But this is only the local side of the subject.

A state is

more than a geographical area or a collection of offices.

It

is a living organism. Its industrial experience forms the basis of its civil life. Constitutions and laws and judicial decisions are formal records of some aspects of its life. Important as these are, and explanatory of the course of public affairs, they comprise only a part of the record. In order to understand thoroughly the political character of an American community, a state or a city, one must know its history, and thus be in intelligent sympathy with its people. But the state itself must help by publishing its records, and thus make its history accessible. The perpetuity of American political institutions depends upon the intelligence and the sympathy of the American people themselves.

MT. HOLLY, NEW JERSEY

FRANCIS NEWTON THORPE

HISTORICO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES

IN IOWA

ANTHROPOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

Anthropology is history. It is history at its beginnings. It is a chapter in the new book of Genesis. The languages from which it gleans its facts and laws are not all written in phonetic characters. Its early chapters are recorded in the leaves of the earth's upper strata. It goes for information to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology. It draws upon the resources of Archæology. Ethnology from all parts of the world brings its loads of facts and laws. It shall finally include comparisons of all languages, customs, institutions, traditions, and mythologies. The science itself is not any of these nor a combination of them all. Its central interest is the problem of human evolution. It is the science which studies the origin of the human being and the origin of his capacities. It applies the law of evolution to human nature and human faculty. It may be defined as the study of human origins and evolutions. It deals somewhat in the materials and facts of every human science. It is an effort to consider man generically in the same matter-of-fact manner that science advises regarding other regions of phenomena. It would reach an evolutional survey of the nature of man and of the expressions of man's nature. When the day comes for its establishment as a completed science, it

will be substantially an evolutionary synopsis of man on scientific principles.

Its conception as a science has been somewhat vague. Its limits have been indefinite. It has had lack of clearness because of bulkiness. Men for half a century have been feeling their way toward its better determination. The conception of it as a genetic science will aid to the clearer definition of its scope and limits. For this end the writer proposes the following nomenclature and divisions.

DIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

These divisions are named from the points of view of the genesis of their facts. Man's origin in time and space is chronologically first; then the problem of his body or material organization, then his mind, then races, then society (including morals), and then religion. We may designate these divisions as: (1) Anthropogeny (Palæontological Anthropology); (2) Somatogeny (Biological Anthropology); (3) Psychogeny (Mental Anthropology); (4) Ethnogeny (Comparative Anthropology); (5) Sociogeny (Gregarious or Manward Anthropology); and (6) Religiogeny (Cosmic or Godward Anthropology). It is hoped that this division and nomenclature may be found natural, and that it will bring a vast and previously unhandleable body of facts into determinate limits. Every time and every clime offers its contribution. Every people past or present lends its experience toward the making of this last great science. Although the world is so old and man's experience on it so long, yet the science of man in any comprehensive sense is only in its pioneer stages.

This paper has for its object not an exposition of Anthropology nor a completed investigation into what the territory occupied by the State of Iowa can contribute. It is rather a recommendation. It is of the nature of a suggestion for the scientific treatment of a most important realm of facts. It has the simple aim of helping to get a keener realization of these facts. It hopes to make more definite the belief that history and politics have wider scope and deeper roots than is ordinarily supposed. The subject-matter will belong under several of the above named divisions.

GEOLOGICAL PREPARATION IN IOWA

As a possible human habitat Iowa is very old. The evidence is not yet all in as to whether man was here before the last Glacial Epoch or before other preceding ice periods. In recent geological history Iowa stands in the front rank of interest. It has been under the sea; it has been under the ice; it has supported many varieties of flora and fauna. Its uppermost surface formations are geologically the latest. Moreover, they are unusually complete; and the record of what has been called the later Tertiary, and of its successor the Quaternary Period, has been quite clearly read in Iowa and neighboring States. Professor Samuel Calvin says that "In no part of the world are certain chapters of the Pleistocene record clearer or fraught with greater interest, than in our own fair Iowa."

It does not belong to Anthropology to answer the later geological problems or to account for their wonderful phenomena; but Anthropology is greatly interested in these problems. It has a vital interest in their answers.

In