visited Queen Victoria, April, 1855; narrowly escaped assassination by Orsini and his accomplices, 1858; commanded his forces engaged in Italy against the Austrians, 1859, and gained the battles of Magenta and Solferino. Has one son, Napoleon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph, born March 16th, 1856. NASMYTH, JAMES, Practical Engineer, and inventor of the steam hammer, and steam pile driver. Son of a landscape painter of eminence; born in Edinburgh, 1808; educated at the High School and University of his native city; was a private workman in London for several years; commenced a small engineering establishment in Manchester, 1834; retired from active business to devote himself to science, 1856. NEWCASTLE, HENRY PELHAM CLINTON, DUKE OF. Born, 1811; educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; entered Parliament as Lord Lincoln, for South Nottinghamshire, 1832; became chief Secretary for Ireland, 1846; succeeded to the Dukedom on the death of his father, 1851; was Secretary at War in Lord Aberdeen's Government, 1852-55; Secretary for the Colonies under Lord Palmerston, 1859, which he still continues.

NEWDEGATE, CHARLES NEWDEGATE, M.P. Born, 1816; educated at Christ Church, Oxford; entered Parliament for North Warwickshire, 1843, which he still represents. Holds conservative views, and is well known for his unceasing opposition to the Maynooth Grant.

NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM. Son of a banker in London; born in 1805; educated at a private school, at Ealing, and at Worcester College, Oxford, where he obtained first-class honours, 1826; deprived of a Fellowship for refusing to sign the thirty-nine articles, 1830; travelled in the East,

1830-33; became classical tutor in Bristol College, 1834; was Professor of Classics in Owen's College, Manchester, 1840-46, when he was appointed Professor of Latin in University College, London. Author of "A State Church not Defensible," 1846; "Phases of Faith," 1850; "Lectures on Political Economy;""The Soul-her Sorrows and Aspirations; and other works. Contributes to the "Westminster," and other Reviews.

NEWMAN, REV. JOHN HENRY, D.D. Brother of the preceding; born in London, 1801; graduated B.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1820; elected to a Fellowship, 1822; appointed Vice-Principal of Alban Hall, by Dr. Whately, 1825; obtained the vicarage of St. Mary's, Oxford, 1843; seceded from the English Church, and was admitted into the Communion of the Roman Catholic Church, 1845; appointed Principal of the Catholic College, Dublin, 1852, a position which he has since resigned. Wrote the greater proportion of the famous " Oxford Tracts," which appeared between 1833 and 1841.

NICOL, JAMES, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. Born at Purquair Manse, Peebleshire; studied at the University of Edinburgh, 1827-35, and subsequently at Berlin; appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Geological Society, London, and editor of the Society's Journal, 1847; elected Professor of Geology in the Queen's College, Cork, 1849; Professor of Civil and Natural History in Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1853. Author of "An Account of Ireland," 1840; "Guide to the Geology of Scotland," 1844; "Manual of Mineralogy," 1847; "Geological Map of Europe" (in conjunction with Sir R. J. Murchison), 1855; "Elements of Mineralogy," 1858; "Geological Map of Scotland," 1858; and of various communications to

the "Transactions" of the British Association, the Geological Society of London; and to Scientific and other periodicals.

NIEPCE, DE SAINT VICTOR, Photographer. Born near Chalons, in France, 1805; discovered a valuable method of dyeing, while a private in the army; discovered, also, the process of photographing steel plates, 1853; the art of photographing glass, 1856. Author of Photographic Researches," eight volumes, forming a collected edition of his scientific writings.

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NIGHTINGALE, MISS FLORENCE, Philanthropist. Daughter of William Those Nightingale, Esq., of Embly Park, Hampshire; born at Florence, 1820; visited many of the hospitals and reformatory institutions throughout England, 1840 to 1850, when she became a voluntary nurse in the Kaiserwerth nurse-training institution, Düsseldorf; superintended a staff of voluntary nurses that went out to the Crimea, for the purpose of attending to the sick and wounded soldiers, 1855–56.

NOEL, THE HON. AND REV. BAPTIST WRIOTHSLEY, M.A., Baptist Minister. Third son of Sir Gerard Noel Noel, Bart., and brother to the Earl of Gainsborough; born, 1799; educated at the University of Cambridge; seceded from the English Church, after being many years incumbent of St. John's, (a chapel-of-ease), Bedford Row, 1849; has been pastor of the Baptist Chapel, Bedford Row, since that time. Author of an Essay on the Union of Church and State," 1848, which contains his reasons for separating from the English Church; &c. NORMANBY, CONSTANTINE HENRY PHIPPS, Marquis of, Diplomatist. Born, May, 1797; educated at Harrow School, and at the University of Cambridge; elected M.P. for Scarborough, in the

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Whig interest, 1818; for Higham Ferrars, 1822; succeeded to the earldom, 1831; was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 1835-39; created a Marquis, 1838; was Home Secretary, 1839-41; British Ambassador at Paris, 1846-52. Author of several novels now forgotten.

NORTON, THE HON. MRS. CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH, Poetess. Grand-daughter of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and sister of the present Duchess of Somerset; born, 1808; lived chiefly in early life under the care of her mother at Hampton Court; published several poetical pieces about 1826; married the Hon. George Chapple Norton, a son of the late Lord Grantley, 1827. Authoress of a volume of" Poems," 1829; "The Dream, and other Poems," 1840; "Aunt Carry's Ballads," 1840; "A Voice from the Factories," 1847; and other minor works. Contributes largely to periodical literature.

O'BRIEN, WILLIAM SMITH, Irish Agitator. Descended from the ancient Kings of Munster; born at Dromoland, 1803; educated at the University of Cambridge; elected M.P. for Ennis, 1830; for Limerick, 1835; tried to excite an insurrectionary movement in Ireland, in 1848, for which he was apprehended, and condemned to death in October of the same year, a sentence which was commuted to transportation for life; allowed to escape from banishment, 1856, when he again returned to Ireland.

O'DONNELL, LEOPOLD, Duke of Tetuan, Spanish Marshal. Descended from an Irish family; was born, 1808; commanded the main army of the Queen, in the civil war in Spain, 1838-39; appointed Governor of Cuba, on obtaining the downfall of the Regency of Espartero, 1843; became President of the Council, 1856; was

Prime Minister of Spain, and, at the same time, Commander-in-Chief of the Spanish forces employed against Morocco, 1859; created Duke of Tetuan, for his services in Morocco, 1860.

OLIPHANT, LAWRENCE, Author and Traveller. Son of Sir Anthony Oliphant, of Perthshire, late Chief Justice of Ceylon; born, 1831; educated chiefly in England; published "A Journey to Katmandoo," about 1847; called to the Scottish bar, after studying at the University of Edinburgh, 1852; made a tour in Russia, 1852, which he described in "The Russian Shores of the Black Sea," 1853; became private secretary to Lord Elgin, and travelled in America, 1853-54; travelled again in Southern Russia, 1855-56; attended Lord Elgin, in his mission to China, 1857-59; appointed secretary of Legation in Japan, January, 1861. Author, also, of "Minnesota ;" "The Trans-Caucasian Provinces, &c.;" and a "Narrative of Lord Elgin's Mission to China," 1860.

O'NEIL, HENRY, A.R.A. Born of British parents at St. Petersburg, 1817; brought to England to obtain his education, 1823; became a student of the Royal Academy, 1837; exhibited his first picture at the Academy, 1839; elected A.R.A., 1860.

OUTRAM, GENERAL SIR JAMES, G.C.B., Military Officer. Born at Butterly Hall, Derbyshire, 1805; educated at Aberdeen; entered the army as a cadet, 1819; was successively Commissioner at Upper Scinde, Resident at Hyderabad, and at Lucknow ; commanded the British expedition to Persia, 1856; distinguished himself by his efforts to suppress the Indian rebellion, 1857-58; presented with the freedom of the city of London, December, 1860. OWEN, REV. J. B., M.A., Rector of St. Jude's, Chelsea, and Lecturer of Wapping. Born at