railways in England, France, Canada, and other countries; represented Norwich in the House of Commons, 1847-54; elected M.P. for Finsbury, May, 1859; created a baronet, 1855.

PHELPS, SAMUEL, Tragedian. Born at Devonport, 1806; made his first appearance on the stage at York theatre, 1828; became lessee of the Sadlers' Wells Theatre, 1844, which he still continues. Has edited an edition of Shakspeare.

PHILIP, JOHN, R.A., Painter. Born at Aberdeen,

1815; studied in London, at the expense of the late Lord Panmure, 1837-39; exhibited his celebrated picture, "Drawing for the Militia," at the Royal Academy, 1847; lived in Spain, owing to the weak state of his health, 1851–57; elected an Associate on his return from Spain, 1857; a Royal Academician, 1859. PICKERSGILL, FREDERICK RICHARD, R.A., Painter. Born in London, 1820; exhibited his first picture at the Royal Academy, 1840; obtained a prize for his cartoon, "Death of King Lear," at the Westminster competition, 1843; another, in 1847, for his "Burial of Harold;" elected A.R.A., 1847; R.A., 1857.

PILLANS, JAMES, Professor of Humanity in the University of Edinburgh. Born, 1778; educated at the High School of his native city, under Dr. Adam, and in the same class with Lords Brougham, and Cockburn, Francis Horner, Mountstuart, Elphinston, &c.; graduated at the University, and shortly afterwards became a private tutor at Eton; succeeded Dr. Adam as Rector of the High School of Edinburgh, 1809, which he continued till 1820, when he was elected to the Chair of Humanity. Author of "Contributions to the Cause of Education," 1856, containing his numerous

writings on educational subjects, collected into one large volume; also of two Classical Geographies, &c. PIUS IX., GIOVANNI MARIA MARTAI FERRETTI. Born at Ancona, 1792; nominated Archbishop of Spoleto, 1829; translated to Imola, 1832; gained much popularity by his visits of charity to the hos pitals and houses of the sick during the prevalence of cholera, 1836; raised to the dignity of a Cardinal, 1840, and, in the same year, to be Archbishop of Imola; elected to the Papacy, June 16th, 1846, on the death of Pope Gregory XVI.; escaped from Rome, in the disguise of a footman, during the revolutionary disturbances of 1848; returned to Rome, after living eighteen months at Gaëta, April, 1850; ratified the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, 1854; deprived of the greater part of his temporal possessions by their annexation to the kingdom of Sardinia, 1860.

PLAYFAIR, LYON, Ph.D., C.B., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. Born in Bengal, 1819, but belongs to a family of respectability at St. Andrews, Fifeshire; entered the University of Glasgow, after a short period of study at St. Andrews, 1834; was employed in India, 1835-36; studied chemistry at Giessen, under Liebig, 1838-39, and obtained the degree of Ph. D.; became Professor of Chemistry in the Royal Institution, in Manchester, 1844; was subsequently a Commissioner for reporting on the sanitary conditions of large towns; Inspector-General of Museums of Science; a Special Commissioner of the Great Exhibition of 1851; Joint-Secretary to the Department of Science and Art; elected successor to Dr. W. Gregory, as Professor of Chemistry, in the University of Edinburgh, 1858; was President of the Section of Chemical Science, at the Aberdeen meeting of the British Association, 1859.

POOLE, PAUL, FALCONER, R.A. Painter. Born at Bristol, 1810; exhibited his first picture at the Academy, 1830; elected A.R.A., 1846; gained a second class prize of £300 by his oil picture, "Edward the Third's Generosity to the People of Calais," at the Westminster Exhibition, 1847; elected R.A., February, 1861.

PORTUGAL, PEDRO V., King of

Born September,

1837; succeeded to the crown on the death of his mother, Queen Donna Maria, in 1853, under the regency of his father, Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; attained his majority, 1855; married a German Princess, 1857, who died in 1859, leaving no children.

PRINSEP, HENRY THOBY, Indian Politician. Son of a late Alderman of London; born, 1790; educated at Haileybury College; commenced his career in India as a clerk in the civil service, 1809; became officiating Secretary to the Government, in the Judicial Department, 1822; elected a Director, 1850; member of the New Council, 1858. Is one of the best of living Persian scholars.

PULSZKY, FERENCZ AUREL, Hungarian Politician. Born, 1814; elected to the Hungarian Diet, 1839; took part in the rebellion of 1848, and had, subsequently, to leave the country; settled in London, after visiting America in company with Kossuth, 1852. Author of several works in English and German, and contributes to English periodical literature.

PUSEY, THE REV. EDWARD BOUVERIE, D.D., Divine, and Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford. Son of the late Hon. Philip Bouverie; born, 1800; graduated, and was first class in classics, at Christ Church, Oxford, 1822; became Canon of Christ's Church Cathedral, 1828, and, in

the same year, Regius Professor of Hebrew; suspended from preaching for remarks upon the doctrine of transubstantiation, 1843-44. Author of several of the "Puseyite Tracts," published 1831-41; and is understood to be engaged upon a "Commentary on the Bible."

PYNE, JAMES B., Vice-President of the Society of British Artists. Born at Bristol, 1800; educated for the law; commenced his professional career as an artist, about 1838; exhibited several pictures in the Exhibition at Paris, 1855. Has been VicePresident of the Society of British Artists for several years.

RAFFLES, REV. THOMAS, D.D., LL.D., Minister of Great George Street Independent Chapel, Liverpool. Son of a Solicitor in London; born, 1788; prepared for the ministry at the Homerton College, near London, 1805-9; was pastor of a Congregational Chapel at Hammersmith, London, 1809-12; succeeded the Rev. W. Spencer, as minister of Great George Street Chapel, Liverpool, 1812. Author of a volume of "Church Hymns;" "Life of Rev. Thomas Spencer," which has passed through many editions; "Letters during a Tour in France; "Lectures on Religion," 2 vols. ; and other works. Retired from the duties of the pulpit, December, 1860. RAMSAY, VERY REV. EDMUND BANNERMAN, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.E. Fourth son of the late Sir Alexander Ramsay, Bart., of Balmain; born, 1793; studied and graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge; became Incumbent of St. John's, Edinburgh, 1830; Dean of the diocese, 1838; elected a VicePresident of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1859; received, in the same year, the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Edinburgh. Author of a "Manual of Catechizing," 8th edition, 1860;

"Memoir of Sir James G. Smith;"

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Twelve Advent Sermons; "Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character," which has passed through eight editions in two years, besides two editions in America ; "Diversities of Christian Character;" "Diversities of Faults in Christian Believers;" &c.

RAMSAY, WILLIAM, M.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow. Son of Sir William Ramsay, Bart., of Banff; born 1806; graduated in first-class honours at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1830; was interim Professor of Mathematics at the University of Glasgow, 1829-31, when he was elected to the Chair of Humanity. Author of "A Treatise on Latin Poetry;" " A Manual of Roman Antiquities;" and was and was a leading contributor to Dr. Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," and the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography."

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RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE, Author and Diplomatist. Born at Chaddington, Oxfordshire, 1810; entered the military service of the East India Company, 1826; was employed in Bengal, 1826-33, and in the army of the Shah of Persia, 1833-39; translated during this period the "Bekistun Inscription;" was British Consul at Bagdad, 1843-55; nominated a Director of the East India Company, 1856, and on the passing of the India Bill, was chosen as one of the New Council, Nov. 1858; appointed Minister Plenipotentiary in Persia, 1859. REDGRAVE, RICHARD, R.A., Painter. Born in London, 1804; became a student in the Royal Academy, 1826; elected A.R.A., 1840; R.A., 1851. appointed Surveyor of Crown Pictures, on the death of Mr. Urwins, 1857; and is InspectorGeneral of Art Schools.