The hospital itself is in the "old town," but a very large portion of the "new town" stands upon land which is held by the managers of the Heriot trust.

In striking contrast with past endowments of the English and Scotch universities, is the recently published provision in the will of the late Lord Gifford of Scotland. After giving his body "to the earth as it was before, in order that the enduring blocks and materials thereof may be employed in new combinations," and his soul "to God, in whom and with whom it always was, to be in Him and with Him forever in closer and more conscious union," he says:

"I having been for many years deeply and firmly convinced that the true knowledge of God, that is of the being, nature, and attributes of the infinite, of the all, of the first and the only cause, that is, the one and only substance and being, and the true and felt knowledge (not mere nominal knowledge) of the relations of man and of the universe to him, and of the true foundations of all ethics and morals

being, I say, convinced that this knowledge, when really [April, felt and acted on, is the means of man's highest well being and the security of his upward progress, I have resolved to institute and found, in connection, if possible, with the Scottish Universities, lectureships or classes for the promotion of the study of said objects, and for the teaching and diffusion of sound views regarding them, among the whole population of Scotland."

He therefore leaves, to the University of Edinburgh £25,000; to the Universities of Glasgow and Aberdeen £20,000 each; and to the University of St. Andrews £15,000, to found lectureships or "popular chairs" "for promoting, advancing, teaching and diffusing the study of natural theology, in the widest sense of that term; in other words, the knowledge of God, the infinite, the all, the first and only cause, the one and the sole substance, the sole being, the sole reality and the sole existence, the knowledge of his nature and attributes, the knowledge of the relations which men and the whole universe bear to him, the knowledge of the nature and foundation of ethics or morals, and of all obligations and duties thence arising. The Senatus Academicus in each of the four universities, or the bodies substituted to them respectively, shall be the patrons of the several lectureships, and the administrators of the said respective endowments, and of the affairs of each lectureship in each city. I call them for shortness simply the patrons.' Now, I leave all the details and arrangements of each lectureship in the hands and in the discretion of the 'patrons' respectively, who shall have full power from time to time to adjust and regulate the same in conformity as closely as possible to the following brief principles and directions, which shall be binding on each and all of the 'patrons' as far as practicable and possible. I only indicate leading principles." 1

1The document goes on to direct the manner of investing the fund, of appointing the lecturers and of conducting the lectures, and continues:"The lecturers appointed shall be subjected to no test of any kind, and shall not be required to take any oath, or to emit or subscribe any declaration of

There are many great charitable trusts in our own country, which from their magnitude and their individuality, present an equally curious study with those of Great Britain. But a proper review of these domestic trusts would greatly exceed the necessary limits of this paper.

For the Council,

CHARLES A. CHASE.

belief, or to make any promise of any kind; they may be of any denomination whatever, or of no denomination at all (and many earnest and high-minded men prefer to belong to no ecclesiastical denomination); they may be of any religion or way of thinking, or, as is sometimes said, they may be of no religion, or they may be so-called sceptics, or agnostics, or free-thinkers, provided only that the patrons' will use diligence to secure that they be able, reverent men, true thinkers, sincere lovers of and earnest inquirers after truth. I wish the lecturers to treat their subject as a strict natural science, the greatest of all possible sciences-indeed, in one sense, the only science-that of Infinite Being -without reference to or reliance upon any supposed special exceptional or socalled miraculous revelation. I wish it considered just as astronomy or chemistry is. I have intentionally indicated, in describing the subject of the lectures, the general aspect which personally I would expect the lectures to bear, but the lecturers shall be under no restraint whatever in their treatment of their theme; for example, they may freely discuss (and it may be well to do so) all questions about man's conceptions of God or the infinite, their origin, nature, and truth, whether he can have any such conceptions, whether God is under any or what limitations, and so on, as I am persuaded that nothing but good can result from free discussion. The lectures shall be public and popular, that is, open not only to students of the universities, but to the whole community, without matriculation, as I think that the subject should be studied and known by all, whether receiving university instruction or not. I think such knowledge, if real, lies at the root of all well-being. And my desire and hope is that these lectureships and lectures may promote and advance among all classes of the community the true knowledge of him who is, and there is none and nothing beside him, in whom we live and move and have our being, and in whom all things consist, and of man's real relationship to him whom truly to know is life everlasting."

See The Weekly Scotsman, March 12, 1887; Boston Post, April 2, 1887.

PLINY EARLE CHASE.

By SAMUEL S. GREEN.

PLINY EARLE CHASE, the eldest son of Anthony and Lydia (Earle) Chase, was born in Worcester, Mass., August 18, 1820. His father was a vigorous thinker, a man of clear and comprehensive mind, who was influential in the establishment and management of several important educational and financial institutions. Among the positions which he was called upon to occupy, was that of Treasurer of the County of Worcester, an office held by him for thirty-four years, and, after his resignation, by his youngest son1 for the succeeding eleven years. Between the years 1823 and 1835 he was a partner of his brother-in-law, the late Hon. John Milton Earle, in the ownership of the Massachusetts Spy, now the oldest existing newspaper in Massachusetts. That paper, it will be remembered, was established and for many years published by Isaiah Thomas, the founder of the American Antiquarian Society.2

Pliny Earle Chase was named for his mother's father, Pliny Earle of Leicester, Mass., a gentleman who had the honor of introducing into this country the manufacture of machine card-clothing. It is interesting to note that this industry was established here as a result of efforts made by Mr. Earle in meeting exigencies that arose in the experience of Samuel Slater at Pawtucket (then a part of Massachusetts, now in Rhode Island), originating, in 1790, the manufacture in the United States of cotton cloth by 1 Charles Augustus Chase.

2 For an account of the life of Anthony Chase, see Comley's History of Massachusetts. Boston: Comley Brothers, 1879.

mechanical power.1 Among the other children of Pliny Earle were the late John Milton Earle of Worcester, the late Thomas Earle of Philadelphia and Dr. Pliny Earle of Northampton. During a series of years beginning with 1823 and ending a few years before his death, which occurred in 1874, John Milton Earle was the editor and principal or sole proprietor of the Massachusetts Spy, as he was also of the Worcester Daily Spy after its establishment in 1845.2 Thomas Earle was a prominent lawyer and the candidate of the Liberty Party in 1840 for VicePresident of the United States.3 Dr. Pliny Earle, after having been superintendent of two other hospitals for the insane, namely, the Asylum at Frankford near Philadelphia, and the Bloomingdale Asylum of New York City, served for twenty-one years as Superintendent of one of the State Lunatic Hospitals of Massachusetts, -in Northampton, withdrawing from the last named position in 1885.

Thomas Chase, late President of Haverford College, is a younger brother of the late Pliny E. Chase. Mrs. Lydia E. Chase, the mother of the subject of this brief memoir, was a woman of remarkable strength of mind and independence of character.

Pliny Chase attended the common schools in Worcester and Friends' Boarding School in Providence. His schoolmate, Mr. Edward Winslow Lincoln, of the former place, writing of his presence in the Boys' Latin School of that

1 Pliny Earle made for Mr. Slater the first cards for carding either cotton or wool by machinery, that were made in America. The holes in the leather for 100,000 of the teeth were pricked by hand by Mr. Earle, with two needles in the end of a stick. In 1805 Pliny Earle and Brothers began building carding machines for cotton and wool. In 1829 great improvements in the machinery for making card clothing were made by Pliny Earle's son, William Buffum Earle, whose machines have always maintained a high reputation. See, further, History of the American Card-Clothing Industry by H. G. Kittredge and A. C. Gould. Published by the T. K. Earle Manufacturing Company, Worcester, Mass., 1886.

2 Lincoln's History of Worcester, continued by Charles Hersey, pp. 277 and 427.

3 Johnson's New Universal Cyclopædia, article Earle (Thomas).