When an essential provision has been omitted, rather than erase the bill and render it suspicious, they add a clause on a separate paper, engrossed and called a rider, which is read and put to the question three times. Elsynge's Memorials, 59; 6 Grey, 335; 1 Blackst., 183. For examples of riders, see 3 Hats., 121, 122, 124, 126. Every one is at liberty to bring in a rider without asking leave. 10 Grey, 52. It is laid down as a general rule, that amendments proposed at the second reading shall be twice read, and those proposed at the third reading thrice read; as also all amendments from the other house. Town. col., 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. It is with great and almost invincible reluctance that amendments are admitted at this reading, which occasion erasures or interlineations. Sometimes a proviso has been cut off from a bill; sometimes erased. 9 Grey, 513. This is the proper stage for filling up blanks; for if filled up before, and now altered by erasure, it would be pecu. liarly unsafe. At this reading the bill is debated afresh, and for the most part is more spoken to at this time than on any of the former readings. Hakew., 153. The debate on the question whether it should be read a third time has discovered to its friends and opponents the arguments on which each side relies, and which of these appear to have influence with the House; they have had time to meet them with new arguments, and to put their old ones into new shapes. The former vote has tried the strength of the first opinion, and furnished grounds to estimate the issue; and the question now offered for its passage is the last occasion which is ever to be offered for carrying or rejecting it. When the debate is ended, the Speaker, holding the bill in his hand, puts the question for its passage, by saying, "Gentlemen, all you who are of opinion that this bill shall pass, say ay;" and after the answer of the ayes, "All those of the contrary opinion, say no.” Hakew., 154. After the bill is passed, there can be no further alteration of it in any point. Hakew., 159. SEC. XII.-DIVISION OF THE HOUSE. The affirmative and negative of the question having been both put and answered, the Speaker declares whether the yeas or nays have it by the sound, if he be himself satisfied, and it stands as the judgment of the House. But if he be not himself satisfied which voice is the greater, or if before any other member comes into the House, or before any new motion made, (for it is too late after that,) any member shall rise and declare himself dissatisfied with the Speaker's decision, then the Speaker is to divide the House. Scob., 24, 2 Hats., 140. When the House of Commons is divided, the one party goes forth, and the other remains in the House. This has made it important which go forth and which remain; because the latter gain all the indolent, the indifferent, and inattentive. Their general rule, therefore, is, that those who give their vote for the preservation of the orders of the House, shall stay in; and those who are for introducing any new matter or alteration, or proceeding contrary to the established course, are to go out. But this rule is subject to many exceptions and modifications. 2 Hats., 134; 1 Rush., p. 3, fol. 92; Scob., 43, 52; Co., 12, 116; D' Ewes, 505, col. 1; Mem. in Hakew., 25, 29, as will appear by the following statement of who go forth: Petition that it be received* Read Lie on the table Rejected after refusal to lie on table Ayes. Noes. Referred to a committee, for further pro- Ayes. ceeding Bill, that it be brought in Read first or second time Engrossed or read third time. Proceeding on every other stage Ayes. *Noes. 9 Grey, 365. Amendments be read a second time. Clause offered on report of bill be read second time For receiving a clause With amendments be engrossed Noes. Ayes. 30, P. J. 251. Noes. Ayes. 334. 395. Committees. That A take the chair To agree to the whole or any part of report That the House do now resolve into com mittee Speaker. That he now leave the chair, after order to go into committee That he issue warrant for a new writ Member. That none be absent without leave Noes. 291. Witness. That he be further examined Previous question Blanks. That they be filled with the largest sum . Amendments. That words stand part of second time Messenger be received Orders of day to be now read, if before 2 Ayes. o'clock If after 2 o'clock. Noes. Adjournment. Till the next sitting day, if before 4 o'clock If after 4 o'clock if } Ayes. Noes. Over a sitting day, (unless a previous Ayes. resolution) Over the 30th of January Noes. For sitting on Sunday, or any other day Ayes. not being a sitting day The one party being gone forth, the Speaker names two tellers from the affirmative and two from the negative side, who first count those sitting in the House and report the number to the Speaker. Then they place themselves within the door, two on each side, and count those who went forth as they come in, and report the number to the Speaker. Mem. in Hakew., 26. A mistake in the report of the tellers may be rectified after the report made. 2 Hats., 145, note. [But in both houses of Congress all these intricacies are avoided. The ayes first rise, and are counted standing in their places by the President or Speaker. Then they sit, and the noes rise and are counted in like manner.] [In Senate, if they be equally divided, the Vice President announces his opinion, which decides.] [The Constitution, however, has directed that "the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal." And again: that in all cases of reconsidering a bill disapproved by the President, and returned with his objections, "the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each house respectively."] [By the 16th and 17th rules of the Senate, when the yeas and nays shall be called for by one-fifth of the members present, each member called upon shall, unless for special reasons he be excused by the Senate, declare openly, and without debate, his assent or dissent to the question. In taking the yeas and nays, and upon the call of the House, the names of the members shall be taken alphabetically. [When the yeas and nays shall be taken upon any question in pursuance of the above rule, no member shall be permitted, under any circumstances whatever, to vote after the decision is announced from the Chair.] [When it is proposed to take the vote by yeas and nays, the President or Speaker states that "the question is whether, e. g., the bill shall pass-that it is proposed that the yeas and nays shall be entered on the journal. Those, therefore, who desire it, will rise. If he finds and declares that one-fifth have risen, he then states that "those who are of opinion that the bill shall pass, are to answer in the affirmative; those of the contrary opinion in the negative." The Clerk then calls over the names alphabetically, notes the yea or nay of each, and gives the list to the President or Speaker, who declares the result. In Senate, if there be an equal division, the Secretary calls on the Vice Presi dent and notes his affirmative or negative, which becomes the decision of the House.] In the House of Commons, every member must give his vote the one way or the other, (Scob., 24,) as it is not permitted to any one to withdraw who is in the House when the question is put, nor is any one to be told in the division who was not in when the question was put. 2 Hats., 140. This last position is always true when the vote is by yeas and nays; where the negative as well as affirmative of the question is stated by the President at the same time, and the vote of both sides begins and proceeds pari passu. It is true also when the question is put in the usual way, if the negative has also been put; but if it has not, the member entering, or any other member, may speak, and even propose amendments, by which the debate may be opened again, and the question be greatly deferred. And as some |