CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Definition of landscape architecture, I-Its province, I - Its de-

velopment as a separate profession, 2-Its requirements of the prac-

titioner, 3- His preparation, 4- His opportunities and rewards, 5.

THEORY OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN.

CHAPTER II

Landscape design defined, 6— Esthetic and economic aspects, 6

Psychological basis of esthetic theory of design, 7-Sensation, percep-

tion, intellection, 7-Pleasure, 8-Sources of pleasure in sensation,

8-In perception and imagination, 9— In intellection, 10- Experi-

ence, emotion, and association, 12-Esthetic analysis in design, 16—

Unity, 16-Logical, 17- Ethical, 17-Economic, 18-Esthetic,

19-Esthetic expression and impression, 19-Definition of beauty, 19

-Types, 21-Ideals, 21-Taste and style, 22- Landscape char-

acter, 22- Landscape effect, 22.

CHAPTER III

TASTE, IDEALS, STYLE, AND CHARACTER IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN.

Taste, individual and community, 24-Development of taste, 25

-"Schools" and tradition, 25-Teaching and taste, 26 — Criticism,

26-Self-criticism in design, 27-Choice of ideals, 27- Perfection,

28-Imagination and genius, 28-Style: Individual style, 28-

Historic styles, 29-Humanized and naturalistic styles, 30- Inter-

pretation of landscape character, 31.

STYLES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

CHAPTER IV

Origin and names of historic styles, 32-Categories of styles, 33

-Examples of historic styles of landscape design, 35- The Moorish
style in Spain, 35-The Moghul style in India, 36-The styles of

PAGES

I-5

6-23

24-31

32-61

the Italian Renaissance and Baroque villas, 39-The style of Le

Nôtre, 42-The Romantic landscape style, 45- The English formal

style of the Tudors, 47-The English cottage style, 49- The New

England colonial style, 50-The modern German formal style, 51 —

The Japanese styles, 54-The modern American landscape style, 57

Study of styles, 59 — Choice of style, 60.

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PAGES

CHAPTER V

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERS

The physical origin of landscape characters, 62 — Characters as

parallel to styles, 63- Examples of landscape characters, 64 — The

prairie, 64-The barren or tundra, 65 - Sand dunes, 66-The Se-

quoia grove, 66- The Sierra mountain meadow, 67 - The bushy

pasture, 68 — English pastoral landscape, 69- Design in landscape

characters, 70-Landscape characters in relation to economic use and

maintenance, 72-Value and preservation of characteristic scenery,

74-Man's need of free landscape, 75.

62-75

CHAPTER VI

LANDSCAPE EFFECTS

Taste in landscape effects, 76-Variety of landscape effects, 77

-Literary discussions of landscape effects, 77 - The "beautiful" and

the "picturesque," 77-Their fundamental difference, 77 - Their

application in design, 78-Examples of other effects, 79-Sublimity,

79-Desolation, 81- Melancholy, 81-Gayety, 82-Mystery, 82

-Effects from transitory conditions, 83- Harmony and contrast in

effects, 83-Effects in landscape characters, 84 - Effects in styles, 85

Design in effects, 86.

CHAPTER VII

76-87

LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION

Composition in landscape and in painting, 88-Order in composi-

tion, objective and subjective, 89-Segregation of the composition, 90

Unity and attention, 90- Attention and training, 91 - Emphasis,

contrast, climax, dominance, 91-Landscape composition within the

visual angle, 92- Unity of larger landscape compositions, 92 — The

forms of order in composition, 93 - Repetition, 94
Repetition, 94- Harmony,

monotony, and variety, 94-Sequence, 94-Sequence of continua-

tion or repetition, 94 - Rhythm, 95- Progression, 96- Balance, 96

-Symmetrical, 97-Occult, 97 Intensification of emotion from

88-129

repetition, sequence, and balance, 97-Characteristics of objects in

landscape composition, 98-Shape, 98- Individuality through shape

in landscape composition, 99— Value of shapes and their arrangement

in composition, 100-Size, scale, and distance, 101-Absolute and

relative scale, 101-Indication of scale in landscape composition, 101

-Effects of perspective, 102-Texture, 103-Scale relation of tex-

ture to size and shape, 103-Color, 104- Color and light, 105-

Hue, intensity, and value in color composition, 106 - Emotional effect

of colors, 107-Color harmony, 107-Color in landscape composi-

tion, 110-Light and shade, III — Light and shade unity in landscape

composition, III-Variability of light and shade, 112 - Atmosphere

and atmospheric perspective, 113-As a consideration in landscape

composition, 115-Illusions in composition, 116-Of material, 118

-Of shape, 119-Of size, 120-Of character, 121 - Associa-

tional illusions, 121-Landscape compositions, 122 - Typical kinds

of pictorial compositions, 123- The vista as a typical example, 124

-Pictorial enframement, foregrounds, backgrounds, and planes of dis-

tance, 126 - Objects in landscape composition according to their

design value, 128 Temporary elements, 129.

111

CHAPTER VIII

NATURAL FORMS OF GROUND, ROCK, AND WATER AS ELEMENTS IN DESIGN

The value in design of a knowledge of natural forms, 130- Hills

and mountains: typical forms, 131-Hill and mountain forms in

landscape composition, 132 - Modification of effect of hill by treat-

ment of local details, 133-Valleys: typical forms, 134 - Choice of

viewpoint for completeness of effect of valley, 135- Plains: typical

forms and effects, 136- Bodies of water: their effects, 136- Lakes,

137-Islands, 138-Shores and beaches, 138-Streams and stream

banks, 140-Waterfalls, 142 - Rocks in naturalistic design, 143-

Bowlders, 144-Ledges, 145-Color and texture of rocks, 146-Rock

planting, 147-Minor modeling of ground surface, 147 — Banks, 148.

PLANTING DESIGN

CHAPTER IX

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Plants as material in landscape design, 151-The time element

in planting design, 152 - Relation of planting design and maintenance,

153-Plant characteristics in landscape design, 153 - Plant forms, 153

-Classes of tree forms and their uses in design, 154— Form the ex-

pression of mode of growth, 155-Winter tree form, 156— Form in

topiary work, 156-Plant texture, 157 - Plant color, 159- Effect of

character of leaves on foliage color, 159-Range of foliage color, 159

PAGES

130-150

151-188

-Restricted use of other colors than green, 159-Effects of foliage

color, 160 Contrast of color in differentiation of units in design, 160

-Foliage color and aërial perspective, 161-Use of "colored foliage,

161 Autumn foliage, 161 Winter color, bark, and fruit, 162—

Color of flower, 162-Practical difficulties of design in flower color,

162- Circumstances harmonizing flower colors, 163-Mass relation

in flower color, 163- Plant character, 164 - Species and character,

164 - Individual plant character, 165- Character and environment,

165- Relation of plant character and landscape character, 165-

"Expression" and character, 166 — Association and symbolism, 166

-Plantations, 167-Inclosing plantations, 167- Outline, modeling,

and treatment of informal inclosing plantations, 168-Hedges, 170

-Low hedges and edgings, 171-Specimen trees and shrubs, 171 —

Tree and shrub groups, 173- Composition of groups, 174-Shrub

beds, 175
Herbaceous beds and borders, 176-Flower beds as parts

of a garden inclosed, 177 - Arrangement of plants in relation to form

of bed and form of plants, 177-Arrangement of plants in relation to

time of bloom, 178-Arrangement of plants in relation to color, 179-

Grouping of plants according to character, 179- Planting as surface

decoration, 179— Carpet bedding and parterres, 180-Ground cover,

182 - Turf, 182 — Planting in relation to topography, 183 - Water-

side planting, 185- Planting in relation to architectural structures,

186 - Planting as enframement, 186- Planting as transition between

ground and structure, 187- Planting as decoration of structures, 188.

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Buildings in relation to landscape, 189 - Buildings subordinate to

natural character, 189- Buildings dominating landscape, 190-Form

relations of buildings and landscape surroundings, 192- Building

groups, 194-Texture relations, 194-Color relations, 195-Shel-

ters and pavilions, 196 - Terraces, 198- Parapets, 199- Retaining

walls, 200- Terrace banks, 200-Steps, 201-In formal design,

201 - In naturalistic design, 203 -Walls and fences, 204 - Walls:

materials and decoration, 205-Fences, lattices, and grilles, 207-

Gateways and gates, 209-Statuary, 210-Its value among decora-

tive objects in design, 211-Its setting in landscape composition, 212

— Architectural and sculptural water features, 213 - Grottoes and

wall fountains, 213-Cascades, 214- Water-ramps, 214-Free-

standing fountains, 215- Pools and basins, 215-Bridges, 216-

Their forms and materials, 217-Roads and paths, 218 — Roads in

naturalistic landscape, 219-Form of roads, 220 - Road intersections,

221 Views of and from roads, 222- Planting and roads, 223-

189-230

Paths in naturalistic design, 224-Form of paths, 224 — Roads in

formal design, 225-Paths in formal design, 226 - Materials of roads

and paths, 227.

CHAPTER XI

PAGES

TYPES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGNS

Landscape designs according to typical uses, 231.

PART I. THE GARDEN, 233-246-Definition and use of the

word "garden," 233-Esthetic characteristics of a garden, 234

Inclosure, 234-Plants in the garden, 235-Unity of effect of whole

garden, 236 A garden recognizably a work of design, 236 — Formal

and non-formal arrangements, 237-Ways of giving a garden dis-

tinctiveness, 237-Choice of style, 239-Composition of the gar-

den, 239-Its compositional elements, 239-Inclosure materials, 240

-Retaining walls and banks, 240-High boundaries: their compo-

sition and decoration, 241-The house as part of the garden bound-

ary, 242- Garden "floor" materials, 242-Typical compositional

arrangements of the garden floor, 243-Objects marking points of

interest in the garden composition, 244-Suitability of different ob-

jects to this purpose, 245.

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PART II. THE ESTATE, 247-274-The estate as expressing

the owner's desires, 247- Physical elements of the estate, 249- The

house, 250-Effect of interior arrangements on house form, 251—

House form as affected by choice of style, 253- Location and orien-

tation of house, 253-The house terrace, 257 — The forecourt, 258

-The garden as a unit of the estate, 259- Pleasure buildings, 261 —

House service areas, 263-Estate service buildings and areas, 263-

The greenhouse, 264-Reserve and vegetable gardens, 265-Tennis

courts and areas for other recreations, 266- The open lawn, 267

Tree-shaded areas, 268 - Natural character units, 268 — Access, 269

-Approach roads, 269- Paths, 271- The design of the whole

estate, 272-Choice of site for an estate, 273-Apportionment of

estate area into the units required, 274.

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PART III. LAND SUBDIVISION FOR RESIDENTIAL PURPOSES, 275-

294-Land subdivision as a business venture, 275
Items of ex-

pense to the developer, 275 - Salable assets produced by development,

276-Room, 276-Proximity to town, 277-Convenience, 277-

Social desirability, 277-Amenity, 277-Beauty, 277-"Low-cost "

and "high-cost" developments, 278-Professional advice in land sub-

division, 280-Procedure in design, 280-Choice of type of develop-

ment in relation to development of city, 280-The street system: its

relation to the city plan, 282 — Alleys, 282 - Characteristic effects

of street systems, 283-Streets in relation to topography, 283 — Sub-

surface utilities, 284-Street widths, 284 - Roadways and planting

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231-323