ducts of the earth ? for, if they have not done this, the rest must be the work of other causes.

Now, will any man say, that a given number of acres in tilth, yields less grain under the new husbandry than under the old, or, in pasture, feeds fewer animals ? The reverse is certainly true; and if the several products are greater than they were before or even equal, it will necessarily follow, that the increase of cost must result from circum. stances wholly unconnected with the improvements, or the experiments, in husbandry.

The circumstances, probably, from which the rise in the value of provisions proceeds, and which the exertions in question actually tend to counteract, are these : the growth of population; the growth of commerce; and the growth of wealth, and consequent falling off of the relative worth of money.

If we will pursue commerce, we must not be such children as to suppose, that this, of all human concerns, can be without its evils. Instead of saying, that the improvements raise the price of provisions, we ought to inquire how far such wellaimed, though inadequate, efforts, have, on the contrary, moderated that rise? The fair question is, what would have been the prices, other things the same, had not these improvements taken place ?

What are the objects of improvements in agricul. ture ? The lessening the quantity of labour, by means of implements, machines, and methodical arrangements; and the ascertaining the principles of vegetation, and of the operation of manures. Now, can it be supposed that the reduction of expense in wages, and the cultivation of plants, and

use of manures, less at random than formerly, have any tendency to multiply the price of the products ?

What are the objects of improvements in breeding ? The rearing such animals as, from their conformation, contain the greatest proportion of meat within a given weight of carcase ; and such as, from the economy of their organs, will acquire the greatest quantity of flesh within a given time, and from a given quantity of pasture. Now, it is a fact, that by resorting to the improved breeds, instead of the common, a greater weight of meat may be obtained from a smaller consumption of grass ; and need any other be cited, to justify a preference, and prove that, that preference tends to enlarge the supply, and, of consequence, to reduce the price, of the market ? A mistake seems to be prevalent, with respect to the utility of raising such animals as the emulation excited by prizes has brought forward. The truth is, it is not intended that the markets should be filled with only such as these ; but, if, in a given time, and upon fixed principles, such can be produced, then, upon the same principles, and in proportionate spaces of time, other animals, not so large, but equally profitable, may also be produced. In a word, the whole subject of controversy might be said to be, whether, in agriculture, it is better to have principles of conduct, or to proceed at hazard.

Improvements always meet with opposition from those who are attached to former methods; and it is desirable that, hy this struggle, they should be separated from innovations : so far, the argument is rational; but when it is taken upon foreign grounds, when that which is merely a matter for examina.

tion among professional men, or those who make husbandry their study, is dragged into public disputation, and made to account for the concerns of trade, it ought to be considered as wholly nugatory. The only hypothesis upon which the new' hasbandry can be implicated in the rise of the markets, has been stated ; and if this is not supportable, it will probably suggest itself to the mind of the reader, that the appearance of the several occurrences at the same time, is the only reason that a relationship is imputed.

" New husbandry" is chiefly distinguished from the “ old," 1. by the use of new implements ; 2. by drilling corn and seeds, instead of sowing in the broadcast manner, that is, scattering them with the hand; 3. by substituting a rotation of crops to the use of falows; 4. by the use of lime and marl as manures; and, 5. by rearing a larger number of animals, by means of which, a farm is made to produce, in a great degree, its own manure. Jethro Tull was the father of the new husbandry.

HUSSARS, the national-cavalry of Hungary and Croatia. Their regimentals consist of a rough, fuired cap, adorned with a cock's feather; a doublet, with breeches, to which the stockings are fastened: and red, or yellow, boots; with the occasional addition of a short upper waistcoat, edged with fur, and having five rows of small, round me tal buttons; and, in bad weather, a cloke. Their arms, are a sabre, a carabine, and pistols. The officers wear either an eagle's, or an heron's feather.

HUSTINGS, (froin the Saxon word, hustinge, a council, or court,) a court held in the guildhalls of several English cities, as London, Westminster, Winchester, and York, by the principal officers of their respective corporations. Here, deeds may be inrolled, outlawries sued out, and replevins, and writs of error, determined. Here, also, the elections of officers, and parliamentary representatives, take place.

HUTCHINSONIANS, the defenders of the philosophy of John Hutchinson, who was born in the year 1674. Hutcbinson disapproved of Woodward's theory of the earth, and of Newton's doctrine of gravity. In opposition to these, he published that system of physics, which he conceived the Bible to inculcate, and which he denominated Moses's Principia.

HYACINTH, in natural history, a genus of transparent gems, of a red colour, with an intermixture of yellow. The hyacinth is of various sizes, from that of a pin's bead, to the third of an inch in diameter. It is found in the East and West Indies, and in Bohemia and Silesia.

HYDATIDS, a singular tribe of animals of the genus tænia, belonging to the class and order of intestinal worms. They derive their name from the circumstance of their being formed like a bladder, and distended with an aqueous fluid. They have been traced in mammalia, serpents and fishes, but chiefly in the first of these classes, and more particularly in the liver of man, and in the liver and brains of sheep, than in any other animal tribe or organs. Dr. Baillie says

are found in the kidneys as well as the liver of man. They are said to enclose each other like nests of pill

boxes in the liver. 31. HYDRĄ, the polype, a.genus, of the class vermes,