Presbytery of Linlithgow, 1836; started about the same time the "Presbyterian Review," and continued while it existed to be a frequent contributor; published his "History of the Church of Scotland," 2 vols., 1841, of which seven editions have been sold; withdrew from the Established Church at the Disruption, 1843; translated to St. Andrews, 1844; edited the "Free Church Magazine,' 1844-48; called to be pastor of St. Paul's, Edinburgh, 1848; appointed to the Professorship by the unanimous voice of the General Assembly, 1857. Author also of "The History of the Westminster Assembly;" numerous contributions to Literary and Theological Reviews, &c.

HILL, SIR ROWLAND, Originator of the Cheap Postage System. Born in humble circumstances at Kidderminster, 1795; supported himself as private tutor for some years; appointed Secretary to the South Australian Commission, 1833; published some pamphlets, on post office reform, about 1837; witnessed the introduction of his plan of penny postage, 1840; became Chairman of the Brighton Railway Company, 1843; received a public gift of £13,000, for his efforts on behalf of the Cheap Postage System, 1844; appointed Secretary to the Post-master General, 1846; sole Secretary, 1854; was knighted for his services to the public, 1860. HIND, JOHN RUSSELL, Astronomer. Son of a lace manufacturer at Nottingham; born, 1823; became assistant to a civil engineer, 1840; obtained a situation in the Greenwich Observatory, 1842; appointed to the management of Bishop's observatory, Regent's Park, 1844, where he still remains; discovered ten planets between 1847 and 1854; is in receipt of a government pension of £200 for his services to science. Author of "An Astrono

mical Vocabulary;" "The Solar System;" "An Account of all Recent Discoveries;" "Comets, a Descriptive Treatise," &c.

HOFFMAN, A., Ph.D., Chemist. Born in Germany, 1798; studied chemistry under Liebig; appointed superintendent of the College of Chemistry, London, 1845; succeeded Mr. Thomas Graham as chemist to the Mint, 1855. Author of several works on chemical subjects.

HOFFMAN, CHARLES FENNO, American Poet. Born at New York, 1806; practised at the Bar, 1828-31; published "A Vigil of Faith," and other Poems, 1842, &c.

HOLLAND, WILLIAM III., King of. Born, 19th February, 1817; succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, William II., 17th March, 1849; married a daughter of William I., King of Würtemburg, 1839; has two sons, viz., William, Prince of Orange, born, 1840, and Prince Alexander, born, 1851.

HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, M.D., F.R.S., Physician in Ordinary to the Queen. Born at Knutsford, Cheshire, 1788; graduated M.D., at Edinburgh, 1811; became Physician in Ordinary to Prince Albert, 1840; Physician in Ordinary to the Queen, 1852; knighted, 1853. Author of "Medical Notes and Reflections," &c.

HOOKER, JOSEPH DALTON, Botanist. Son of Sir William Jackson Hooker, the distinguished botanist; born at Halesworth, Suffolk, 1817; graduated M.D. at the University of Glasgow, about 1839; was Assistant-Surgeon to the ship Erebus, of Sir James Ross's Antarctic expedition, 1839-43; employed in a botanical tour to the Himalayas 1847-51; became Assistant-Director of the Royal

Gardens at Kew, 1855. Author of "Flora Antaritica;" "Himalayan Journals;" "Flora Indica ;" &c.

HORNE, RICHARD HENRY, Dramatist. Born, 1807; studied at the Military College of Sandhurst. Author of the "Death of Marlowe ;" and of other plays, &c.; contributions to the "Westminster Review," "Frazer's Magazine," &c. Is at present in Australia, and holds an appointment as gold commissioner.

Has

HORSLEY, JOHN COLCOTT, A.R.A. Born in London, 1817; gained a prize of £200 at the Westminster competition, by his cartoon of "St. Augustine Preaching," 1843; elected A. R. A., 1855. executed frescoes for the House of Lords. HORSMAN, RIGHT HON. EDWARD, M.P. for Stroud. Born in Scotland, 1807; educated at Rugby; called to the Scottish bar, 1839; represented Cockermouth, 1836-52; and Stroud since 1853. Was a Lord of the Treasury from June to September, 1841; Chief Secretary for Ireland under the Palmerston administration, 1855-57. Has recently passed over from the Liberal to the Conservative side of the House.

HOUSSAYE, ARSENE, French Writer. Born near Laon, 1815; began his literary career by two romances, 1835; appointed manager of the Comedie Française, 1849; resigned that office on the death of his wife, 1856. Author of poems, plays, romances, criticisms, and is principal editor of "L'Artiste" newspaper.

HOWITT, WILLIAM, Litterateur. Son of a small proprietor, at Heanor, Derbyshire; born, 1795; married Miss Mary Botham, a Quaker lady of Utoxeter, and is well known as an authoress, 1823; published, in conjunction with his wife, "Forest

Minstrel," and other Poems, 1822; "Book of the Seasons,' a poem, 1831; "Colonization," 1835; &c., &c. Removed to Heidelberg for the education of his family, 1840; started "Howitt's Journal," 1847; travelled in Australia, 1852-54; published on his return, "Land, Labour, and Gold," 1855. Is engaged at present in writing "Cassell's Illustrated History of England," of which four volumes have been published. Author of a great number

of other works.

HUC, ABBE, French Missionary Priest. Born at Toulouse, 1813; embarked for China, 1839; travelled and lived in China and Tartary till 1852; in India, 1852-53; published on his return to France, "Annals of the Propagation of the Faith in China;" "Travels in Tartary, Tibet, and China;" "The Chinese Empire and Christianity in China;" all of which have been translated into the English language.

HUGO, VICTOR MARIE, VICOMTE, French Dramatic Poet, and Romance Writer. Son of a distinguished French general; born at Besançon, 1802; spent his early years in Italy; returned to Paris, 1809; educated at the College Cordier, 1813-19; published "Irtamine," a tragedy, 1817; carried off the first prize for poetry at the Academy of Floral Fêtes, at Toulouse, 1820 and 1822; published "Odes and Ballads," 1822; Cromwell," a play, 1827; "Orientals," a poem, 1828; "Notre Dame de Paris," 1831, which is his best dramatic production; created a peer of France, 1845; elected by the city of Paris for the National Assembly, 1848; expelled from France at the coup d'état, 1851; lived in Jersey, 1851-56; refused to take advantage of the general amnesty offered by the Emperor, 1859. Resides in Guernsey.

HUGO, FRANCIS VICTOR, French Writer. Son of the above; born in Paris, 1829; assisted his father in editing a paper, 1848-51, when he was exiled along with him; resided in Jersey, till 1856; and afterwards at Guernsey. Published "The Island of Jersey, its Monuments and its History," 1857; a translation of "Shakspeare's Sonnets," 1857; &c. HUNT, ROBERT, F.R.S., Author. Born at Devonport, 1807; followed the medical profession for some years as an assistant to a Surgeon; was Secretary to the Cornwall Polytechnic Institution, 1835-40; has been keeper of the Mining Records in the Museum of Practical Geology for many years. Author of "Researches on Light;" "The Poetry of Science;" "Manual of Photography;" "Mineral Statistics;" and other works.

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HUNT, THORNTON, Author. Son of the late Leigh Hunt; born, 1810; edited for some time the Glasgow Argus" newspaper; has been connected with the London Press since 1840; and is at present understood to be chief editor of the "Spectator." Author of the "Foster Brothers," &c.

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HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN, Painter. Born in London, 1827; studied at the Royal Academy; exhibited his first picture, Hark," 1846; a scene from "Woodstock," 1847; from Keat's "St. Agnes," 1848; from Lytton's "Rienzi," 1849; connected himself with the new school of painters, called the "Pre-Raphael Brethren," 1850; produced in his new style "Awakened Conscience," 1854; "Light of the World," 1854; "Saviour in the Temple," 1858; &c.

HURLSTONE, FREDERICK YEATES, Painter. Born in London, 1801; completed his studies at the Royal Academy, 1820; exhibited his first picture, 1821;