his father, took his place in the House of Lords. In 1843 he was appointed Vice-President of the Board of Trade and President in February, 1845. Having accepted the office of Governor-General of India, he arrived at Calcutta in January, 1848. His policy during the first six years of his rule is minutely explained in the well-known minute which he drew up in 1856. His health gave way under his unceasing exertions, and the close of his sojourn in India was occupied with the momentous question involved in the deposition of the King of Oude and the occupation and settlement of the kingdom. He never entirely recovered his strength, and died at the age of 48, December 19th, 1860.

ARCHIBALD WILLIAM MONTGOMERIE (EARL OF EGLINTON): Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; was born at Palermo, where his father held a diplomatic post, in 1812. He succeeded to the family titles and estates on the death of his grandfather in 1819, and was sent to Eton to be educated. After obtaining a reputation as a patron of the turf, he distinguished himself by a splendid tournament held in 1839, at which the late Emperor Napoleon was one of the knights. In 1852 he was appointed, on the formation of the Derby ministry, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; retired at the end of the year, and was again appointed to the same office in February, 1858, finally retiring in June, 1859. He was raised to the English peerage as Earl of Winton in 1859. Died suddenly near St. Andrews, in October, 1861.

SIR JOHN INGLIS: British major-general, the heroic defender of the Residency of Lucknow, was son of Dr. John Inglis, Bishop of Nova Scotia, and was born in that colony on the 15th of November, 1814. He entered the army at the age of nineteen as ensign in the 32nd Foot, the regiment in which he served till his death. He served in Canada in 1837, whence he was sent to India, and took part with distinction in the campaign of 1849 in the Punjab. He greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Gujerat, and having risen through every grade, became colonel of his regiment in June, 1855. On the outbreak of the Indian mutiny, in the spring of 1857, he was called to take part, with Sir Henry Lawrence, in the defence of the Residency of Lucknow, then threatened by swarming thousands of ferocious rebels. On the death of Sir Henry Lawrence, soou followed by that of Major Banks, the whole conduct of the defence devolved on Brigadier Inglis. Through the most terrible dangers, sufferings and privations, closely invested and exposed to incessant fire of musketry and cannon, he held out, and after eighty-seven days the relief of the city was effected by Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram. Brigadier Inglis was promoted for this splendid achievement to be major-general, and named K.C.B. His young wife, daughter of Lord Chelmsford, shared bravely with him his arduous task and his appalling peril. He was so seriously shaken in health, that, soon after he was appointed commander of the forces in the Ionian Isles, he had to visit the Baths at Hombourg, and there he died 27th September, 1862.

ROBERT NICHOLL: a young Scottish poet, born of poor parents in Perthshire in 1814. He had no education but that which he gave himself by reading and study. He made himself known in 1835 by the publication of his "Poems," which excited surprise. and admiration; in the following year he became editor of the "Leeds Times," which he conducted with great spirit and success. He died in December, 1837. His poems have been several times republished.

GEORGE BOOLE: a distinguished mathematician; was born at Lincoln in 1815. He early applied himself to the study of science, and after assisting in a school at Doncaster, established himself as a schoolmaster in his native town. He took an active part in founding the Library and Museum of the Mechanics' Institute, and gave lectures and instruction in classics and mathematics to the members. During the same period, his contributions to the "Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal" attracted much attention, and his great abilities were shown more conspicuously in his "Mathematical Analysis of Logic." About 1853 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, and soon after received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Dublin. His most important works are "An Investigation of the Laws of Thought," and "Differential Equations." The latter is a classbook at Cambridge. Dr. Boole was a Fellow of the Royal Society. Died near Cork, December, 1864.

THOMAS HUDSON TURNER: a distinguished British archæologist, and for some time Secretary of the Archæological Institute; was born in 1815. He acquired a taste for antiquarian pursuits, which led to his obtaining a situation in the Record Office in the Tower. Here he made active use of the facilities thus afforded him for research. He contributed largely to the "Athenæum," and his published works consist of a volume of "Early Household Expenses," edited for the Roxburghe Club, some papers in the "Archæological Journal," and the learned work, "On the Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages." Died 1852.

JOHN THOMAS QUEKETT: an eminent microscopist, Professor of Histology in the Royal College of Surgeons, England, and Curator of the Hunterian Museum; was born at Langport, in Somersetshire, in 1815. In 1856 he succeeded Professor Owen as Principal Curator and as Professor of Histology, which posts he held till his death. He compiled a valuable "Illustrated Catalogue of the Historical Series" in the Hunterian Museum, which magnificent collection, including 16,000 specimens, was entirely formed by him; contributed memoirs to the Microscopical Society, which he assisted in establishing, and wrote a "Practical Treatise on the Use of the Microscope," and "Lectures on Histology." He was elected F.R.S. Died 1861.

EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S., &c.: one of the most eminent naturalists of his age; was born in 1815, in the Isle of Man. He accumulated a

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large stock of knowledge when, in 1832, he went to the University of Edinburgh, to attend the lectures of Professor Jameson, at that time reputed the first naturalist in the empire. After visiting Sweden, France, Germany, and other countries, in order to extend his knowledge of natural history, he delivered a course of lectures on his favourite science in Edinburgh in 1839, and in 1840-41 appeared his "History of British Star-fishes," which at once gave him high rank as a naturalist. In 1841 he was attached to a scientific expedition sent to Asia Minor under the auspices of government. During his absence he made important observations and discoveries in the botany, zoology, and geology of the Mediterranean islands and coasts. During his absence he was appointed to the professorship of botany in King's College, London. He contributed a variety of papers and memoirs to scientific journals; he also constructed the geological and palæontological map of the British Isles, and a world-map of great interest, entitled, "Distribution of Marine Life," &c., embodying the results of his original researches. In 1854 he was chosen president of the Geological Society, and he seemed marked out for a long career of glory and usefulness, when he was cut off, November 18th, 1854.

FREDERICK WILLIAM: Incumbent of Trinity Chapel, Brighton, one of the most suggestive thinkers and eloquent preachers; was born in London in 1816. He was the son of a soldier. In 1840, he was ordained; held a curacy at Winchester for a year; went abroad to recruit his health, injured by hard work and a semi-ascetic life; found at Geneva a wife in the daughter of an English baronet, and after his return to England held a curacy at Cheltenham about five years. He worked with great energy as a clergyman, and found eager listeners among all classes. After leaving Cheltenham he went abroad for a few months. On his return he went to Oxford, and then to Brighton, where, as minister of Trinity Chapel, he laboured for six years, notwithstanding great bodily weakness and the gradual advances of the disease of the brain. The impression produced by his preaching was extraordinary; and the high estimate formed by those who heard him is fully justified by his printed sermons, which, rich as they are in genius, truth and poetic eloquence, are likely to hold a high place in our literature for some time to come. He died like Raphael, Byron, William Collins, Mendelssohn, and many another man of genius, at the early age of 37, August 14th, 1853. THOMAS HENRY BUCKLE: political and historical philosopher; was born in 1822. He gained, at an early age, the friendly esteem of Hallam and Bunsen, and devoted his short life exclusively to study and writing. In 1858 appeared the first volume of his (projected) History of Civilization in Europe," which created an extraordinary sensation by its daring speculation and vast learning. A second volume appeared in 1861, which only completed the Introduction of the History. Died at Damascus, May 29th, 1862.

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NOTE.-In our next Number will appear memoirs of great men who ave recently passed away.

CHAPTER VII.

THE QUESTIONS ASKED AT THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION HELD ON THE 12TH AND 13TH DAYS OF FEBRUARY, 1873, WITH THE ANSWERS.

Candidates were requested to write an essay or letter, not less than two pages in length, on one of the following subjects:—

(1.) "The Child is Father of the Man."

(2.) Napoleon III.

(3.) "Be that you are."

(4.) The Queen's visit to St. Paul's, 1872.

(5.) A Tour you have made.

(6.) The School you have been at or your course of Study up to the present time.

1. In any English dictionary, what proportion of the words is of Saxon origin? Can you give examples of the proportion in which such words are found in classical English works?

2. Write down the ordinary vowel sounds in English. How are the consonants divided? Specify each class.

II. English Language.

Out of 43,000 words in the English dictionary, 29,000 are of classical origin, and only 13,000 are of Saxon origin. (Max Müller.)

In 11 lines of Milton (Par. L. iv. 639), out of 90 words, 16 are not Anglo-Saxon.

In 10 lines of Shakspeare ("To be or not to be"), out of 81 words, 13 are not Anglo-Saxon; about 33-40ths of the words in Milton and Shakspeare are Anglo-Saxon.

In 8 lines of Johnson, out of 87 words, 21 are not Anglo-
Saxon: or 30-40ths of Johnson's words are Anglo-Saxon.
In 12 lines of Pope, out of 84 words, 26 are not Anglo-Saxon.
In 11 lines of Robertson, out of 114 words, 34 are not Anglo-
Saxon.

In 8 lines of Gibbon, out of 80 words, 31 are not AngloSaxon: or, in these last three, 26-40ths, 27-40ths, and 24-40ths represent the proportion of Anglo-Saxon words.

3. What is the origin of the plural suffix s? State the ordinary rules for the formation of English plurals.

4. How are the degrees of comparison formed? What adjectives have no comparative or superlative?

5. Of the forms my, mine; thy, thine; &c., which is the older? What are the rules which govern their use? What is the origin of the "-ne ?"

The suffix 8, is supposed to be derived in some instances from the Norman-French s or x.

In the Anglo-Saxon language the suffix of the nominative plural was as, and afterwards es. Hence the ordinary rule is to adds to the singular.

Exceptions: Nouns ending in s, sh, ch (soft), x or o form the plural by adding es; as dress, dresses, fish, fishes, church, churches, box, boxes, potato, potatoes.

When y is preceded by a consonant, es is added, and the y is changed into i; as lady, ladies. After a vowel those in y follow the general rule, as money, moneys.

Nouns in for fe, of A.-S. origin, add "es" to the singular, and change f into v.; as knife, knives.

Exceptions in f: those which end in ff, and in f when preceded by two vowels. Those in fe take s.

Some plurals are formed from singulars by changes only to be found in words of A.-S. origin:

(a) By suffixing "en;" as oxen.

(b) By modifying the root-vowel; as man, men.

(c) By adding "er" to the sing; as child, child-er-en, children.

There are of course other rules.

In modern English, the comparative degree is formed by suffixing "er" to the positive; as bright, brighter.

When the positive ends in "y," the "y" is changed into “i," and "er" is suffixed as before; as holy, holier.

A final consonant, preceded by a short vowel, is usually doubled; as thin, thinner.

When the adjective consists of more than two syllables, it is usual to express the comparative by placing the adverb "more before the positive; as beautiful, more beautiful.

This method is sometimes employed with dissyllabic and monosyllabic adjectives; as more graceful, more true.

The superlative degree is formed by suffixing "est" to the positive; as bright, brighter, brightest: or by prefixing "most," as most amiable.

Adjectives denoting qualities, that cannot be increased or diminished, are incapable of comparison:-" a lunar rainbow;" "the solar system;" "a monthly holiday."

Of the forms my, mine; thy, thine; the longer form is the older.

In modern English, mine and thine are used, when there is no noun expressed with them; as "This hat is mine;" my and thy when the noun is expressed; as "This is my hat." The ne in mine and thine is a relic of the Anglo-Saxon genitive.