1617, and soon afterwards he was made lord chancellor, Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans. He was accused of corruption, and was impeached by the Commons; he made a full confession, and was deprived of his office. His greatest work is the "Novum Organum." He also wrote "Wisdom of the Ancients," "History of Henry VII.," "Felicities of Queen Elizabeth." Died at Highgate in 1626 A.D. CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE: born at Canterbury in 1563 A.D.; an eminent English dramatist. His principal plays are "Tamburlaine the Great," "Edward the Second," "The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus," also the "Jew of Malta." He published translations from Ovid, Lucan and other Latin writers; died in 1593 a.d. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: was born at Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, in 1564 A.D. The greatest modern dramatic poet. He gained an honorable position as an actor, play writer and shareholder in the Blackfriars and afterwards in the Globe Theatre; he enjoyed the patronage of Queen Elizabeth and James I. He wrote thirtysix plays between 1591 and 1614, although the exact dates of publication of only few are known. He also wrote sonnets and tales. He died at Stratford in 1616 A.D. Among his finest tragedies are "Romeo and Juliet," "King Lear," "Macbeth," "Othello," and "Hamlet;" his best comedies are "Midsummer Night's Dream," "Merchant of Venice," and "As you Like It."

ROBERT DEVEREUX (EARL OF ESSEX): born in 1567 A.D.; accompanied the Earl of Leicester to Holland, where he behaved with much bravery at the battle of Zutphen. He was made Earl Marshal of England, and, on the death of Lord Burleigh, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Beheaded in 1601 A.D.

SIR HENRY WOTTON: was born at Boughton Hall in Kent in 1568; diplomatist and political writer; became secretary to the Earl of Essex, whom he accompanied on his expedition to Spain and into Ireland. Author of "Elements of Architecture," the "State of Christendom," a 66 Survey of Education," and poems, -a collection of which was published by Isaac Walton, under the title of "Reliquiæ Wottonianæ." He died 1639 a.d.

WILLIAM TYNDALE: born 1580 A.D. He translated Erasmus' "Euchiridion Militis Christiani" and the Bible into English. Burned at Augsburg, near Antwerp, 1536 A.D.

Stuart Period.

SIR THOMAS BODLEY: was born at Exeter in 1544 A.D. Employed as an ambassador by Queen Elizabeth; is chiefly remembered for having built the Bodleian Library at Oxford; knighted by James I.; died 1612 A.D.

SIR EDWARD COKE: born at Mileham in Norfolk in 1549 A.D.; he was called to the bar in 1578. In 1592 he became Solicitor-General and two years afterwards Attorney-General; Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and seven years after of the King's Bench. His

works consist of the first, second, third and fourth "Institutes," the fourth being the well known work "Coke upon Littleton," treatises on copyholds and fines, and his valuable "Reports." Reports." He died in 1632 A.D. ROBERT CECIL (EARL OF SALISBURY): born 1550 A.D.; was the second son of Lord Burleigh, minister of Queen Elizabeth; first assistant and then successor of secretary Walsingham. He became first minister, on the death of his father, in 1598; held the office of Lord High Treasurer under James I.; died 1612 A.D.

WILLIAM CAMDEN: born in London in 1551 A.D.; chief of Westminster School; a celebrated antiquary; he wrote the "Britannia," "Annals of Queen Elizabeth," "A Greek Grammar;" died 1623 A.D.

GEORGE ABBOT: born at Guildford in Surrey in 1562 A.D.; Archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He became successively Dean of Winchester, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University, and Primate of all England in 1610 A.D. Author of several theological works, and was one of the eight divines who, in 1604, by the order of James I., made the translation of the Bible now in use.

SIR ROBERT BRUCE COTTON, BARONET: a distinguished antiquary; founder of the Cottonian Library; was born at Denton in Huntingdonshire in 1570 A.D.; wrote several works; died in 1631 a.d. BEN JONSON: born at Westminster in 1574 A.D.; was the posthumous son of a clergyman; his stepfather was a bricklayer and taken by him and employed in his trade; Shakespeare performed in one of his pieces. In 1598 he produced his earliest comedy, "Every Man in his Humour." In 1619 he was appointed poet-laureate. His principal plays are "Sejanus," "Volpone," "Epicene" and "The Alchemist." Died in 1637 a.d.

ROBERT BURTON: born in 1576 A.D.; an English divine. Author of "The Anatomy of Melancholy." His book contains an immense compilation of quotations on various topics. Died 1640 A.D. WILLIAM HARVEY: the distinguished physician; discovered the circulation of the blood; was born at Folkestone in 1578 A.D. His great discovery was published, in 1628, in the treatise entitled "Exercitatio de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis;" he was also author of "Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium," besides other works. Died 1658 A.D.

EDWARD HERBERT (LORD CHERBURG): an English Philosopher, born in 1581 A.D. at Montgomery Castle. His principal work is entitled "Tractatus de Veritate;" he also wrote "De Religione Gentilium," his own "Memoirs," and a "Life of Henry VIII." Died 1648 A.D.

FRANCIS BEAUMONT born 1585, died 1615 ( dramatic poets; wrote JOHN FLETCHER born 1576, died 1625

plays conjointly; fiftytwo in all.

PHILIP MASSINGER: was a distinguished dramatist; born at Salisbury in 1585 A.D.; only eighteen of his plays are extant, among which are "The Virgin Martyr," "The Duke of Milan,' "The Maid of Honour," "A New Way to Pay Old Debts," "The City Woman." He died in 1640 a.d.

WILLIAM DRUMMOND: born at Hawthornden in 1586 A.D.; Scotch poet; studied civil law at Bourges, but he devoted himself to poetry and polite literature; his poems abound with tenderness and delicacy; died in 1649 A.D.

ROBERT HERRICK: lyric poet; born 1597 A.D.; he obtained, in 1629, the vicarage of Dean Prior, in Devonshire; died 1674 A.D.

JOHN MILTON, the great English poet, was born in London 1608 A.D.; educated at St. Paul's School and Cambridge. In February, 1649, he was appointed Latin Secretary to the Council of State, and afterwards to Cromwell. His principal works are "Paradise Lost," for which he received only 51., "Paradise Regained," also "Comus," “L'Allegro,” “Il Penseroso," "Lycidas," "Sonnets," and Latin and Italian poems. Among his principal prose works are "Prelatical Episcopacy," "Eikonoclastes," "Apology for Smectymus," "Treatise on Education. He was blind when he wrote his "Paradise Lost." Died in Bunhill Row, London, November 8th, 1674 a.d.

SIR JOHN SUCKLING: poet and courtier; born at Whitton in Middlesex in 1609 a.d. His writings consist of letters, plays and poems; died in 1641 A.D.

JEREMY TAYLOR: Bishop of Down and Connor, and one of the most illustrious divines of the seventeenth century; born at Cambridge in 1613 A.D.; his principal works are: "Discourse of the Liberty of Prophesying," "Holy Living and Holy Dying," "Discourse of the Nature, Offices and Measures of Friendship," "Ductor Dubitantium, or Rule of Conscience in all her General Measures," "Deus Justificatus," &c.; died 1667 a.D.

ROBERT BOYLE: a distinguished natural philosopher; born at Lismore, in 1626 A.D.; one of the first members of the "Royal Society;" he enjoyed the friendship of Charles II., James II. and William III.; died 1691 A.D.

(To be continued.)

CHAPTER IV.

THE QUESTIONS ASKED AT THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION HELD ON THE 10TH AND 11TH DAYS OF MAY, 1871, WITH THE ANSWERS.

Candidates were requested to write an essay, not less than two pages in length, on one of the following subjects:

(1.) On the power of mystery.

(2.) On the liberty of the press.

(3.) Utilitarianism.

(4.) On some incident of travel or other personal adventure.
(5.) On the lessons to be gathered by England from the late war
between France and Germany.

(6.) Your course of study.

(7.) How small of all that human hearts endure

That part which laws or kings can cause or cure.

II. English Language.

The English language is derived mainly from the AngloSaxon; also from Greek and Latin, with their modern representatives, French, Italian and Spanish. There are words also derived from the Keltic, Norse, Hebrew, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, Malay, Dutch, &c.

Anglo-Saxon forms ths; Latin ths, and the remaining languages together compose th.

The Latin element historically falls into four classes :-
First. Words belonging to Julius Cæsar and his successors to
the close of the Roman rule in Britain.

Secondly. Words introduced by Augustine and his successors,
in the period of the Christian Saxons.

Thirdly. Those belonging to an interval between the battle of Hastings and the revival of letters.

Fourthly. Those introduced from the revival of letters to the present time.

Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, preceded by a short vowel, double the final consonant before a syllable beginning with a vowel: as confer, conferred; expel, expelled. If the accent be not on the last syllable the final consonant remains single: as offer, offered.

Exceptions: apparelled, gravelled, modelling, cancelled, revelling. If the accent be thrown back by the addition from the last syllable the final letter is not generally doubled.

cleave, smite, tie,

load

load, hold, swim,

hold

swim

swam

awake

stride, freeze.

thrive

throve

4. Explain origin, forms and uses of gerunds in English.

5. Into what classes are pronouns divided? How is you used in English?

We find in A. S. the infinitive was inflected; as, nom, and acc. writ-an, to write; dat. to writ-ann-e, for writing, and this dative is usually called the gerund.

The nom. and acc. writ-an afterwards assumed the forms writ-en, writ-in and finally writing, and this form of the infinitive is also known to modern grammarians as the gerund. In O. E. we occasionally find at instead of to before the infinitive, hence the similarity of the forms writing and to write.

We also find that the old infinitive suffix -an becomes -ingwriting. Where the old infinitive suffix -an and the dative case-ending -e are lost-to write is also the gerund.

The gerund in -ing is frequently found with the old preposition on, an or a prefixed-a-writing, a-building.

To, in to write, is a dative case governed by the preposition to, and means for writing. This form must be distinguished from the ordinary infinitive (to) write; as, He came to learn (for learning, gerund). He likes to learn (infinitive).

A common use of the gerund with to is to express a purpose. The gerund with to is found in connection with adjectives and nouns: ""Tis time to sheathe the sword and spare mankind."

In modern English the gerund represents an action without reference to the agent or the time of the action. Sometimes this form is found: He is a-coming." A is derived from the prepositions on and an. Sometimes the preposition in is found with the gerund in ing, as-" He took time in doing the work."

Pronouns are either substantive or adjective. Substantive pronouns are either

1. Personal: I, thou, &c.

2. Reflective: self.

3. Indefinite and distributive: as one, any, who, each, &c. 4. Relative: who, which and that.

Interrogative: who, which and what.

5. Demonstrative: as this, that.

Adjective pronouns:

1. The possessive: as his, mine, thine, &c.

2. Reflective: as my own, thy own, &c.

3. The indefinite distributive pronouns: as any, each, either,

&c.

4. The relative and interrogative pronouns: as what, which, with their compounds.