Wellesley, (first Lord Cowley); born, 1804; entered the diplomatic service as an attaché, 1824; became English Ambassador at the French Court, 1852. COWPER, RT. HON. WILLIAM FRANCIS. Brother of the 6th Earl Cowper, and stepson of Viscount Palmerston; born, 1811; a Lord of the Admiralty, 1846-52; President of the Board of Health, 1855-57; has been M.P. for Hertford, since 1835. Is in politics a liberal.

CRAIG, ISABELLA, Poetess. Born in poor circumstances in Edinburgh, 1836, and was early left an orphan; published a volume of poems, entitled "Poems by Isa," 1856, which had previously appeared in the "Scotsman" newspaper; removed to London and became connected with the "Englishwoman's Journal," 1857; gained the Crystal Palace prize of £50 for a poem on the "Burns' Centenary," 1859. Is one of the Lady Secretaries of the Society for the Promotion of Social Science. CRAIK, GEORGE LILLIE, LL.D., Author. Professor of English Literature in Queen's College, Belfast. Son of a schoolmaster in Fifeshire; born, 1798; educated for the Church at St. Andrews University, 1816-23; removed to London in 1824, and began his literary career; wrote the "Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties," and other works for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; assumed the editorship of the "Pictorial History of England," 1839; appointed Professor of History and English Literature in Queen's College, Belfast, 1849. Author also of "Sketches of the History of Literature and Learning in England," &c., 6 vols., a new edition of which is announced; History of British Commerce," 3 vols.; "Romance of the Peerage ;" &c., &c.

CRAWFORD, REV. THOMAS, D.D., Professor of

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Divinity in the University of Edinburgh, and one of the Deans of the Chapel Royal. Son of the late William Crawford, D.D., Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews; born 1812; ordained as minister of Cults, 1834; translated to Glammis, Forfarshire, 1838; and to the Collegiate charge of St. Andrews, Edinburgh, 1844; succeeded Principal Lee as Professor of Divinity in the Edinburgh University, 1859. Author of "Presbyterianism Defended," 1853; Presbytery or Prelacy," 1844; &c.; and is wellknown in Scotland as an accomplished theologian. CREASY, SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD, Historian, and Chief Justice of Ceylon. Born at Bexley, in Kent, 1812; became a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, 1834; called to the Bar, 1837; appointed Professor of History in University College, London, 1850; published "The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World," 1851; "The History of the Ottoman Turks," 1856; knighted and appointed Chief Justice of Ceylon, 1860.

CRESWICK, THOMAS, R.A., Landscape Painter. Born at Sheffield, 1811; elected A.R.A., 1842; R.A, 1851; is chiefly employed in furnishing designs for new publications.

CRUIKSHANK, GEORGE, Artist. Son of a Scottish artist; born in London, 1792; began his drawings on wood, and etchings on copper and steel, about 1810; illustrated for Mr. Hone," Oliver Twist," "Life in London," "The Bottle," &c. Has more recently exhibited oil paintings in the Royal Academy. CSILLAG, MDLLE. ROSA, Vocalist. Born at Pesth, Hungary, 1836; first engaged at the National Theatre of Pesth, 1846; acquired great celebrity in Vienna, about 1851; has since met with much success in Prussia, France, England, &c.

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CULLEN, PAUL, D.D., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Born in Ireland, 1805; lived in Italy for thirty years; succeeded Dr. Crolly as Archbishop of Armagh, 1850; transferred to Dublin, 1857. CUMMING, REV. JOHN, D.D., Divine. Born in Aberdeenshire, 1810; became minister of the Scotch Church, Covent Garden, London, 1833. Author of about 70 volumes of devotional and controversial works.

CUNNINGHAM, REV. JOHN, D.D. Born at Paisley, in Renfrewshire, in 1819; studied at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and obtained the highest honours in the Logic and Moral Philosophy Classes in Edinburgh, and also Professor Wilson's prize for the best English poem; licensed to preach the Gospel, in 1845; presented in the same year to the parish of Crieff, in Perthshire; received the degree of D.D., from the University of Edinburgh, 1860. Author of the "Church History of Scotland, from the Commencement of the Christian Era to the Present Century," &c.

CUNNINGHAM, PETER. Eldest son of Allan Cunningham the poet; born in London, 1816; appointed by Sir Robert Peel to a clerkship in the Audit Office, 1834; married a daughter of John Martin the eminent painter, 1842; promoted to a chief clerkship in the Audit department, 1854 ; published "Life of Drummond of Hawthornden," 1833; "The Handbook of London," 1849; "Modern London," 1851; "Letters of Horace Walpole," 1857; &c., &c. Has contributed to contemporary literature.

CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM, D.D., Principal of the New College, Edinburgh. Born at Hamilton, Lanarkshire, 1805; studied at the University of Edinburgh for the Church of Scotland, where he

greatly distinguished himself, 1821-29; ordained assistant and successor to Dr. Scott at Greenock, 1830; translated to Trinity College Church, Edinburgh, 1838; seceded from the Established Church, at the Disruption, and was one of the most active leaders of that movement, 1843; succeeded Dr. Chalmers as Principal of the New College, 1847; was moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church, 1859.

DALE, REV. THOMAS, Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral. Born in London, 1797; entered Christ's Hospital, 1805; graduated B.A. at Cambridge, 1817; M.A., 1826; became assistant preacher at St. Bride's, 1826; vicar of St. Bride's, 1835; was Professor of English Literature in the London University, 1828-30; in King's College, London, 1836-39; preferred to a canonry of St. Paul's, 1843; to the vicarage of St. Pancras, 1846, which he resigned, 1859. Author of a translation of Sophocles, 1824; "Sermons," 1830; "Sermons preached before the University of Cambridge," 1832-35.

DALLAS, GEORGE MIFFLIN, American Diplomatist. Born at Philadelphia, 1792; gained first-class honours at Princeton College, 1810; called to the bar, 1814, but entered the diplomatic service about the same time; elected Mayor of Philadelphia, 1829; sat in the senate for Pennsylvania, 1831-33; practised successfully as a lawyer, 1833-37; was ambassador at St. Petersburg, 1837-39; nominated to the Vice-Presidency of the Union, 1849; succeeded Mr. Buchanan as American Ambassador in London, 1856, which position he still holds. DANBY, FRANCIS, A.R.A., Landscape Painter. Born in Wexford county, 1793; removed with his father to Dublin, 1798; to England, 1820; brought himself into public notice by his "Sunset at Sea after a

Storm," exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1825; elected A.R.A., 1826; lived on the continent, 1829-40. Has resided at Exmouth since 1845. D'ANGELY, SAINT JAEN, Marshal of France. Son of the celebrated Regnault de Saint Jean D'Angely; born at Paris, 1794; served in the army under Napoleon I., 1810-15; raised to the rank of Brigadier-General, 1840; General, 1848; appointed to the command of the Imperial Guard, 1854; was created a Marshal for distinguishing himself at the battle of Magenta, May, 1859.

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DARWIN, CHARLES, F.R.S., Naturalist. Born about 1816; accompanied Captain Fitzroy in a voyage round the world, 1831-36, of which he published a narrative in 1839. Author of a work "On the Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs," 1842; Monograph on the Family Cirripeda," two vols. "The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection," 1859, which is to be followed by a more extensive treatise on the same subject. D'AUBIGNE, REV. JEAN HENRI MERLE, Swiss Theologian. Born at Geneva, 1794; educated at the Universities of Geneva and Berlin, 1812-18; preached at Hamburg and Brussels, 1820-30, when he returned to Geneva and became a Professor of church history in the Theological College, established by the Evangelical Society; received the freedom of the City of Edinburgh, 1856. Author of "A History of the Reformation of the 16th Century;" "The Protector (Cromwell), a Vindication;" "Germany, England, and Scotland;" &c. DAVID, FELICIEN, French Composer. Born in the department of Vaucluse, 1810; left an orphan in destitute circumstances, about 1815; produced his chief work, "The Desert," in 1844, containing 2000 pages of music. Many of his other compositions have attained great popularity.