CONTENTS.

BOOK III.

OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS OF OPULENCE IN

DIFFERENT NATIONS.

CHAPTER I.

Of the natural progress of Opulence

CHAPTER II.

Of the discouragement of Agriculture in the ancient States

of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire

CHAPTER III.

Of the rise and progress of Cities and Towns, after the fall of

the Roman Empire.

CHAPTER IV.

How the Commerce of the towns contributed to the improve-

ment of the country

PAGE

1

10

14

Of restraints upon the Importation from foreign countries of

such goods as can be produced at home

CHAPTER III.

Of the extraordinary restraints upon the Importation of goods

of almost all kinds from those countries with which the

balance is supposed disadvantageous

21

PART I. Of the unreasonableness of those restraints even

upon the principles of the Commercial system.

Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly con-

cerning that of Amsterdam.

35

37

PART II. Of the unreasonableness of those extraordinary

restraints upon other principles

41

CHAPTER VII.

Of Colonies

PART I. Of the motives for establishing new Colonies

PART II. Causes of the Prosperity of new Colonies

PART III. Of the advantages which Europe has derived

from the discovery of America, and from that of a passage

to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope.

CHAPTER VIII.

Conclusion of the Mercantile System

CHAPTER IX.

PAGE

64

64

67

Of the Agricultural systems, or of those systems of Political

Economy which represent the produce of land as either

the sole or the principal source of the revenue and wealth

of every country

BOOK V.

OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN, OR COMMONWEALTH.

CHAPTER I.

Of the Expenses of the Sovereign, or Commonwealth

PART I. Of the Expense of Defence

PART II. Of the Expense of Justice

PART III. Of the Expense of Public Works and Public In-

stitutions.

119

124

ARTICLE I. Of the Public Works and Institutions which are

necessary for facilitating the commerce of Society. First,

Commerce in general. Secondly, Particular Branches of

Commerce

ARTICLE II. Of the Expense of Institutions for the Educa-

tion of Youth

124

138

PAGE

ARTICLE III. Of the Expense of Institutions for the In-

struction of People of all Ages

151

PART IV. Of the Expense of supporting the Dignity of the

Sovereign.

161

CHAPTER II.

Of the Sources of the general or public Revenue of the

Society

162

PART I. Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue which may

peculiarly belong to the Sovereign, or Commonwealth

PART II. Of Taxes

ARTICLE I. Taxes upon Rent. Taxes upon the Rent of

Land

162

165

166

Taxes which are proportioned, not to the Rent, but to the

Produce of Land.

170

Taxes upon the Rent of Houses

171

ARTICLE II. Taxes upon the Profit, or upon the Revenue

arising from Stock

174

Taxes upon the Profit of particular Employments

175

APPENDIX to ARTICLES I. and II. Taxes upon the capital

value of Land, Houses, and Stock

177

ARTICLE III. Taxes upon the Wages of Labour

180

ARTICLE IV. Taxes which it is intended should fall indif-

ferently upon every different species of Revenue. Capita-

tion Taxes. Taxes upon consumable commodities

AN ANALYSIS OF ADAM SMITH'S INQUIRY

INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF
THE WEALTH OF NATIONS.

BOOK III.

OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS OF OPULENCE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS.

CHAPTER I.

Of the Natural progress of Opulence.

THE great commerce of every civilised society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. The town, in which there is no reproduction of substances, gains its whole wealth from the country; but the country is no loser, the gains are reciprocal, and the division of labour is advantageous to all the persons employed. The inhabitants of the country purchase of the town a greater quantity of manufactured goods, with the produce of a smaller quantity of labour, than they must have employed had they prepared them themselves. The town affords a market for the surplus produce of the country. The greater the number and revenue of the inhabitants of the town, the more extensive is the market which it affords to those of the country; the more extensive the market, the more advantageous is it to a great num