permanently. In the first instance, if negroes, they suffer much in the journey from the place of purchase to that of sale. For instance, it has been known, in the journey from Sennaar and Darfour to the slave-mart at Cairo, or even the intermediate one at Siout, the loss in a slave caravan, of men, women, camels, and horses, amounted to not less than 4000. The circumstances of the mart itself scarcely appear in a more favourable aspect than those of the journey,-whether we regard the miserable beings, as in the market at Cairo, crowded together in enclosures like the sheep-pens in Smithfield market, amid the abominable stench and uncleanness which result from their confinement; whether, as at another great mart at Muscat, we perceive the dealer walking to and fro, with a stick in his hand, between two lots of ill-clothed boys and girls, whom he is offering for sale, proclaiming aloud, as he passes, the price fixed on each; or else leading his string of slaves through the narrow and dirty streets, and calling out their price as he exhibits them in this ambulatory auction. The slaves, variously exhibited, usually appear quite indif ferent to the process, or only show an anxiety to be sold, from knowing that as slaves, finally purchased, their condition will be much ameliorated. * * * How little slavery is dreaded is also shown by the fact that even Mohammedan parents or relatives are, in cases of emergency, ready enough to offer their children for sale. During the famine which a few years since drove the people of Mosul to Bengal, one could not pass the streets without being annoyed by the solicitations of parents to purchase their boys and girls for the merest trifle; and even in Koordistan, where no constraining motive appeared to exist, we have been sounded as to our willingness to purchase young members of the family. Europeans in the East are scarcely considered amenable to any general rules, but Christians generally are not allowed to possess any other than negro slaves.” London Penny Mag. 1834, pp. 243, 244; also, Sketches of Persia, and Johnson's Journey from India.

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APPENDIX, C.

FROM HAVANA.

The Cherokee-The Slave Trade-General News.

The mysterious working of the law is still retaining Capt. Grey and his son under bonds, preventing their return to the United States. There should be in all this month two barks cleared from the United States, bound for the coast of Africa,-one from Baltimore and one from New York, or an Eastern port. There are two fitting out in the harbor of Havana, as I was informed by a friend interested in the

black "fleece" of this Spanish "Colchis," schooners of light draught, to get into good concealment up the rivers, and clipper built; at the east end of the island there are two brigs now ready for sea, and one or two to be ready very shortly on the south side-so the work for redemption from barbarism goes bravely on. The lighter vessels, if it should prove expedient for security, are used between the coast and the islands on the coast of Brazil, and they frequently pack into a space where twenty or thirty men would be uncomfortable, from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty negroes-and often they leave the coast with so many on board, that they have scarcely space for provisions and water; and make sail for the Island of Cuba, where they arrive with the numbers vastly diminished by the discount of death, owing to the close and uncomfortable quarters to which they are confined for the long voyage. Can this systematic and regular return of notorious slavers, and their clearance from the ports of Cuba, be accomplished without the knowledge and consent of the authorities? It is impossible; and this charity that covers a multitude of sins, I am compelled to place to the credit of those who could restrain the traffic, if they would exercise the power they possess. In the reign of Alcoy, we had a remarkable instance, which shows the power, even after pocketed compensation, of control over the introduction, when there are found those bold enough to make denunciation in given cases. A cargo had been introduced not far from Havana, within the reach of the railroad, before breakfast, and regularly paid for. But an officer in the infected district was to be removed to make place for a parasite favorite, and before going out of office, he seized some two hundred of the negroes, and they were brought within the reach of the "British and Spanish mixed Court of Justice," and thus secured their eventual freedom, unless they should happen to die, by report and well authenticated documentary evidence, before the expiration of seven years service, the term for covering the expenses incidental to their liberation from life bondage, and protection of the two Governments. The actuating motive was revenge upon the Captain General, who had received the bonus-but his object was very far from being accomplished. The parties called upon Alcoy, with great delicacy, to refund the four or six ounces he had received, but it was one of those cases where correction was impossible-they knew nothing of any such transaction at the palace! The money was not delivered; but under the usage, the negroes were sold to the best bidders for the, service of seven years, and a good part of the price paid, fell again into the all-absorbing purse of the Captain-General, which he kept well bound with the clasps of charity.

From the Baltimore Sun, of Dec. 8, 1852.

INCREASE OF THE SLAVE TRADE IN CUBA.-All accounts represent a large increase of the slave trade in Cuba, at which, it is alleged, the Spanish officials wink. A letter from Havana gives a list of nine vessels, which have landed at different ports of Cuba, during the present year, 4,170 slaves from Africa. The letter referred to adds:

U

"This is but the beginning. There is a tacit understanding for the extension of this scheme until ten thousand more have been brought hither, on each of which is paid to officials, for winking at it, three ounces, or fifty-one dollars, making in the aggregate $510,000.”

From the same paper, of Jan. 10, 1853.

THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE.-Letters from the coast of Africa state that the British government are about to withdraw their naval forces from the coast, and, of course, by such an act, abandon its efforts in that quarter for the suppression of the slave trade.

From the same paper, of Feb. 7, 1853.

A CONFLICT BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND SPANISH AUTHORITIES ABOUT A SLAVER.-A slaver, in possession of an English prize crew, was lately taken possession of by a number of Spanish soldiers, at Havana. The English captain (Hamilton) prepared for immediate recapture, and manned his boats for that purpose, but the English consul interfered, and advised waiting instructions from home. Thus the matter remains, while it is said, the soldiers are busy in effacing the evidence which would condemn her as a slaver. It is believed the Queen-mother is the owner of the brig, and hence this bold measure of the Captain-General. Meanwhile, much ill-feeling is manifested by the officials towards the English residents.

From the New York Weekly Times, of April, 30, 1853.

SLAVE TRADE: ITS ABOLITION.

Clarkson, Wilberforce and Pitt advocated the abolition of the slave-trade, upon the supposition that the abolition of slavery would follow as the necessary result. It was the prevalent error of that time. The idea prevailed in the Convention which framed the Constitution of the United States. It was imagined that the existing negro stock must naturally disappear beneath the rigor of labor and hard treatment. It was taken for granted that the cessation of the former supply would burden the actual slaves with additional toils and sufferings, in order to make up the requisite return, per annum, of the mill or plantation. Mortality was therefore set down as a crescent quantity; while marriages and births, as always where the conditions of life are unfavorable, were assumed to be steadily decreasing. There would be nothing to repair the exhaustion; and the period between the termination of the slave-trade and the termination of slavery was regarded as a question of time. It might be half a century; possibly more; probably less. It never seems to have been thought of, that the legitimate effect of the slave-trade suppression might be beneficial to the institution of Slavery, and calculated to prolong it indefinitely.

But such is the evidence of facts. We have only to draw a comparison between Cuba and the Southern States of this Union, to

ascertain it. Cuba may be regarded as representing the condition of things where the slave population is still kept up by importations. The slave-trade between Cuba and Africa has been very slightly affected by the several conventions for its extinction. It has only been rendered more hazardous. The negroes have been males; because males are better able to bear the terrors of the transit, prolonged and heightened as they were by the necessity of avoiding the English cruisers; and because the planters have preferred them, as field hands, to women, who were found, in other respects, expensive and troublesome. The prospect of the importations ceasing was too indefinite to excite apprehensions of the stock perishing from this short-sighted policy. It was only in 1834, when the remonstrances, threats and redoubled vigilance of England gave the alarm, that the demand for females became active, and the dealers were induced to proportion their shipments more wisely. But there has been no sensible falling off in the number and bulk of the cargoes. The slave population, according to the census of the island, taken in 1819, amounted to 195,145. The return made no separate returns for the two sexes. The census of 1841 did so, however, showing the number of males to be 281,250; of females, 155,245; in all, 436,495. Now there is every reason to believe that previous to 1834, the proportion of male to female slaves was as ten to one. It was notorious that whole plantations, employing two or three hundred hands, had not one woman on them. The partiality to the males was general. There is no doubt that the gain of 241,350, which is noted between 1819 and 1841, is entirely the fruit of the African trade. Nor is this all. With such disparity between the sexes, the increase could not begin to replace the annual mortality. Signor Tenaza, an intelligent Cuban, who has just published a tract on the subject at Paris, estimates the actual importations into the Island at 431,925 in the twenty-one years ending in 1841, or about twenty thousand per annum. This is probably the fact; and although we have no official returns of the population, or the extent of the traffic since that date, we know that, although the influx has diminished very considerably, it has not done so sufficiently to render the breeding of negroes a profitable business. It is still cheaper to buy men, than to buy women and rear children. And because the external supply still continues, the exaction of excessive labor and the infliction of the cruelties, which so harrowed up the souls of Wilberforce and his followers, continue; only increasing as the price of negroes diminishes. The Island planter applies the "sweating" system to his serfs, because there is no difficulty in replacing the wear and tear, from the cargoes of such men as Captain Capo, whom our letters described the other day. The natural effect of this inhuman system is plainly visible. England protests against it. One measure has been taken to obviate a portion of the mischief, and the rest will presently yield to the influences now brought to bear upon the Court of Madrid. Slavery will be presently abolished in Cuba; and it will be abolished a century before the advantages of free labor are understood at the South, and the institution dispensed with.

For in spite of "Uncle Tom," the treatment of the southern slave is not grossly inhuman. It is always fair to apply the principles of natural increase to such questions; and the application to American slavery shows a very large yearly increase, which could not possibly have place, were labor excessive, fare meagre, and general treatment unindulgent. All the evidence, including that of our own correspondent in Virginia, goes to prove that the planting interest is impoverished because the labor exacted from the slave is so trifling and so totally inadequate to the cost of living. This moderation results from the cessation of the foreign slave traffic. The slave is valuable in proportion to his price. If he have cost the expense of rearing his value is great, and he is treated accordingly. When free trade in negroes was the rule, they cost little and were abused terribly. Since prohibition was decreed they have cost extensively and are treated considerately. And while the institution retains this mild type, and domestic slavetrade alone exists, transferring the chattel from the less to the more profitable field of labor, but nowhere encouraging barbarity of treatment, the indignation requisite to enforce abolition, will scarcely reach the proper pitch of intensity. If ever slavery at the South attain the degree of mischief, direct or indirect, which it has elsewhere occasioned, the public epinion of mankind will act upon it as in Cuba: where slavery is, after all, attacked less for its own demerits than for the encouragement it affords the man-stealer. The peculiar influences we have referred to, make the continuance of slave labor on the island, contingent upon the continuance of the slave traffic; and the slave traffic can only be suppressed by the abandonment of the island by the Spanish Government.

From the London Guardian, of Jan. 26. 1853.

In this state of things, when the Government of Madrid must be well aware that the United States is only waiting for the favorable opportunity, what is its conduct? It allows its officials in Cuba to involve themselves in petty squabbles with the officers of Amèrican merchant steamers touching at the island, and it does its best to get up a quarrel with its best ally, Great Britain, by its unblushing prosecution of the slave-trade. In defiance of the most solemn engagements, and of assurances repeated usque ad nauseam, to our ambassador at Madrid, slavers are daily leaving Cuba with the manifest connivance of the authorities, and cargoes of slaves are regularly landed, and a duty paid to the Government as if on ordinary merchandise. Already the United States journals are chuckling over the prospect of a quarrel between Spain and Great Britain, which they seem to consider would greatly facilitate their own ulterior designs on the Island. Spaniards have generally contrived to render it impossible for their best friends to help them, and so it may perhaps be again. And, dangerous as the proximity of the Americans in Cuba to our own West Indian colonies might appear to ourselves, there is little doubt that the interests of humanity in general would gain by the substitution of the Anglo-Saxon for the Spanish race in that magnificent island.

The