REAL-ENCYCLOPÄDIE FÜR PROTESTANTISCHE THEOLOGIE UND KIRCHE. Unter Mitwirkung vieler protestantischen Theologen und Gelehrten in zweiter durchgängig verbesserten und vermehrten Auflage begonnen von Dr. J. J. Herzog, und Dr. G. T. Plitt, fortgeführt von Dr. Albert Hauck. Achtzehnter Band. Nachträge: Harless bis Schluss. Generalregister. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. 1888. Gr. 8vo. 1034 S. With its eighteenth volume, this great undertaking, as important for theology as that of the Encyclopædia Britannica for general culture, is brought to a worthy end. The longest articles are those upon the Talmud, 72 pages, and upon the history of preaching, 187 pages. Other principal articles are: Salvation Army; numerous short biographies, as that of Livingstone; on Tolerance; to which are suffixed 58 pages of “additions" to articles in the body of the work. A full list of the writers with their various articles is followed by a minute index of the whole encyclopædia, filling 286 pages. Special praise of this great enterprise is unnecessary here. Its breadth of plan, its conservative and still liberal spirit, its settled policy of giving the materials and processes, as well as the results of study, make it a mine of information to all whose studies lead them to real research. in theology, and an indispensable help to every independent student. CHRISTIAN ARCHEOLOGY. By Charles W. Bennett, D.D., Professor of Historical Theology in Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, Illinois. With an Introductory Notice by Dr. Ferdinand Piper, Professor of Church History and Christian Archa ology in the University of Berlin. New York: Phillips and Hunt; Cincinnati: Cranston and Stowe. 1888. (pp. xvi .558. 7 x 4.) $3.50.

In this compact volume the author has furnished to English readers the most comprehensive and scholarly work that has appeared in America upon this important subject. Modern facilities for illustration have been drawn upon liberally, and no pains and expense seemed to have been spared in putting the reader in possession of the elementary facts upon which archæologists draw their conclusions. There are no less than one hundred and forty-eight such illustrations, besides two maps and ten full-paged plates. The volume consists of four books, which treat respectively of Archæology of Christian Art, The Archæology of the Constitution and Government of the Early Christian Church, The Sacraments and Worship of the Early Church, and the Archæology of Christian Life. It is a volume which should be within reach of every public religious teacher.

BOOKS RECEIVED.

A. C. Armstrong and Son, New York. The Training of the Twelve; or, Passages out of the Gospels exhibiting the Twelve Disciples of Jesus under Discipline for the Apostleship. By Alexander Balmain Bruce, D.D., Professor of Apologetics and New Testament Exegesis, Free Church College, Glasgow, author of "The Humiliation of Christ," "The Parabolic Teaching of Christ," "The Miraculous Element in the Gospels," etc. Fourth Edition, revised and improved. 1889. (pp. xii. 552. 634 x 38.) $2.50; -The Cheque Book of the Bank of Faith. Being Precious Promises arranged for Daily Use. With brief experimental Comments. By C. H. Spurgeon. 1889. (pp. viii. 370. 5 x 3%.) $1.50;-Sure to Succeed. By J. Thain

Davidson, D.D., author of "The City Youth," "Talks with Young Men," "Forewarned-Forearmed," etc. 1889. (pp. viii. 289. 5% x 34.) $1.25; -The First Book of Samuel. By the Rev. Professor W. G. Blaikie, D.D., LL.D., New College, Edinburgh. (pp. viii. 440. 5% x 34.) $1.50;-The Second Book of Samuel, Uniform with the First.

American Baptist Publication Society, Philadelphia. Biblical Eschatology. By Alvah Hovey, D.D., LL.D. 1888. (pp. 192. 5% x 34.) 90 cents. Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, Boston and Chicago. The Transfiguration of Life, and other Sermons. By the Rev. Edward S. Atwood, D.D. A Memorial Volume. 1888. (pp. 242. 5% x 3%.) $1.25;-Sermons on the International Sunday-School Lessons for 1889. By the Monday Club. Fourteenth Series. (pp. 402. 63% x 3%.) $1.25;-Pilgrim's Letters. Bits of Current History picked up in the West and the South, during the last Thirty Years, for the Independent, the Congregationalist, and the Advance. By Joseph E. Roy. 1888. (pp. 310. 5% x 35%.) $1.50. Phillips&Hunt, New York; Cranston & Stowe, Cincinnati. Reasons for Church Creed. A Contribution to Present Day Controversies. By Rev. R. J. Cooke, D.D., author of "Doctrine of the Resurrection,' etc. 1888. (pp. 92. 5% x 34.) 60 cents;-Romanism versus the Public School System. By Daniel Dorchester, D.D. 1888. (pp. 351. 5% x 34.) $1.25; -The New Africa: its Discovery and Destiny. By Geo. Lansing Taylor, D.D., L.H.D. 1888. (pp. 56. 6% x 3%.) 20 cents.

Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston. introduction to the Books of the Old Testament. With Analyses and illustrative Literature. By O. S. Stearns, D.D., Professor of Biblical Interpretation in Newton Theological Institution. 1888. (pp. 148. 534 x 32.) $1.00.

T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. Bible Class Primers. Edited by Professor Salmond, D.D., Aberdeen. An Exposition of the Shorter Catechism. Part First Q. I to 38.) Containing the Summary of Christian Doctrine. By the Editor. Pp. 92-The same. Part Second. (Q. 39 to 107.) Containing the Summary of Christian Duty. Section I. (Q. 39 to 81.)—“The Law." By the Editor. Pp. 94-J. B. Wolters, Groningen. Omwerkings-en Compilatie-Hypothesen toegepast op de Apokalypse van Johannes. Door G. J. Weyland, Predikant te Austerlitz. S. 182;-H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin. Die Spräche der Väter. Ein ethischer Mischna-Traktat herausgegeben und erklärt von Prof. D. Herm. L. Strack. Zweite wesentlich verbesserte Auflage. 1888. Schriften des Institutum Judiacum in Berlin, No. 6. S. 66; -Exercises for Translation into the Hebrew Language. By Hermann L. Strack, D.D., Ph.D., Professor Extraordinarius of Theology in Berlin. Translated from the German by Archd. R. S. Kennedy, B.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, Univ. of Aberdeen. 1888. Pp. iv. 48. Porta Linguarum Orientalium. Petermann and Strack. Pars IX. Arabic Bible-Chrestomathy. With a glossary. Edited by George Jacob, Ph.D. 1888. Pp. 54;— Pars V. Syriac Grammar with Bibliography, Chrestomathy, and Glossary. By Dr. Eberhard Nestle. Translated from the second German Edition by Archd. R. S. Kennedy, B.D. 1889. (pp. xvi. 195.)

THE

BIBLIOTHECA SACRA.

ARTICLE I.

OUR NOTABLE DECADE. ·

BY THE REV. DELAVAN L. LEONARD, OBERLIN, OHIO.

THE three decades 1820-50, with the central one of the three most prominent, mark a notable era in the development of American civilization. The nation had now just stepped forth from the dependent and humiliating estate of nonage, had fairly entered upon its majority, having also, as was meet, attained at length almost to the fulness of stature and strength. Beginning with a limited area stretching along the Atlantic, by the successive acquisitions of Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Oregon, and Northern Mexico, the boundaries had rapidly advanced to the Gulf, to the Mississippi, to the Rockies, and finally to the remote Pacific; and hence, since the opening of the century, the national domain had increased nearly tenfold. And the growth of population had kept full pace, having reached 12,880,000 in 1830, and 17,069,000 ten years later. In 1800 but 51,000 settlers were found west of the Alleghenies and north of Kentucky; in 1840 they had increased to 3,351,000. In 1820 Ohio contained a little more than half a million, but 1,519,000 two decades later; and in the same period Michigan grew from 8,894 to 212,

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Our Notable Decade.

267. Such migrations of the millions the world had never seen as were now in progress through the forests, over the mountains, up the lakes, and down the rivers of the West. Well might it seem to De Tocqueville (1831-33) that "this gradual and continual progress towards the Rocky Mountains has the solemnity of a providential event; it is like a deluge of men rising unabatedly, and daily driven onward by the hand of God." As a result new States were continually knocking for admission to the Union. Missouri, the first lying west of the Mississippi, was received in 1821; the noble sisterhood numbered twenty-four in 1830, and thirty-one in 1850, the youngest being California, the antipodes of Maine admitted just twenty years before.

But astounding enlargement and unfolding of another sort may be chronicled, in part cause and in part consequence of the changes just noted. The question of travel, of the transportation of merchandise and the produce of the soil, became a more serious one in proportion as the pioneers pushed from the seaboard further and further into the interior, and at length dire necessity compelled the search for improved facilities. Recourse was first had to turnpikes pointing westward, constructed by the States, or even by act of Congress. Among others the Cumberland, or National road, at a cost of more than four million dollars, was built from the Potomac to the Ohio at Wheeling; by 1835 was completed to Columbus, and planned to St. Louis and beyond. But all such attempts presently proved altogether inadequate, and next canals were resorted to, New York nobly leading the way with her Erie, the wonder of the time, and completed in 1825 with most extravagant demonstrations of joy. Numberless schemes were at once set on foot to connect the headwaters of all navigable rivers, and to cross mountains with locks, tunnels, and the like, most of them wild in the extreme; and from Massachusetts to Illinois every State was negotiating enormous loans for the benefit of these inter

nal improvements. By 1840 the canal fever had entirely subsided. During the same period Fulton's application of Watt's invention was working wonders of advance in methods of navigation. The first steamboat to descend the Ohio was launched at Pittsburg in 1811, and three years after engines were made strong enough to stem the current of the Mississippi. By 1830 not less than three hundred steamboats were floating upon the rivers of the West; by 1840 the number had increased to seven hundred and twenty-nine, and to thirteen hundred in 1848. Walkin-the-Water, the earliest of her kind to traverse the upper lakes, steamed out of Buffalo harbor in 1818, and ten more were added before 1830, when daily trips were undertaken to Detroit. Two years later Chicago was reached by steam, and six years later still the Sirius and Great Western began to make regular passages across the Atlantic. But, in the meantime, yet another attempt to apply Watt's happy idea to travel and freight-traffic had proved successful, and was fast crowding itself into public favor. It was in 1830 that the locomotive made its trial trip,-an event of what unspeakable import to humanity! In that year the Baltimore and Ohio concluded to substitute steam for horses and sails. In 1831, with pine-knots for fuel, and with great peril from sparks and smoke, a train was hauled west from Albany. In 1835 three roads were opened from Boston,- to Providence, to Lowell, and to Worcester, and by 1842 the last was opened to the Hudson. Since the Erie Canal had failed to meet the expectations of its friends, being closed by ice five months of each year, the Erie Railway was commenced in 1833, to connect New York commercially with the West, but was not completed until 1851, and when the railroad was just entering the period of stalwart manhood. The same year, by an iron track, Cleveland was joined to Pittsburg, and to Cincinnati the next, while in 1853 the New York Central was formed by consolidation, the Baltimore and Ohio reached Wheeling, and Chicago was en

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