the possession of passengers or members of the crew, but provides that any such fruits or vegetables so taken on must be entirely consumed or removed from the ship and such disinfection carried out as is deemed necessary by an inspector of the United States Department of Agriculture before such ship arrives at any dock at any port in the United States. It further authorizes inspectors to enter upon any ship or vessel from Hawaii after arriving within the boundaries of the mainland, either in the stream or at the dock, to make such inspections of the ship and of the baggage and personal belongings of the passengers and crew as is necessary. Under the provisions of these regulations all ships from Hawaii are boarded at quarantine by the plant quarantine inspectors, such ships being required under a ruling of the Department of Commerce to drop anchor in the quarantine area to permit such boarding, and the inspection of the baggage and of the ship's store rooms and of the passenger and crew quarters is carried on while the ship is proceeding to the dock. Any contraband fruits found are immediately destroyed by boiling or burning. Quarantine No. 13 further provides for the signing of a baggage declaration by each passenger on which must be declared the number of pieces of baggage in the possession of the person signing such declaration, and also the amount and kind of fruit and plants in his possession. On the reverse side of these declarations is printed a notice calling the attention of such passengers to the provisions of the fruit fly quarantine. After being signed by the passenger these declarations are collected by the purser of the ship and delivered upon arrival at quarantine to the inspector of the United States Department of Agriculture. Posting Notices

Further publicity is given the provisions of this quarantine by the requirement that notice of same be conspicuously posted on each dock or wharf in Hawaii from which vessels leave for the United States, and on each such ship or vessel, in at least three places.

Inspection Reveals Pests

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, 310 ships arrived at California ports from Hawaii and were met at quarantine and searched. The baggage of all passengers on these ships was examined and all the requirements of Quarantine No. 13 were enforced. During this same period 2208 ships arrived at California ports from foreign countries and 530 ships from coastwise ports which were also inspected for the presence of infested or infected pant material which might be the means of introducing injurious pests into this State. Seldom a month passes that fruit infested with live larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly from Hawaii is not intercepted and destroyed at the several California ports. To demonstrate the necessity for the inspection of vessels from Hawaii for the presence of host fruits of the fruit flies, during the period from July 1, 1921, to May 15, 1922, 269 lots of contraband fruit fly material were intercepted and destroyed. A number of these lots were found infested with the larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly.

Request Legal Authority

During a recent Federal Horticultural Board conference held in Sacramento, several changes

in the wording of the present quarantine were requested by the California Department of Agriculture. It was felt that some changes in the method of carrying on protective measures at the California ports were necessary and that legal authority for such changes should be given. The Federal Horticultural Board has agreed, in so far as it can, legally and consistently, to accept and make such changes as are considered necessary and to see that amendments are made to the present quarantine to permit of more efficient inspection being carried on at the California ports. The mere

granting of legal authority, however, does not of itself constitute adequate protection to California's fruit industry. There must be a sufficient number of men provided to properly enforce the quarantine regulations at every maritime port in California. Eternal vigilance is the price of safety, and it is much less expensive to keep the fruit fly out of California than it would be to attempt to eradicate the insect if it should become established in California.

I

Brazilian Oranges

T HAS been said that the world would never be able to eat all the oranges which Brazil alone could produce, if all the available orange-growing territory were utilized. Even the coldest region in southern Brazil is warm enough to grow the hardier varieties of citrus fruits. Oranges are in evidence everywhere in the populated parts, in fact the home of the Washington Navel is Bahia. However, in spite of the favorable conditions of climate and soil, the citrus industry is not, and probably never will be an important one in that country, unless some enterprising organization should undertake to establish more efficient methods of packing and shipping. Very little care is taken in preparing these fruits for market. Rio de Janerio is practically the only city of any size and the fruits for the markets in this city are brought from the near-by country, making it unnecessary to exercise any amount of care in picking and transporting. Even that fruit which is exported to Argentine, Uruguay and Paraguaypractically the only countries to which fruit is exported-is very carelessly packed and shipped.

Practically all Brazilian oranges are seedlings and consequently there are many conglomerate varieties. Lemons and limes are in evidence almost everywhere, but grape fruit is practically unknown. The taste of Brazilian oranges differs quite decidedly from that of our most popular fruit, principally because of native preferences. A tart orange would be considered too acid, and only those of a very sweet flavor, and low acid content are favored.

An unprecedented drouth has lately caused a great deal of havoc in Harrar, Abyssinia. The longberry coffee crop has been very nearly ruined. The amount of coffee has been greatly reduced, and that produced is shriveled so that it resembles the Arabian Mocha. It is not known as yet whether the trees have been killed or not, but if this should be the case, it will be several years before Harrar coffee can be obtained again.

Editor's Note: Because of the failure of the government to co-operate in agricultural matters, it is practically impossible to secure accurate statistics regarding the production of citrus crops in China. Through the efforts of Lansing W. Hoyt, Trade Commissioner of the American Government at Shanghai, the following_material was obtained from the dean of Canton Christian College. The only change made in the article as forwarded is the omission of the names of the various varieties in Chinese characters.

SOUTHERN China produces bananas, pineapples and citrus fruits. The orchards are small but numerous and considerable quantities of oranges are exported to all points in the Far East. The term "Far East" is here used to designate the countries of Asia east of Siam, India, Arabia and Persia, and includes those bordering the China Sea, the Papan Sea of the western Pacific Ocean and the Yellow Sea. Perhaps one of the greatest producing centers of citrus fruit in China is the Foochow district. In 1917, it is estimated that about 140,000 boxes of seventy-two pounds each were harvested in this locality. The ports in northern China are the heaviest buyers of the Foochow production. The climatic conditions in China are somewhat similar to those in the United States, with the exception that the summers are more of a tropical nature.

Cultivation

On

In South China the cultivation of citrus varies from low land delta cultivation to that of high land. In the farmer areas, all of which are well watered, large beds are raised with ditches intervened. The mud of the ditches is periodically thrown over the surface of the bed and trees are planted from 8 to 15 feet apart. the higher areas, which are not so well watered, the cultivation is of an entirely different type and more nearly follows that of Western countries. In the Canton region most of the citrus is produced under what we call the raised bed system of cultivation, while in the famous Szwui region the groves more nearly approximate Western orchards. In the Swatow region we also find the latter type of cultivation.

one in spring before the trees bloom and one in winter after the fruits have been picked.

The fertilizers used are night soil, urine, and peanut cake. Small holes are dug in the beds under the outer branches of the trees. The liquid is poured into these holes and then covered with earth.

Pest Control and Pruning

There are many insect enemies and diseases attacking citrus in these parts. One of the most important of these is a borer called by the Chinese "Heavenly Cow Borer"-Melanoster Chinensis. This insect is doing immense damage and the Chinese control it as best they can by prying into the heart of the tree with a wire. One of the common diseases is citrus canker, well known to Florida citrus growers, as it was introduced there from the Orient.

There are numerous species of scale insects, beetles and leaf miners working upon citrus in

The leading methods of propagation in the Canton region are Chinese air layering and inarching. In the former method a suitable branch is chosen, and a circular strip of bark, not more than an inch in width, is cut away from the branch. At this time the branch is wrapped with a mixture of organic matter, dry straw or grass, and mud. This operation is performed during spring or early summer when the atmosphere is very humid. The roots will form in this ball after several months, and the branch is then cut from the parent tree and set out into the ground or in a pot.

Inarching is very ingenuously carried out by the Chinese. It is a method commonly known among plant propagators. Grafting is also practiced to some extent.

Average Yields

The average yield of a citrus tree is given as 30 catties, which at the rate of 70 trees to the row, would produce 2,100 or 2,800 lbs. per row, which is roughly about 14,000 lbs. per acre. This, however, is a very indefinite figure as no readings of the trees have been taken. We have no way to get at the total yield in 19191920 and 1920-1921.

We have no data which would give us the acreage planted to various varieties.

Unfortunately the Chinese Maritime Customs do not specifically classify citrus fruits. However, we give the following statistics which will indicate the amount of fruits imported and exported.

America EXPORTS

2,248 53,693 6,850 115,361 8,882 139,713 165,235 346,725 155,278 339,463 217,752 466,025

Note: 1 piculs equivalent to 1333 pounds. 1 Haikwan Tael equivalent to:

In 1918 Gold $1.00 equivalent to 1.26 Hk. Taels In 1919 Gold $1.00 equivalent to 1.39 Hk. Taels In 1920 Gold $1.00 equivalent to 1.24 Hk. Taels

Oil Only Satisfactorily Removed by Hand-Pressing Methods

The oil extracted from the fresh peel of the sweet orange has long been an important article of commerce in the United States and Europe. It is extensively used in the manufacture of flavoring extracts, perfumes, and soaps, and to a small extent in the drug trade. Until recently, this product was secured wholly from Italy, Sicily, and other parts of southern Europe. Since the year 1911, however, a considerable industry has grown up in the West Indies, and a portion of the annual requirement in the United States is now supplied from that region.

The methods of extracting sweet-orange oil are similar in all countries wherever practiced. The fruit is peeled by hand, either by cutting it in half crosswise and scooping out the pulp or by stripping off the peel in three longitudinal pieces. The peel thus secured is inverted and pressed over a small sponge. By this means the oil cells of the outer part of the peel are ruptured and the mixture of oil and other liquids is forced out in a fine spray. After the sponge has become saturated, the contents are squeezed into a bowl, and the oil is eventually drained off the accumulated liquid. From time to time various machine methods have been tried, but apparently none of them has proved very satisfactory. Accordingly, almost the entire output of sweet-orange oil is extracted by the handpressing method.

Practically the entire supply of this oil is imported, over a hundred thousand pounds annually, however, there is without doubt enough low-grade fruit available in this State to make possible the extraction of a quantity of orange oil sufficient to supply a considerable portion of the domestic demand.

Mr. L. C. Hiserodt, of Fullerton, is spending some time motoring in the north.

Mr. Charles Andres, vice-president of the Garden Grove Mutual Orange Assn., left June 24 for a motor trip which will take him through Oregon, Washington, Yellowstone Park and various other places of interest, en route to his old home in Minnesota.

Special Provisions in Notes

Q. What provisions may be included in an ordinary promissory note without affecting its negotiable character? F. M., Redlands.

A. An instrument which contains an order or promise to do any act in addition to the payment of money is not negotiable. There are several provisions which may be included without impairing this feature, as (1) when the note authorizes the sale of collateral securities in case the instrument be not paid at maturity, or (2) authorizes a confession of judgment if the instrument be not paid at maturity, or (3) waives the benefit of any law intended for the advantage or protection of the obligor, or (4) gives the holder an election to require something to be done in lieu of payment of money.

Escheat of Property

Q. To whom does property go in this state when not disposed of by will, and there are not heirs? L. P., Pomona.

A. Whenever any person dies leaving any property in this state not disposed of by will, and there are not persons entitled to succeed thereto under the laws of the state, the same shall escheat to the state as of the date of the death of decedent. The property or proceeds of any estate dposited in the state trasury after final decree of distribution or judgment of the superior court by reason of failure of heirs to make claim thereto may be recovered upon judgment of the superior court or order of the state board of control, as provided under the law.

Bills of Lading-Form

Q. What are the essential points in a bill of lading? B. J., Fullerton.

A. Under the Uniform Bill of Lading law now in force in California, every bill must embody within its written or printed terms (1) the date of its issue (2) the name of the person from whom the goods have been received (3) the place to which the goods are to be transported (4) a statement whether the goods received will be delivered to a specified person or to the order of a specified person (5) a description of the goods or of the package containing them which may, however, be in such general terms as the act provides (6) the signature of the carrier. If the bill is to be negotiable it must, of course, contain the words "order of" printed thereon immediately before the name of the person upon whose order the goods received are deliverable. Carriers are liable for any person injured thereby for th damage caused by the omission from the negotiable bill of any of the above required provisions.

Special Partnership Statement

Q. Please advise what the certificate must contain that special partners have to fill out when desirous of forming a special partnership. C. E., Redlands.

A. The certificate should state (1) the name under which the partnership is to be conducted (2) the general nature of the business intended to be transacted (3) the names of all the partners and their residences, specifying which are general and which are special partners (4) the amount of capital stock which each partner (special) has contributed to the common stock and (6) the periods at which such partnership shall begin and end.

Fences Along Railroads

Q. Can a railroad be compelled to keep fences along its tracks in good repair? R. O., Covina.

A. Railroad corporations must make and maintain a good and sufficient fence on both sides of their track, and if their engine or cars shall kill or maim any cattle or other domestic animals upon their line of road, except where the same runs through or upon public land, they must pay to the owner of such cattle or other domestic animals a fair market price for the same, unless it occurred through the neglect or fault of the owner of the animal so killed or maimed.

Railroad corporations paying to the owner of the land through or along which their road i located an agreed price for making and maintaining such fence, or paying the cost of such fence with the award of damages allowed for the right-of-way for such railroad, are relieved and exonerated from all claims for damages arising out of the killing or maiming any animals of persons who thus fail to construct and maintain such fence: and the owners of such animals responsible for any damages or loss which may accrue to such corporation from such animals being upon their railroad track, resulting from the non-construction of such fence, unless it is shown that such loss or damage occurred through the negligence or fault of the corporation, its officers, agents or employees.

Mortgage Void-When

Q. What special affidavit or certificate must accompany a mortgage of personal property. A P., Anaheim.

A. Your question is not clear, but we presume you refer to the following:

A mortgage of personal property is void as against creditors of the mortgagor and subsequent purchasers and encumbrancers of the property in good faith and for value, unless:

(1) It is accompanied by the affidavit of all the parties thereto that it is made in good faith and without any design to hinder, delay or defraud creditors:

(2) It is acknowledged or proved, certified. and recorded in like manner as grants of real property.