examples-The Shays rebellion-Arguments of those who favor NO. VII.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. Causes for dissensions among States if disunited enumerated. First, destruction of life and property; then, standing armies, ex- tension of executive power, the rise of the military over the civil power-Objections to the Union on this score answered-Army not dangerous to liberty, if there is a Union-Examples of Greece and Danger of these troubles in republics, and the argument thus afforded to the advocates of despotisms-The advantage of a Confed- eracy-Historical examples-Montesquieu's views-Distinction be- tween confederation and consolidation-Nature of a confederacy- Danger of faction in the United States as elsewhere-Nature of a faction-Modes of avoiding this danger-Superiority of a representa- No. XI. THE UTILITY OF THE UNION IN RESPECT TO COM- Foreign nations jealous of our commerce-Need of uniformity of Commerce the best source of wealth, and increases the ability to No. XIII.-ADVANTAGE OF THE UNION IN RESPECT TO One civil list instead of many-Small confederacies will be formed, each as expensive as the single Confederacy proposed-Reasons for Distinction between a republic and a democracy-Errors as to ancient republics-Extending the limits of a republic-Territory of the United States not too extended, compared with European nations -Jurisdiction of the United States limited to objects of general interest Purpose of the Constitution to unite States and add to their number-Intercourse between the States will be promoted-All the No. XV.-THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE PRESENT Confed- Evil results of the present Confederation-Analysis of the defects of the Confederation-The true purposes of government-Impotence of the Confederation for efficient government-Experience under the Experience of other confederacies - The present Confederation J leads to domestic war, foreign influence, national ruin, and military despotism-Union cannot so exist-Efficient government must read The objection that the reserved rights of the States will be invaded -The real danger the other way-Federal governments tend to anarchy, not tyranny-The States will have a superior influence- PAGE No. XXI.-OTHER DEFECTS OF THE PRESENT CONFEDERA No sanction to its laws, no power to exact obedience, no power to punish disobedience, no power to use force with the States, no power to assist a State in enforcing its own laws-Objection as to interfering with States answered-The principle of raising money by contributions from the States-This rule unequal and oppressive and will become ruinous-The remedy proposed-Advantages of taxes on articles of consumption, and of indirect taxation. No. XXII. THE SAME SUBJect Continued 119 . 125 No power to regulate commerce-Evils of this lack of powerRaising troops by quota-Evils of such a system-The evils and dangers arising from the equal vote of the States in Congress-The want of a judiciary power-The organization of Congress utterly improper for the exercise of suitable powers.-The present Confederation never ratified by the people. No. XXIII.-THE NECESSITY OF A GOVERNMENT AS ENER- . 135 The objects of the federal government-The common defence of the States and the powers necessary-Reasons why these powers should not be limited-Failure in this respect of the Confederation -Remedies of the Constitution. No. XXIV. THE POWERS NECESSARY TO THE COMMON Objection as to standing army answered-These powers given to Congress-Limitations on Congress-No interdiction in State constitutions, with two exceptions, to standing armies-None in articles of Confederation-Necessity of such powers in the federal government— Our commerce demands a navy. No. XXV. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED Objection that States can provide for common defence answeredThe common defence cannot be entrusted to the separate States because it would be oppressive to some States, might become dangerous to all, would create jealousies between the States, and might imperil the authority of the Union-Provisions of the Confederation in this respect-A mistake to restrain the discretion of Congress in keeping or raising armies-Disadvantages of militia-Standing armies sometimes necessary when there is no foreign war-Example of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts-Dangerous to restrain too much the federal government. 141 146 Its origin-Not in favor here-The exclusion of military establish- ments in time of peace-Its origin and progress-Giving the author- ity to Congress a sufficient safeguard-Reasons for this-Objection that the Executive may seize supplies answered and an appeal made The objection that the new government will require the military No. XXVIII.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED Cases in which the federal government must use force-Equally necessary in plan of opposition-Employment of force controlled by Congress-If Congress prove unfaithful there is the original right of self-defence The States' security against Federal usurpation-Fur- ther security in the extent of territory and the limited resources of the Regulation of militia must be confided to federal government to secure uniformity of organization and discipline-Objections that no power is given to federal magistrate to call out posse comitatus, that danger may be apprehended from authority over militia, an- swered-The project of "Publius" for a militia establishment and its advantages-The appointment of officers of militia by States a sufficient safeguard—Objection as to power to order militia to distant Such power necessary to every constitution-Evil effects of want of such power-Results in present Confederation-Objection that Con- gress should be limited to external taxation answered-Evils and de- fects of the system of requisitions-Without general power existing funds would be diverted in time of war-The general power will bring out the resources of the country and give confidence to lenders. The importance of first principles-In morals and politics-Reasons for diversity of opinion on these matters—The positions thus far established reviewed. The opposing arguments as to usurpations by the federal government and as to federal aggressions on State governments reviewed-The popular sympathy with the State govern ments. ✔ No. XXXII.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED Objection that the general power of taxation would interfere with the State levies considered--Bårrier against this danger-Federal sovereignty limited-The only exclusive power of taxation in the federal government is in laying duties on imports-The power of taxation in all other respects concurrent with that of the StatesProof of this-No repugnancy between federal and State power— Concurrent authority the necessary result of a divided sovereignty. No. XXXIII.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED . Objections to incidental powers of taxation considered-These powers necessary-Their express grant an act of caution-The federal authorities and then their constituents the judges of the propriety of federal measures-Objections that the taxation laws of the Union are supreme considered, and the necessity of this supremacy shown -These laws limited by the Constitution. No. XXXIV.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED Concurrent authority concerning taxation the only alternative to mplete subordination of the States-Absurdity of denying the pracility of concurrent authority-Examples from Roman history— Needs of the federal government for large powers of taxation. No. XXXV. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. Reasons for not restricting federal government in the matter of revenue-Restraint would lead to inequality of taxation and oppression-Objections that the interest of the revenue would guard against an extreme tariff, and that all classes of tax-paying citizens cannot be represented, considered-Representation in Congress analyzed in regard to taxation-Good effects of mixed representation and the need of extensive information among representatives. No. XXXVI.-THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED Representation further considered with reference to taxation-The federal government able to exercise the power of internal taxationBetter than the system of requisitions-No danger of conflict between State and federal authorities in regard to taxation-Minor objections to power of taxation considered PAGE 180 185 189 194 200 207 |