tion," 8vo., 1853, 2nd edition, 1859; "Clinical Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Medicine," 8vo., 1856, 3rd edition, 1859; &c., &c. BENNOCH, FRANCIS, R.S.A., Poet. Born at Drumcrool, Dumfries-shire, 1812; removed to London, and became a clerk in a warehouse, 1828; began business on his own responsibility, 1837; is now the head of the firm of Bennoch, Twentymen, & Rigg; has been a councilman, and a deputy of a ward. Author of several volumes of poems. BERGHAUS, HENRY, a German Geographer. Born at Cleves, 1797; became a professor in the Academy of Architecture, Berlin, 1821; published his "Physical Atlas," at Gotha, 1837-43, which has been re-published in Edinburgh by A. K. Johnston, Esq., with alterations, and much additional matter. BERRYER, PIERRE ANTOINE, French politician. Born in Paris, 1790; called to the bar, 1812; defended Marshall Ney, 1815; the Duchess of Berri, 1833; Louis Napoleon, after his capture, 1840; opposed the coup d'état, 1851; became chief of the Faculty of Advocates in Paris, 1852; elected a member of the French Academy, 1854; defended Montalembert on his famous trial, 1857. Is generally considered the ablest of French pleaders at the bar.

BETHEL, SIR RICHARD, Q.C., and M.P. Son of a physician of Bristol; born, 1800; graduated at Wadham College, Oxford, 1818; called to the bar at the Middle Temple, 1823; became a Queen's Counsel, 1840; was M.P. for Aylesbury, 1851-9; returned for Wolverhampton, 1859, which he still represents; was Solicitor-General, 1852-56; Attorney-General, 1856-58; re-appointed, 1859. BINNEY, REV. THOMAS, Independent Minister. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1795; educated at the

Independent College at Wymondley; was, for some time, minister at Newport, Isle of Wight; called to be pastor of the Weigh House Chapel, London, 1829; has travelled in America and Australia. Author of "How to Make the Best of Both Worlds;" and other works.

BIOT, JEAN BAPTISTE, French Philosopher. Born at Paris, 1774; elected Professor of Natural Philosophy in the College of France, 1800; received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his researches on the polarization of light, 1840. Is a Commander of the Legion of Honour; a member of several learned societies; and author of many scientific works.

BLACKIE, JOHN STUART, A.M., Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh. Born in Glasgow in 1809, but was taken shortly afterwards to Aberdeen, where his father became agent for the Commercial Bank of Scotland; studied at the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, 1821-26; and at Theological Classes, 1826-29; continued his studies at Göttingen, Berlin, and Rome, 1829-31; called to the Scottish bar, 1834; reviewed German books for the Foreign Quarterly Review, and wrote many articles to "Blackwood," "Tait," and the "Westminster," 1834-41; appointed professor of Humanity in Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1841; elected to the chair of Greek in the University of Edinburgh, 1852, which he still occupies; travelled in Greece, and acquired a complete mastery over the modern Greek language, 1853. Author of an Italian work, published at Rome, 1831; a translation of Göthe's "Faust" into English verse; complete translation of "Eschylus," 1850, dedicated to Chevalier Bunsen; "The Pronunciation of Greek Accent and Quantity," 1852; "Lays and Legends of Ancient Greece," 1857; "On Beauty,"

a

1858; "Lyrical Poems," 1860; the articles, "Prussian Constitution," "Greece," &c., in the "Westminster Review;" "Prometheus Vinctus," "Homeric Theology," in the "Classical Museum;" "Eschylus" and "Homer," in the "Encyclopædia Britannica;"" Plato," in the "Edinburgh Essays;". besides many articles in the "North British Review," "Blackwood's Magazine," "MacKenzie's Biographical Dictionary," &c., &c.

BLACKWELL, MRS. ELIZABETH. Born at Bristol, about 1820; emigrated with her father to New York, 1827; began the study of medicine, 1843; took the degree of M.D. at Geneva College, New York, 1849; attended some of the hospitals in London and Paris about 1850; re-visited England, and delivered lectures, 1859. Has an extensive practice in New York.

BLANC, LOUIS, French Political Writer. Descended from a Corsican family; born at Madrid, 1813, where his father held a government situation; distinguished himself as a contributor to Paris journals as early as 1832; became editor of the "Bon Sens" newspaper, 1836; established "La Revue du Progrès," 1838; was assaulted, and nearly murdered, in the streets of Paris, for his political writings, 1839; contributed much, by his "History of Ten Years," (1830-40), to bring about the revolution of 1848; compelled to leave France and take refuge in London, 1848; refused to take advantage of the general amnesty, 1859. Is engaged on a History of the French Revolution," of which ten volumes have appeared.

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BONAPARTE, PRINCE LOUIS-LUCIEN. Second son of Lucien Bonaparte; born at Morngrove, Worcestershire, 1813; lived much of his early life in Italy; was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly,

1848, but did not take his seat. Author of several works on Chemistry. In 1857, he published the "Bonaparte Polyglott," being the Parable of the Sower, in 72 European languages and dialects.

BONAPARTE, PRINCE NAPOLEON JOSEPH CHARLES PAUL. Son of the late Jérome Bonaparte, and Princess Catherine of Würtemburg; born at Trieste, 1822; elected a member of the Constituent Assembly, 1848, and of the Legislative Assembly, 1850; held a command in the Crimea, 1854-5; appointed Minister of Algiers, 1858, a post he shortly afterwards resigned. Married the Princess Clotilde, daughter of Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia, 1859.

BONAR, HORATIUS, D.D., Minister of the Free Church of Kelso. Born in Edinburgh, 1808, where his father was Solicitor of Excise, and distinguished for his literary and classical attainments; educated at the High School and University of his native city; ordained to a Ministerial charge in Kelso, 1837; withdrew from the Established Church at the Disruption, 1843; received the degree of D.D., from King's College, Aberdeen. Author of "Prophetical Landmarks;" "Man, his Religion and World ;" "Hymns of Faith and Hope," which have reached a fifth edition; "The Desert of Sinai," 2 volumes, containing a narrative of a tour in Egypt, Arabia, and Palestine, in 1855-56; "The Land of Promise." Edited for many years the "Presbyterian Review;" afterwards the "Quarterly Journal of Prophecy;" and since 1859, the "Christian Treasury,' a religious periodical, which has a circulation of 30,000 copies.

BOSQUET, PIERRE FRANÇOIS JOSEPH, French Marshal. Born at Paris, 1810; studied at the

Polytechnic School, 1829-33; entered the Artillery, as a sub-lieutenant, 1833; proceeded with his regiment to Algiers, 1835; appointed a General of Brigade by the Republican Government, 1848; promoted to the rank of a General of Division in the Crimea, 1854; a Marshal of France, 1855; wounded at the taking of the Malakoff, September 8th, 1855; served with distinction in the War against Austria, 1859.

BOSWORTH, JOSEPH, D.D., LL.D., Anglo-Saxon Scholar. Born in Derbyshire, 1788; graduated at the University of Aberdeen; officiated as a Clergyman for several years in the English Church; received the degree of D.D., from the University of Oxford, 1857. Author of an "Anglo-Saxon Grammar," 1823; "Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language," 1838; and other kindred works. BOWRING, SIR JOHN, Author, Linguist, and Politician. Born at Exeter, 1792; became editor of the "Westminster Review," 1825; visited, in the service of the British Government, France, Italy, Syria, &c., 1834-35; sat in Parliament, 1835-37, and 1841-49; appointed British Consul at HongKong, 1849; became Governor of that Island 1854; instructed Admiral Seymour to bombard Canton, November, 1856, which is supposed to have led to his withdrawal in 1859. Author of " Decimal Coinage," 1853; "The Kingdom and People of Siam," 1857; "A Visit to the Philippines," 1857-8; and other works; besides translations of poetry from at least ten European languages.

BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS, Chemist. Born in London, 1788; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1809; obtained a situation in the Mint, 1825; received D.C.L. from Oxford, 1852. Author of a "Manual of Chemistry;" "Dictionary of Science, Literature and Art;" &c.