was then in his seventy-third year, having Roubiliac for the bust. He was a little been born at Bristol 19 Oct., 1795. Mr. Col- chimney-sweep when found sketching on the lier was theatrical and musical critic to the stones with a bit of chalk the Banqueting Court Journal in 1834-5, while that paper Hall of Inigo Jones at Whitehall, and his was under the management of Mr. H. Col-natural ability so struck the observer-" a burn, publisher, and was also for many years gentleman of considerable taste and fortune," sub-editor of the Gardeners' Gazette and John now thought to have been the Earl of BurBull, and editor and part proprietor of the lington that he bought out the lad's apCourt Gazette from 1838 to 1840. He was an prenticeship and had him educated as an occasional contributor to Bentley's Magazine, architect. Fraser's Magazine, the Union, and other Mr. Smith adds a note to the effect that periodicals, and was the author of several "early in life he engraved a very indifferent dramas and operettas, most of which are now plate of Ware's bust, which was one of Rouforgotten, among which may be mentioned biliac's best performances.' Would he had "The Blacksmith,' a musical drama produced named the then possessor of the bust (1828)! at the Coburg Theatre ("Twas called the I have sought it in Sir John Soane's Museum Coburg then, but now the Surrey "), January, as a likely place, but fruitlessly. Mr. Smith's 1834, with Miss P. Horton (afterwards Mrs. engraving is, no doubt, that at the British German Reed) and the Covent Garden com- Museum; it is perhaps not a very excellent pany; The Queen's Jewel,' one-act comedy, work of art, but it carries the conviction that Queen's Theatre, April, 1835, with Mrs. Nesbit as a likeness of Ware it is good and chaand Mrs. Honey in the principal characters; racteristic. The architect has his niche in 'Is She a Woman?' one-act comedietta, the Temple of Fame, i. e., the 'Dictionary Queen's Theatre, 26 Dec., 1835; 'Kate Kear- of National Biography.' W. L. RUTTON. ney,' two-act comedietta, music by Alexander Lee, Queen's Theatre, 3 Oct., 1836; 'Rival WHARNCLIFFE.-What was the old spelling H. T. B. Sergeants,' musical burletta, Sadler's Wells, of this name? 5 April, 1847; 'Abduction,' three-act drama, PEWTER AND ITS MARKS.-Is any book pubQueen's Theatre; Cousin Campbell's Court-lished determining the authenticity of marks, ship,' one-act comedietta, Strand Theatre, &c., on pewter, which to me is a very interwith Mrs. Stirling and Mr. Alfred Wigan, esting subject, and doubtless would be to 1846; The Portrait,' one-act comedy, Queen's those persons possessing a collection, or who Theatre; 'Rip Van Winkle,' two-act drama, have pieces which possibly have been in their music by Charles Glover, Queen's Theatre The Kiss; or, Bertha's Bridal,' musical to put any approximate date to them? Pewter family for many years, and who are unable drama, music by Clement White, Lyceum is of considerable antiquity. I have a tankard Theatre; 'Blighted Love,' two-act drama, Marylebone Theatre, under Mr. Watts's management, 1850; 'Our Borough Election,' one-act farce, Marylebone Theatre; "The Banker,' two-act drama, Chestnut Theatre, Philadelphia, 1848 JOHN HEBB. that was found in a loft, where it had been for over one hundred and twenty years, and shows signs of having been well used before that time; and I have several pieces with different official marks on them, which may imply a foreign or country (by which I mean made out of London) manufacture, or a different degree of fineness in the alloy, as my pewter varies in weight and density, some pieces being soft and ductile, with a remark STAFFORD FAMILY.-Information is sought respecting the ancestry of John Stafford, Mayor of Macclesfield in 1736. He wrote several letters in connexion with the visit of the Pretender (Prince Edward) to Maccles-able gris de perle sheen and evidently a certain field. Stockport. JUBAL STAFFORD. ISAAC WARE.-A bust of this architect (died 1766) was executed by Roubiliac. Can any reader say where it is? It is represented by an engraving in the Prints and Drawings Department, British Museum, and doubtless elsewhere, but where is the bust? John Thomas Smith, formerly Keeper of the Prints and Drawings, gives us in his book Nollekens and his Times' (ii. 206) the story of Isaac Ware, who related it when sitting to quantity of silver in them, while others are hard and metallic, which looks as if more tin had entered into their composition. Both sorts have official marks, and it would be interesting to know if all sorts were stamped indiscriminately, or if there was a distinctive mark for the better sort. In old days each shop had its different sign, and therefore various badges are stamped on the back, showing from which shop they emanated. believe the Goldsmiths' Company long ago obtained an injunction against the pewterers for infringing their marks, and, of course, Thou should'st thy husband's death bewail In sable vesture, Peak and Veil. Longfellow in 'Kavanagh,' c. viii., says of Miss Sally Manchester, cook and chambermaid: "She had on her forehead what is sometimes denominated a 'widow's peak,' that is to say, her hair grew down to a point in the middle." It is a noteworthy feature; and when emphasized by throwing the hair back instead of parting it down the middle, a very handsome feature. I remember long ago hearing it called a widow's point. Was it so called by mere misappropriation of the name for the headdress? In this new application it could scarcely become a special property of widows. If a woman had it not by nature, she would not be likely to affect it in widowhood by cutting back the hair on the sides. C. B. MOUNT. those pieces so stamped are of considerable Cotgrave repeats, substituting "hood" for age, and pieces that appear to me to be "heed"; and Addison ('Rosamond,' III. iv.) of more recent origin lack those marks, has :but have instead another official stamp. I have dishes, &c., with the old mark that some up-to-date vandals have electro-plated. I think the subject worthy of more elucidation because pewter is an article that at one time took a high rank, for I have seen some sets with gadrooned and scolloped edges and an elaborate crest and coat of arms. These were evidently not made for servants' use, but were doubtless for many years the chief dinner service of some wealthy and important personage. There are several historic country seats where a quantity of beautiful pewter is stowed away as lumber and never sees the light. Pewter is an article which is no longer made, and which, unfortunately, in many cases has been cast aside as old metal. A dealer at Bury St. Edmunds told me that years ago he had had tons, as he described it, through his hands, but had never paid much attention to it. Downstairs it has given way to cracked china plates and burnt, discoloured dishes. I can remember my greatuncle's servants' hall with a large mansard roof, the walls decorated with stags' heads; with a long broad table laid for the servants' dinner, with bright pewter plates and dishes, buckhorn - handled knives and forks, and large brilliant iridescent copper flagons for beer down the centre, which was a sight to be remembered. I am afraid I have trespassed too much on your good nature; but as many persons have pewter in their possession, it may interest them to know something concerning its history, and induce them to look upon it with more respect than they have done hitherto. J. A. B. [The question was asked 2nd S. vii. 495; and, again, 6th S. xi. 269. See also 4th S. iv. 363, 521; 7th S. vii. 248; x. 449, 498; xi. 96, 196; 8th S. ix. 167, 294, 335, 375. Some papers appeared in the Reliquary, but no work dealing satisfactorily with the subject seems to exist, though such is called for.] "THE STARRY GALILEO."-Who wrote these words? D. C. PRESERVATION OF SILK BANNERS. - Will oil or anything tend to preserve some valuable silk heraldic banners painted fifty years ago? Frampton Hall, near Boston. C. T. J. MoORE. WIDOW'S PEAK.-A peak, says Johnson, means (2) the rising point of a woman's headdress." It was certainly a special part of a widow's headdress, as we learn from Palsgrave (1530), who explains Fr. " Biquoquet,' ""Peake of a ladyes mourning heed." in a daily paper that no medal has yet been delay be explained? Many officers and men Beplies. WHARTON BARONY BY PATENT. IN answer to A. C. H. I may state that no patent for the Wharton barony is in existence at the Record Office, although the Writs of Summons to the first Baron Wharton to attend various Parliaments of Henry VIII. and others are still to be found there. The whole evidence for the existence of a patent is based, firstly, upon a despatch from Lord Hertford and Sadleir, Bishop of Durham, recording "the presentation of Letters Patent for their peerages to Lords Wharton and Eure at Newcastle-on-Tyne in March, 1543/4. This is now amongst the Hamilton papers in the British Museum. As the same sentence mentions "Letters Patent for the Governors of Wark," &c., and "Letters Patent" for some other object, it is just possible that the "Letters Patent" for the peerage may be a slip of the clerk's. The second piece of evidence is a memorandum said to be by Philip, fourth Lord Wharton, amongst the Carte MSS. in the Bodleian Library, stating (as a correction to Dugdale's 'Peerage') "that the Peerage of Wharton was founded by Patent, and not by Writ." The paper is certainly not in Lord Wharton's writing, but was wrongly attributed to him by the compiler of the MS. index to the volume, which dates from about 1750. It is significant that the correction is not adopted by Carte himself in some MS. corrections he made in a copy of Dugdale's Peerage' now in the Bodleian Library, although several other statements contained in the paper are. On the whole, therefore, it seems safest to conclude that no "patent for the Wharton peerage ever existed, but that, like Lords Vaux of Harrowden and Windsor, Lord Wharton was summoned to the House of Peers by writ, and, consequently, the barony goes in the female line. It is improbable that many private papers of Philip, Duke of Wharton, are still in existence. Some are to be found in the MSS. Department of the British Museum. May I venture to suggest that if the patent ever existed, or if it be still in existence, it might be in one or other of the following libraries or muniment rooms: Duke of Buccleuch's; Earl of Ancaster's, representing heirs of Philip, fourth Lord Wharton, by his first wife Elizabeth Wandesford; Sir Simon Lockhart's, representing the Lockhart family, into which the Hon. Philadelphia Wharton married; those belonging to representatives of Lord Protector Seymour, such as the Duke of Somerset or Lord Hertford? Finally, considering how many of the Hertford papers found their way into the Hamilton collection, I should be very sorry, were I claiming the peerage, to leave the papers sold from that collection to the German Government, and now, I believe, at Berlin, uninvestigated. I may add that Philip, fourth Lord Wharton, was evidently a great student of peerage law, as long notes taken for him of trials relating to claims for titles exist in the Bodleian Library. is, of course, possible that the patent for the Wharton peerage found its way with him to Spain, as he seems to have had several family valuables with him, in which case it probably was with him when he died in 1731 at the convent of Poblet in Catalonia, so that even now it might turn up amongst the relics of convent libraries and muniment rooms preserved at Madrid, Barcelona, and elsewhere in Spain. As he was colonel of the regiment of Hibernia in the Spanish service and a person of great notoriety, his death was certainly reported officially to the authorities at Madrid, and, as usual in such cases, precautions would be taken for the preservation of his papers, some of which are now amongst the Anglo- Spanish MSS. in the British Museum. But, as the case stands at present, the barony of Wharton must be held to be a barony by writ, as it was declared to be by the House of Lords in 1845. W. H. "TIFFIN" (9th S. iv. 345, 425).—In my note at the first reference I did not claim that I had made a discovery; but I was not aware that it had been noted before. The word is in Grose's 'Dictionary,' where it may have been seen by very many people. PROF. SKEAT tells us that he has said this twice," that the word "is Anglo-Indian, but it was taken to India by Englishmen, being of provincial English origin." I do not know where he has "said this twice," for, on looking into his 'Etymological Dictionary,' I fail to find "tiffin" at all. Referring to the 'Supplement,' however, I find it with a quotation from Wedgwood, who cites Grose, on which PROF. SKEAT remarks, "I cannot find it in Grose (ed. 1790)." Well, I have now given him the correct reference to Grose's edition of 1785; and the same explanation is to be found in that of 1823. If it does not occur in the intermediate editions, it is a strange thing. JULIAN MARSHALL. CHURCHES WASHED AWAY BY THE SEA (9th S. iv. 249, 330, 426).-Four or five years ago I saw a church standing in the sea, close to Happisburgh, in Norfolk. One could walk to it at low tide. It has, I believe, since fallen down. I fancy the ruins of another church in the sea were visible in the same neighbourhood, but the names of the It would be interesting to know if Philip, Duke of Wharton, thought any of his titles could go to females. In a paper in the MSS. Department of the British Museum, purport-places escape me. ing to be a copy" of his letter of June, 1726, from Madrid, to his sister Lady Jane Holt, written to explain his conversion to Jacobitism, he speaks of "all the honours of our family" becoming extinct with him; but such a random assertion is of little value. It H. K. H. The Saxon princess Eanswyth founded a priory upon the cliff at Folkestone, and dedicated its chapel to the honour of St. Peter. She was, in due course, buried within its walls. The old historian Lombard records that the encroaching sea destroyed The old church at Whitby will soon share this fate. Tradition says that it was built at a distance from the sea. Are not there said to be several churches under the Goodwin Sands? E. E. THOYTS. 'SESAME AND LILIES' (9th S. iv. 380).-The passage quoted will be easily understood if the reader will refer to Ezekiel viii. 7-12. How grateful we and our successors ought to be that Ruskin knew his Bible so well! How instructive and forceful are his allusions to the sacred Scriptures! JAMES HALL. Lindum House, Nantwich. [Many other replies are acknowledged.] "AS SURE AS THERE IS A HIP ON A GOAT" (9th S. iv. 187).—I find in 'Hudibras' these words: So shepherds use To set the same mark on the hip, Both of their sound and rotten sheep. ALFRED J. KING. 101, Sandmere Road, Clapham, S. W. "PIERT" (9th S. iv. 328).-Charles Kingsley learnt this good old word in the West Country he loved so well, and spelt it after his own fashion, a fashion better than that of Halliwell, peart (q.v.), or of others who have had occasion to write it. No word in literary English precisely expresses the idea of peart, least of any does pert. In this latter there is a decided implication of impudence, and it is anything but a word of praise, whereas peart conveys the impression of sprightly liveliness, in the person or animal to which it is applied. of a joyous, healthy, fresh, happy condition, So peart's a cock rabbin" is one of our every-day similes, and is but a variant of that in the 'Water Babies.' Of a child who had been drooping and ill I heard it said quite lately, "Her's better, thank 'ee-her do look up peartlike again now." F. T. ELWORTHY. The Encyclopaedic Dictionary' states that peart is still in use in many parts of England =lively, brisk; applied to both persons and things. Cider when bright and sparkling is And thar sot Little Breeches and chirped See also 'N. & Q.,' 1st S. ii. 276; xi. 114, 232, "PER PRO "" (9th S. iii. 468; iv. 38, 76).-At the last reference early examples of the phrase are said to be desired. Here is one from Peter Candidus December, master of correspondence to Pope Nicholas V. A letter concerning Appian, preserved at Florence (in the Central Royal Archives, among the Medicean ecclesiastical parchments, No. 36), dated 7 Dec., 1450, he heads " per procuratione Nicholas V." Prof. Mendelssohn vouches for the accuracy of the transcript. HIPPOCLIDES. POLKINGHORN (9th S. iv. 108, 214, 311).-No one seems to have thought of comparing this name with similar ones in other Celtic districts. There is at least one Kinghorn in Scotland, and Kinghorn occurs as a surname maintained that the Fife place of that name amongst us. The old Scotch etymologists meant "Green or Blue Point" (Gael. cinn gorm); the new school prefers "Head of the (Gael. cinn cùirn; Horn, Bend, or Corner nom. còrn). been shown by a local correspondent to be The Cornish pol-gan-hoern, "iron pool," has inapplicable. Polkinghorn is the designation that the latter part of the name embodies the of a small estate only. Is it not quite possible simply Kinghorn's Pool? I do not think this cognomen of an ancient owner of the estate, and that Polkinghorn therefore represents is an unreasonable suggestion; but local records should be searched for the earliest spellings. We ought, at any rate, to be spared the etymological atrocity involved in "the pool or marsh in the horn-like valley HY. HARRISON. belonging to the king." THE ORIGIN OF "TIPS" (9th S. iv. 308, 352). -Other similar phrases, some of them old, are convincing enough that the coffee house-and-waiter theory will not hold water Truth': "The first creature of God, in the unless it can be proved that the word works of the Days, was the Light of the tip," going about at present apparently Sense; the last was the Light of Reason." without any approved etymological origin, C. LAWRENCE FORD, B.A. is, after all, derived from the three letters "T.I.P." But who ever heard of such a box being placed outside coffee-houses, except at Button's, in which case it was to receive literary contributions? If such a box had been in use, would it not have been labelled vails," the current term for "douceurs and "pourboires"; and were such gifts made on entering or leaving the coffee-house? That to "tip" meant to give" is clear in the connexion of "tipping the traveller," meaning to humbug a guest at an inn, &c., with travellers' yarns; to "tip the double," to decamp; to "tip the grampus," an old seafaring phrase for ducking a skulker for being asleep on his watch; to "tip a stave," to sing; to "tip one's rags a gallop (thieves' slang), to run away. Then there is the slang or sporting expression "the straight tip," .., the bond fide gift of information regarding the prospects of success of a horse in a race. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. Prior's Chaste Florimel,' perhaps, is earlier than the quotation from Swift, and supplies the line Bath. Bacon, they express the opening of "The EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. TRADE ROAD (9th S. iv. 186, 256, 312).J. G. Kohl, Austria' (London, Chapman & Hall, 1843), says, s.v. 'Galicia,' Yaroslav, p. 476: "We met large herds of oxen on the road to Lanzut, a castle and village belonging to the Potockis where a cattle-market was about to be held. The cattle consisted chiefly of the gray oxen have wandered through the Carpathians every year of the steppes. Thousands of these patient animals for centuries, to nourish with their flesh Vienna and the countries through which they pass. We traced them the whole way from Bukovina to the capital, in the regular and peculiar furrows which they have drawn across every road, by the uniform tread, each treading in the footsteps of his predecessor." This ancient cattle-trade road is nearer the capital called the "Butchers' Road." THOMAS J. JEAKES. EARL MARSHAL'S COURT (9th S. iv. 381).The books called "Earl Marshal's Books" from the time of Queen Elizabeth are kept at the Heralds' College, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road. "POLDER": "LOOPHOLE" (9th S. iv. 347).PALAMEDES'S guess is most charming. Littré was on the right track, for he wrote (s.v. Polder") "se rapport à l'anglais pool, allemand Pfuhl, marais, et probablement au latin palus.". It may be amusing to quote in this connexion the etymology given in Carl Sachs's German French dictionary, a deserving work from other points of view: "Vom lateinischen pullarium, Hühnerbehälter." Polder explained as "hen-roost"! In French, poulailles is a familiar synonym of paradis, viz., the upper gallery of a theatre. H. GAIDOZ. 22, Rue Servandoni, Paris. No such adjective as paludarius occurs either in ancient or in medieval Latin-at least, I failed to find it in White and Riddle, and "in Ducange. According to Kilian's DutchLatin dictionary (Utrecht, 1777) the word polder, and the supposed Latin poldrus, i.e., "GOD'S FIRST CREATURE, WHICH WAS LIGHT (9th S. iv. 398). I suppose the reference to be to a saying of Bacon's in his 'Essay on |