1856, which has been widely circulated in this country and reprinted in America; "A Plea for the Ways of God to Man," 1858; "A Manual of Moral Philosophy," a second edition of which is in the press; occasional sermons; &c.

FOLEY, JOHN HENRY, R.A., Sculptor. Born in Dublin, 1818; removed to London, 1834; began his exhibitions at the Royal Academy, 1839; elected A.R.A., 1850; R.A., 1859. Chief work, a statue of the late Viscount Hardinge, at Calcutta, of which a duplicate is to be erected in London. FONBLANQUE, ALBANY, Journalist. Born, 1797; conducted for many years the "Examiner" newspaper. Is Statistical Secretary to the Board of

Trade.

FORBES, JAMES DAVID, D.C.L., F.R.S., Physicist. Youngest son of Sir William Forbes, Bart., of Pitsligo; born, 1809; studied arts and law, in the university of Edinburgh, 1825-30, and attained great distinction in the various classes; called to the Scottish Bar, 1830; elected Professor of Natural Philosophy in the university of Edinburgh, 1833; became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1831; of the Royal Society of London, 1832; a Corresponding Member of the Institute of France, 1842; succeeded Sir David Brewster as Principal of the United College in the University of St. Andrews, 1860. Has twice received the Keith medal of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and also the Rumford and Royal medals of the Royal Society of London. His principal scientific researches refer to the laws of heat; the polarization of the rays of light; the diminution of temperature with height in the atmosphere; the temperature of the earth's crust at various depths; electro-magnetism; the laws of the motion and action of

E

glaciers; &c. Author of "Travels in the Alps," 1843; "Norway and its Glaciers," 1853; "Occasional Papers on the Theory of Glaciers," 1859; a "Dissertation" on the history of mathematics and physics, since the time of Playfair and Leslie, prefixed to the eighth edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica; many papers in the "Transactions" of the London and Edinburgh Royal Societies, &c. FORSTER, JOHN, Author. Born at Newcastle, 1812; contributed to the "Examiner," 1825-34, and was chief editor of that newspaper, 1834-45; editor of the "Daily News" for a short time, 1847; appointed Secretary to the Commissioners of Lunacy, 1855. Author of "The States of the Commonwealth of England," 7 volumes; "Life and Adventures of Oliver Goldsmith;" "Historical and Biographical Essays," 1858; and has contributed to the "Edinburgh" and 'Foreign Quarterly" Reviews.

FORTUNE, ROBERT, Botanist. Born in Berwickshire, 1813; collected specimens of plants in North China, on behalf of the London Botanical Society, 1843-46; employed by the East India Company in making investigations about the cultivation of the tea plant in China, 1848-51; made a third visit to the same country, 1853-55. Has published the results of each of these journeys in separate works.

FOULD, ACHILLE, French Statesman.

Son of a

Jewish banker; born at Paris, 1800; entered the Chamber of Deputies, 1842; created a Senator by Napoleon, 1852; and subsequently became Minister of State.

FRANKLIN, LADY JANE. Widow of Sir John Franklin; born in London, 1803; married to Sir John Franklin, 1826; fitted out the "Prince

Albert," to be employed in search of her husband, at an expense to herself of £2,500, 1850; a second time, 1853; and the "Fox," in 1856, which was successful in bringing back memorials of the lost expedition. FREILIGRATH, FERDINAND, German Poet. Born in the principality of Lippe, 1810; compelled to leave Germany because of his political writings, 1844; has since that time resided in America and England. Some volumes of his poems have passed through as many as twenty editions. FREMONT, JOHN CHARLES, American Statesman. Born in Savannah, 1813; employed for some time as a teacher, about 1834; was a candidate for the Presidency, in opposition to Buchanan, 1857. Has received the Victoria medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, and a similar honour from Prussia, for his successful exploring expeditions in the region of the Rocky Mountains.

FRITH, WILLIAM POWELL, R.A., Painter. Born at Harrogate, in Yorkshire, where his father was an innkeeper, 1819; began his exhibitions at the Royal Academy, 1839; elected an A.R.A., for his "Village Pastor," 1845; R.A., 1853; exhibited his "Life at the Sea Side," 1846, which was purchased by the Queen; "Derby Day," 1858, which was sold for £3000; received a gold medal at the Paris Exhibition, 1855. Has recently undertaken to execute a picture representing "Life at a Railway Station," for which he is to receive above £9000 from a London picture-dealer.

FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD, A.R.A., Painter. Born at Wandsworth, Surrey, 1810; entered as a student of the Royal Academy, 1829; carried off the gold medal of the Royal Academy, by his "Prome

theus Bound," 1839; gained a cartoon prize of £100, at the Westminster Hall competition, 1843; elected an A.R.A., 1846.

Youngest

FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY, Historian. son of the Archdeacon of Totnes, in Devonshire; born, 1818; graduated at Oriel College, Oxford, 1840; obtained by his essay (English), the Chancellor's prize, 1842, and was the same year elected a Fellow of Exeter College; ordained as a deacon of the Church of England, 1845; retired from that office two years afterwards, without, however, separating from the communion of the Church, which he has never done; resigned his Fellowship, 1849. Author of "The Nemesis of Faith;" "The History of England," four volumes of which have appeared, containing the reign of Henry VIII., and the next two, embracing the reigns of Edward and Mary, are announced. Mr. F. is understood to have been recently appointed editor of "Frazer's Magazine."

GALT, ALEXANDER TILLOCH, Canadian Politician. Son of John Galt, the distinguished Scotch novelist; born at Chelsea, in London, 1817; began to contribute to "Frazer's Magazine," 1832; removed to Canada, and became a clerk in the service of the Canada Land Company, about 1834, and, by 1853, had attained the position of Commissioner; returned to the Colonial Parliament, 1849; appointed Inspector-General, or Minister of Finance, in the Macdonald-Cartier Administration, 1859.

GARIBALDI, JOSEPH, Italian General. Born at Nice, 1807; began his political career about 1830; made an attempt to raise rebellion in Savoy, in 1834, which was not successful; commanded a French coasting vessel for a short time, in 1835; employed in the naval service of the Bey of Tunis,

1835-36; proceeded to South America, and served the Banda Oriental Republic in its wars against Buenos Ayres, 1837-45; assisted the Italians in their struggle against Austria, 1848; defended Rome when besieged by the French, 1849; held a command in the Peruvian army, 1852 till 1854, when he returned to Europe; lived in retirement on the island of Caprera, 1855-59; commanded a body of volunteers in the war against Austria, 1859; was the principal actor in the revolution in Southern Italy, 1860; retired again to Caprera, on Victor Emmanuel assuming the government of Naples, November, 1860.

GASKELL, MRS. L. ELIZABETH. Born, 1822; married Rev. William Gaskell, a Unitarian Clergyman, in Manchester, 1843. Authoress of "Mary Barton," 1848; "Ruth," 1853; "North and South," 1855; "Life of Charlotte Bronté;" &c.

GASKELL, JAMES MILNES, M.P. for Wenlock. Son of the late B. Gaskell, Esq., M.P.; born, 1810; educated at Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford; was a Lord of the Treasury under Sir Robert Peel, 1841-46. Has represented Wenlock, in the conservative interest, since 1835.

GAVARNI, (PAUL CHEVALIER,) French Caricaturist. Born in poor circumstances at Paris, 1801; followed the occupation of machine-maker till about 1835, when he became an artist by profession; conducted successfully, for some years, "Les Gens du Monde;" has since contributed many sketches to the "Charivari," the French "Punch;" to the "Illustrated London News;" &c.

GAVAZZI, ALESSANDRO, Italian Patriot. Born at Bologna, 1809; ordained to the office of priest in the Catholic Church, 1825; was Professor of Rhetoric at Naples, for many years, during which