communications of so trustworthy a character, as to render the facts procured in this manner unfailingly accurate. Throughout, the utmost care has been taken to avoid errors and inaccuracies of every kind, in order that, as a handbook of reference, it may at once gain the reputation of completeness and reliability. When any doubt was entertained about important particulars, reference was made to the individuals themselves, that they might verify the information which we had obtained, or supply what was correct, and, in nearly every instance, our communications have been attended to. But it can scarcely be expected that a volume, including so large a collection of facts, names, and dates, can, on its first appearance, be entirely free from imperfections that may partake in certain cases of the character of errors. Communications (addressed to the Editor, care of the Publishers), pointing out any of these, and supplying the proper information, will ensure their correction in subsequent editions. February, 1861. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME. A.R. A.-Associate of the Royal Academy. BART.-Baronet. B.D.-Bachelor of Divinity. C.B.-Companion of the Order of the Bath. D.C.L.-Doctor of Civil Law. F.A.S.-Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. F.S.A.-Fellow of the Society of Arts. G.C.B.-Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath. H.R.H.-His, or Her, Royal Highness. K.C.B.-Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. K.G.-Knight of the Order of the Garter. K.T.-Knight of the Order of the Thistle. KNT.-Knight. M.P.-Member of Parliament. M.R.C.S.--Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. M.R.C.S.E.-Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh. M.R.I.A.-Member of the Royal Irish Academy. R.A.-Royal Academician. R.N.-Royal Navy. R.S.A.-Royal Scottish Academician. RT. HON.-Right Honourable. U.S.-United States. ANNALS OF EMINENT LIVING INDIVIDUALS. ABBOTT, REV. JACOB, American Writer and Congregational Minister. Born in the State of Maine, 1803; graduated at Bowdoin College, 1820. Author of a large number of juvenile works, many of which have been reprinted in this country. ABBOTT, REV. JOHN S. C., Congregational Minister, and brother of the preceding. Born, 1805. Author of "Kings and Queens;" the "History of Napoleon Bonaparte;" and many other historical and biographical works. ABD-EL-KADER, Algerine Chief. Born near Mascara, 1807; made a pilgrimage to Mecca about 1826; joined his father in heading an insurrection of Arabs against the French, 1832; became, by treaty with the French, Emir of Oran, with Mascara for his capital, 1834. Defeated the French at Macta, June 28th, 1835; submitted to the terms of the Treaty of Tafna, May 3rd, 1837; was defeated, after having joined his forces with those of the Emperor of Morocco, by General Bugeaud, 1844; compelled to surrender himself a prisoner to General Lamoricière, 1847; imprisoned in France from 1847 till the proclamation of the empire in 1852. Has resided chiefly in Asia Minor since 1853. Received the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, for his efforts to save the Christians at Damascus, 1860. B ABOUT, EDMUND FRANCIS VALENTIN, French writer. Born at Dreuze, in Meurthe, 1828; obtained firstclass honours in the philosophical classes of the College of Charlemagne, 1848; became a professor at Athens, 1850; returned to Paris, 1852, and has since published many well-known works. ADAM, JEAN VICTOR, French Painter. Born in Paris, 1801. Has gained gold medals at Lisle, Douay, and Paris. ADAMS, JOHN COUCH, Astronomer. Born in humble circumstances, near Bodmin, in Cornwall, 1819; graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, 1843; demonstrated the existence of the planet, Neptune, in 1846, but was behind M. Le Verrier in discovering it; received the Copley medal of the Royal Society, 1848; elected President of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1851; became Professor of Mathematics in the University of St. Andrews, 1858. AGASSIZ, LOUIS, Naturalist. Born at Moitiers, in Switzerland, where his father was a Protestant Clergyman, 1802; studied at the Universities of Zürich, Heidelberg, and Münich; was Professor of Natural Philosophy at Neuchatel for several years. previous to 1846; became Professor of Natural History in the Lawrence School of Science, 1848. Author of "Fossil Fish in Scotland," 1834; "Natural History of the Fresh-water Fish of Europe," 1839; Types of Mankind," 1854; "Bibliographia Zoologia et Geologica," 1855. Is engaged at present upon "The Geology of the United States," of which two volumes have been published. Has been Professor of Comparative Anatomy in the University of Charleston since 1854. 66 AINSWORTH, WILLIAM HARRISON, Novelist. Son |