Shakespeare's Workmanship. By Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. (Fisher Unwin, 15s. net.) SIR ARTHUR has read a good deal of Shakespearian criticism, but he is no slave to traditional opinions. He will give generous praise to this or that piece of interpretation, and will dismiss another with a shrug of the shoulders; he has loved Shakespeare from a boy, and seen him with fresh eyes, and now with deft hands and a light touch he tells us his impressions. He gives new meaning to this or that line which we had passed unnoticed; he points out the wonderful quality of Shakespeare's work, while not shrinking from condemning it as slovenly in this or that detail; he throws in personal recollections and jokes to beguile our ears, and sends us away exhilarated and charmed. Every student of Shakespeare, even the oldest, will feel he has gained by reading this book.

It is not that it is in any way epochmaking, nor in the main very new-not so new, certainly, as Sir Arthur seems to think. His dislike of commentators and academic scholars sometimes leads to outbursts which are foolish or unfair. He dismisses Mr. E. K. Chambers's explanation of the term "interlude without a word of refutation, and substitutes another for which he does not advance a particle of evidence "that Interlude' meant, or came to mean, a play of a sort commonly presented indoors, in banqueting halls, in the interval between theatrical seasons; or, in other words, the sort of play to amuse a Christmas or Twelfth Night audience (p. 142). He is ready to infer the conditions of the public theatre from those of the banqueting hall: "Upon the masques, as we know, very large sums of money were spent; and I make no doubt that before the close of Shakespeare's theatrical career, painted scenes and tapestries were the fashion (p. 22). But no evidence is adduced. He dismisses without examination the reasons that have been alleged for considering the Hecate scenes in Macbeth unShakespearian. All we have is: It does not appear likely to me that a whole set of foolish men (though Middleton in itself seems a wellenough-invented name) were kept permanently employed to come in and write something when ever Shakespeare wanted it foolish " (p. 76). If this is Sir Arthur's way of arguing with serious students, our sympathies go over to them and leave the genial dilettante. There are times when Sir Arthur's recollection even of the play he is treating fails him. On the question why Hamlet himself did not inherit his father's throne, he says: Shakespeare overlooking this trifle, Hamlet does not seem to mind or indeed (p. 175). But

"

to think about it first or last "

Hamlet thinks about it very seriously (V. ii.

64-8)

He that hath kill'd my king, and stain'd my mother, Popp'd in between the election and my hopes.... is't not perfect conscience

To quit him with this arm?

Sir Arthur is so self-confident, and so contemptuous of the unhappy commentators "who have never created a play or a novel or a scene or a

character in their lives," that it is necessary to point out that his dicta are not all equally sound. But this is not the note on which we would close. He has written in a charming and illuminating manner on many of the plays-Macbeth,' Midsummer Night's Dream,' As You Like It,' Cymbeline,' and The Tempest par excellence; he has made some very telling criticisms of The Merchant of Venice' and The Winter's Tale.' He expresses the feeling of many of us when he writes: "The dreariest passages in Shakespeare are those in which his ladies and courtiers exchange wit.' He has brought common sense and poetical feeling to bear with damaging effect on a dull remark of Sir Sidney Colvin's (p. 261). He has given us a book full of a light and happy spirit, common. sense, and insight-now turned on the immediate subject, now on something a little extraneous, as in his charming account of his canoe voyage down the Avon (pp. 121-3), or the equally charming passage in which he speaks of the lifelong devotion inspired in so many by the unfortunate Elizabeth of Bohemia (p. 309). At times he strikes a grave note well worth listening to :

"I have known an Archbishop from a University pulpit excuse a war with a weaker nation not because our cause was just (which, though quite arguable, he made no attempt to argue), but because we were a greater, more enlightened, more progressive race than they, with a great literature, too-for in his fervour the preacher even dragged in literature, and therefore (argued he) God, who encourages and presides over the evolution of mankind, must be on our side."

It is good for our humility to be reminded that the cant which makes Kultur an excuse for aggression has not always been the peculiar possession of one nation.

A Bibliography of Works by Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, and Men, who have ever served in the Royal, Bengal, Madras, or Bombay 'Artillery. Compiled and verified by Lieut.Col. John H. Leslie, R.A. (retired list), and Lieut.-Col. D. Smith, R.A.-Parts VI. and VII. Gascoigne Jacob. (Sheffield, Sir W. C. Leng Co., 2s. each.)

THE first part of this elaborate work was issued in 1909, but the War interrupted its progress. Nothing daunted, however, the compilers have resumed their industrious labours, the fruits of The toll of noble lives taken by the War is illuswhich appear in the two parts named above. trated by the inclusion of Donald Hankey, the author of A Student in Arms,' who was killed in action on Oct. 12, 1916. entries are naturally of a somewhat technical The majority of the character, but the remainder cover an extremely wide range of subjects. Thus we encounter

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Col. H. W. L. Hime's discussions on the Greek materials of Shelley's Adonais' and Lucian the Syrian satirist; Col. E. A. P. Hobday's 'Bluebeard,' arranged as a burlesque opera for production at Simla; and F. W. Howe's Classified Directory to the Metropolitan Charities,' a useful handbook issued annually for 40 years; while the last work recorded is a volume on Jeypore enamels.

That the compilers are animated by the true bibliographical spirit is evident from the fact that

almost all the titles have been copied from the books themselves; and we hope that, as the general outlook is now so much brighter, Col. Leslie and his colleague may have the satisfaction of being able to complete their labour of love.

BOOKSELLERS' CATALOGUES. MESSRS. HIGHAM & SON's New Year Catalogue (No. 553) contains over 1,500 entries, including sections devoted to Archeology; Architecture; Art; Church History, Early and General; Eastern Travel, Life, and Exploration; English Local History: Liturgiology, Roman and Anglican; Occult Sciences; Pastoral Theology; and Scotland, with six pages of Addenda. Hennessy's Novum Repertorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londinense," 1898, is offered for 178. 6d.

MR. JAMES MILES of Leeds opens his Christmas Catalogue (No. 210) with two collections of etchings-50 Invitation Cards, mounted in a quarto volume, morocco extra (187. 188.), and 75 Etchings, including trial and unfinished proofs, half morocco (121. 128.). He has also a fine copy of the Breeches Bible, bound by Samuel Mearne in dark-blue morocco, black-letter (127. 12s.). Costumes of British Ladies,' from William the Conqueror to Queen Victoria, is a sumptuous folio volume in crimson morocco, with 48 coloured plates, 81. 158. Sections are devoted to Yorkshire and to Yorkshire Topography. The former includes a complete set of the Yorkshire Parish Register Society, 57 vols., 1899-1918, 117. 118. Mr. Miles also offers parts 1-21 of the Brontë Society publications, 1895-1911, for a guinea. Two useful works are Sims's 'Manual for the Genealogist,' improved ed., 1888 (12s. 6d.), and Foster's London Marriage Licences, 1521-1869,' 1887 (158.).

MR. JOHN MORTON of Brighton issues with his Catalogue 39, Divers Bookcs, Rare, Occult, Masonic, and Miscellaneous,' a humorous apology for being obliged to charge sixpence for the list, which contains 850 entries. A question was recently asked in N. & Q.' about the method of embalming mummies, and here we have Pettigrew's History of Egyptian Mummies,' 1st ed., with plates by Cruikshank, 1834, 17. 15s. The long list under Freemasonry includes vols. 11-27 of the Transactions of the Ars Quatuor Coronatorum Lodge (127. 108.) and vols. 9-16 (81. 10s.). Under Genealogy are family histories and reprints of parish registers; under Lancashire, volumes of folk-lore, ballads, and legends; and under London works by Hilton Price and Mr. P. Norman, besides a set of 10 vols. of Dr. Sharpe's 'Calendar of Letter-Books,' 1899-1912 (31. 58.). The Addenda include a large number of steel plates and lithographic views of places in America, mostly at 1s. 6d. each.

MR. J. A. NEUHUYS of Willesden Green in his Catalogue 13 makes a feature of books in French, his list beginning with Edmond About, and finishing with Zola. The early entries afford scope for curious reflections. Thus we have copies of the 'Almanach de Gotha' ranging from 1823 to 1872, and in price from 8s. 6d. to 3s. 6d., followed immediately by various issues of the 'Almanach des Gourmands' (58. each). If we wish to see ourselves as others see us, we can

turn to M. Charles Bemont's masterly study of 'Simon de Montfort, Comte de Leicester,' 1884 (20s.), or Émile Boutmy's 'Le Développement de la Constitution et de la Société politique en Angleterre,' 1887 (10s.). Cambrai figures in the present issue of ' N. & Q.,' and Mr. Neuhuys offers Chants et Chansons Populaires du Cambresis,' with the airs, 2 vols., 1864-8, for 10s. Brunet and Barbier's Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes,' 5 vols., is 21. 15s. There are also works on tarot and playing cards, the origin of the gipsies, and the Elzeviers, including a paper on Elzevier Bibliography' by our old contributor Chancellor Christie (28. 6d.).

MESSRS. SIMMONS & WATERS of Leamington Spa begin their Catalogue 307 with several extraillustrated books, including Angelo's Reminiscences,' 177 additional plates, 2 vols., threequarter morocco, 1904, 10l. 108., and Angelo's Picnic,' 72 additional portraits and views, half crimson morocco, 1904, 51. 58.; Rogers's Table Talk,' 166 additional portraits and views, 2 vols., three-quarter morocco, 1856, 57. 58.; and Chambers's Book of Days,' 110 portraits, 2 vols., half calf, 1860, 51. 58. A complete set of the works of William Hutton, the Birmingham antiquary, with his Life by his daughter, 11 vols., is 131. 138. Under Coinage are W. J. Davis's 'Nineteenth-Century Token Coinage,' 14 plates besides wood engravings, 21., and Pye's Provincial Copper Tokens and Cards of Address,' 3rd ed., 55 copperplates, 1916, 21. 108.

Obituary.

J. S. SHEDLOCK.

ALL readers interested in the history of music will regret to hear of the death of Mr. John South Shedlock, who, under his surname or his initials J. S. S., was always ready to place his stores of knowledge at the service of N. & Q.' He was for a time the musical critic of The Academy, and filled the same position on The Athenæum from 1901 to 1916. A genial, kindhearted man, he was a recognized authority on Beethoven and the sonata, and would take an infinite amount of trouble in trying to settle a difficult point for a friend. He was born at Reading on Sept. 29, 1843, and died in hospital on the 9th inst. from the result of an accident.

Notices to Correspondents.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately, but we will forward advance proofs of answers received if a shilling is sent with the query; of old books and other objects or as to the means of nor can we advise correspondents as to the value disposing of them.

G. J. (Cyprus) and G. W. H.-Forwarded. J. WILLCOCK ('Magnet Stories ').-Anticipated at 12 S. iv. 230.

ANEURIN WILLIAMS, Carnarvon (Canon David Lloyd, author of State Worthies ').-The 'Dict. Nat. Biog.' devotes nearly two columns to him and his works.

London, FEBRUARY, 1919.

CONTENTS. - No. 89. NOTES:-Double Falsehood: Shakespeare, Fletcher, and Theobald, 30 The New English Dictionary': Changes in Accentuation. 32-Richard Edwards's Correspondence, 38-First American Soldiers to fall in the Great War-Tanks in the Great War-Tennyson and Opium, 36-Our Mutual Friend': a Topographical Slip -Herrick's Debt to Andrew Willet-Sheridan on Puffs George Stepney at Vienna-Badulla, Ceylon: Tombstone Inscription, 37.

QUERIES:-'N. & Q.': its Offspring in Other CountriesSamuel Johnson and Ben Jonson-Matthew Arnold and "Anglo-Saxon contagion "-Matthew Arnold: Proving a Negative "Nunquam minus solus quam cum solus"Burial at Sea: Four Guns fired for an Officer, 38-Clay Balls as Christmas Collecting Boxes-Goldsworthy as a Place-Name-Borough Courts: "Jur de la vile "-Vauve"La clarté est la bonne foi de philosophes

nargues:

Camou

S. T. Coleridge on Immortality Scotch University Graduates. 39-Back-Magazine Dealers-Iona: its Ety. mology-Foundling Entries in Parish Registers-Byronic Statue in Fleet Street-Edward Ingleby's DescendantsChapman Family of Ormsley-Blades Family of Covedale and Wensleydale, 40-Rain and Mowing-Pewter Paten -The Ainslie Bond-Sir Sanders Duncombe's PowderNewton-Robert Blake, 1744-Parliamentary Blue Books, White Papers, &c., 41-Sir John Lombe-Pragell Family -Spurs: Feather-necks and Rough-necks flage"-Euler on the End of the World-Deacon in Love -Authors of Quotations Wanted, 42. REPLIES:- Col. A. R. Macdonell's Duel with Norman Macleod, 43-Hampshire Church Bells, 44-Christmas Verses at Sheffield, 46-Napoleon and Lord John Russell, 47-"Sons of Ichwe"-Devils blowing Horns, 48-Antho logia Græca': Epictetus-Wyborne Family of Elmstone"John Robertson. Pseudonymous Nineteenth-Century Poet, 49 Crest on Church Plate-Paten or Salver?Neate St. Henry the Englishman: Bishop Thomas in Finland "Water-pipes," Psalm xlii. 9, Prayer Book Version, 50-Dessin's Hotel, Calais-Sir Walter Raleigh, East Londoner-Lakes Pascholler and Calendari, near Thusis-President Wilson's Ancestors-Forster of Hanslope, 51-Kent Family of Winchester and Reading, 52Mrs. Legh of Lyme, Cheshire-French Revolution:" Eat Cake" St. Trunnion: his Identity, 53-Col. Colquhoun Grant-Rutter Family Name-Joseph Brown, 54. NOTES ON BOOKS:-Fielding's 'Tragedy of Tragedies.' Booksellers' Catalogues. Notices to Correspondents.

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with those who feel that 'N. & Q.' is still doing good work in enabling people to turn aside from the hurly-burly for a few hours and find rest and relief in the perusal of its pages.

There is, in our opinion, another matter which at least equals in importance the desirability of our resuming more frequent publication-that is, the issue of a General Index to the last Series, completed in December, 1915. The value of ‘N. & Q.' to searchers after knowledge lies largely in accessibility to the treasures stored in its accessibility that is greatly pages-an lessened by the absence of a General Index to the Eleventh Series. The cost, however, involved in preparing and printing a General Index has so far made it impossible to undertake this.

We are glad to be able to say that the result of the last half-year's working shows the comparatively small loss of 71. 8s. 9d., which has been more than covered by the friends who undertook to pay, if necessary, sixpence more for each issue. We also thank those readers who have already sent their subscriptions without formal application from the office.

The storm that is gathering against the unwarrantably high prices of certain commodities is likely soon to bring about a considerable reduction in the price of paper, though, like other things which were low in price partly because of low wages, paper is likely to command a healthier price than the present generation was accustomed to pay before the War.

The unexpected diminution of loss on the last half-year is again mostly due to the helpfulness of friends who have purchased back numbers of N. & Q.' It is, however,

FUTURE OF 'N. & Q.'

'N. & Q.' has already received congratulations on having weathered the storm: we hope such congratulations are not premature. Most of our readers will feel more reassured when we are able to resume our weekly issue. A semi-monthly issue might perhaps be a step in that direction. At present, however, we see no likelihood of even the latter, and we must say that had we the money to enable us to produce this, we should need convincing that labour, paper, and print would not be more wisely used at the present time in striving to allay the growing unrest, and turning the attention of all to the need of plain living and hard working. Nevertheless we can sympathize

give the time required for editorial and managerial purposes: yet the appreciation of his efforts continually shown makes it difficult for him to relinquish the work until it can be placed in other hands with the confidence that the traditions of the paper will be preserved.

It is hoped to publish the Index for 1918 (price 18. 7d. post free) with the March issue.

The Balance-Sheet for the last six months will be forwarded to all who have contributed to the Continuation Fund during that period, or to any one who sends a P.O. for 2s. 6d.

Promises of help towards our General Index and more frequent publication will be welcomed.

That was the interesting question which met me when an American scholar, Mr. Gamaliel Bradford, jun., sent me some two or three years ago a copy of an article he had written for an American literary magazine (Modern Language Notes) on the authorship of 'Double Falsehood,' in which he sought to prove the participation of Fletcher, and hinted at that of Shakespeare. He asked me, as one who had ventured into print more than once in endeavours to settle vexed questions regarding the authorship both of plays attributed to Fletcher and of plays ascribed to Shakespeare, to give him my opinion upon the play he had been studying. This, unfortunately, I was unable to do, because in the whole of Australia there was not, so far as I could ascertain, a copy of 'Double Falsehood.' This lack has now been remedied, a copy of the play having been obtained by the Melbourne Public Library, and this I have lost no time in subjecting to an examination, the result of which I give here.

First, however, let us consider whether there is any reason whatever to connect the play with Shakespeare. Elizabethans may be interested in the proving or disproving of the presence of Fletcher; but the general reader will wish to know the value of the external evidence that connects the name of Shakespeare with this play, which has been so generally assumed to be the work of the eighteenth-century Theobald.

It was, indeed, between 111 and 112 years after Shakespeare's death when 'Double Falshood; or, The Distrest Lovers,' was given to the stage and to the press, with an attribution to Shakespeare as the original author, and an assertion that it had been

as to warrant one in questioning his scrupulousness. In 1716 had been produced as his a play, 'The Perfidious Brother,' which he was accused of having stolen from a man named Mestayer. According to Theobald, Mestayer had given him the plot and something designed to be a play, and he had so entirely recast it in fitting it for the stage that he had felt justified in regarding it as his own. Mestayer, however, subsequently published the play in (so he asserted) the form in which it had been originally written. According to Prof. Lounsbury, it was unactable as it stood, but was certainly the groundwork of Theobald's play, which ought to have been announced as based upon it. It is, however, in Theobald's favour that even his enemies (and he had many) seemed to think there was nothing in the charge brought against him in this matter. In any case, there is a difference between claiming for oneself what is in its essence the work of another man and giving to another credit for work that is one's own. The theory that Theobald forged 'Double Falsehood' is not to be accepted without very good reason. There is, however, another possibility that must be taken into account-the possibility that, finding an old Elizabethan play, he may have committed a double falsehood of his own by pretending that one of the manuscripts bore the name of Shakespeare, and by asserting that the play in its original form had never found its way to the stage.

Theobald met the doubts raised as to a

informed that this last manuscript early in the possession of the celebrated Mr. Betterton, and by him designed to have been usher'd into the world"; but he did not know what accident had prevented the fulfilment of this purpose. This cannot be said to be a very sufficient statement; but it is quite understandable that, if there were such manuscripts in Theobald's possession, he could give no reasonable account of their previous history: they were not likely to be stamped with a record of their experiences. I am not aware that any one of his critics was refuted by a sight of these manuscripts; but neither can it be said that any of them demanded an inspection.

There have been adduced three reasons

to make one doubt Theobald's good faith: the first is, the unlikelihood of his having three manuscripts of the play; the second is, the disappearance of those manuscripts; the third is, the omission of the play from his edition of Shakespeare's works subsequently issued.

The first of these does not strike me as of much weight. Theobald, if meditating a revising of the play to fit it for the stage (for it seems to have been a genuine belief of Theobald's that it had never been acted, the memory of its having been produced having probably died out long before the time of Mr. Downes), would probably seek to get all the copies he could, especially as the value of his copyright would be seriously impaired if some one else published the play as it had stood in the original.

The second argument is more cogent. Theobald's library, containing a number of old plays, was sold in 1744 after his death, and it has been suggested that the Shakespeare play in manuscript subsequently destroyed by Warburton's notorious cook was one of the copies of the original version of 'Double Falsehood.' If we could say definitely that when Theobald's effects were sold there was among them no manuscript of a play purporting to be by Shakespeare, the opponents of Theobald would have a good case; as it is, all that is to be said is that the matter is left indefinite: we have had other cases of manuscripts of old plays disappearing; and, moreover, the early part of the eighteenth century did not attach the importance to Shakespeare's

work that we do.

The source of the play is to be found in the story of Cardenio in 'Don Quixote,' which was first published in the original Spanish in 1605, and in its English translation by Shelton in 1612. It is noteworthy that the publication of this English translation, was quickly followed by the Cardenio. On May 20, 1613, John Hemings appearance of a play on the subject of was paid on behalf of the King's players for presenting at Court half-a-dozen plays, among which was one called Cardano or Cardenno'; and on June 8 he again presented this play, which a later entry described as Cardema' and Cardenna.' There need be no question that this was a play on the subject of the Cardenio story. Like so many other plays, it drops out of notice after these early productions, and the next we hear of it is the entry of a drama described as The History of Cardenio by Mr. Fletcher and Shakespeare in the Stationers' Register in 1653 for publication by Humphrey Moseley.

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It will be said that an attribution after a lapse of forty years is not of much value, especially when made by a publisher who was in the habit of fraudulently securing the registration of two separate plays as one by the simple device of entering the one not only under its own title, but under that of another play as well, the two titles being given as alternatives; but there are some very strong reasons nevertheless for thinking Moseley's entry genuine. In the first place, he did not, so far as is known, ever deliberately ascribe a play to some one who had had nothing to do with its authorship. Presumably, therefore, the names of Shakespeare and Fletcher were on the know that a play on this very subject was manuscript he possessed. Secondly, we now presented by the company with which Shakespeare and Fletcher were most prominently connected-the only company, indeed, with which, so far as is known,