SKETCH OF BRANT.

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(From the Review of Stone's Life of Brant.) JOSEPH BRANT or THAYENDANEGEA, as he delighted to write himself, was born in the year 1742, a full-blooded Mohawk of the Wolf tribe. Being the son of a chieftain, he commenced his career as a warriour at an early age, and when a lad of thirteen, was present with his elder brothers at the memorable battle of Lake George, when Baron Dieskau fell mortally wounded. Some years after this, when Sir William Johnson, having lost his first wife, took Brant's sister, Miss Molly,' under his protection, as is mentioned in the interesting memoir of Mrs. Grant of Laggan, the baron, in patronising the other members of the family, sent Joseph to the missionary school of Doctor Wheelock, in Connecticut; upon returning from which, at the expiration of two or three years, Sir William assigned him a share of his duties in the extensive. Indian agency which he conducted. We find Brant in the field, in the campaign of the English, with Pontiac, the celebrated Tawaw or Ottawa chief of Michigan, who at one time so nearly annihilated the British power in the Northwest. In this war, (according to the narrative of President Wheelock, published in 1767!) "he behaved so like the Christian and the soldier, as to give him great esteem." In the former character, we find him soon after the close of this campaign, aiding an Episcopal clergyman in translating the Book of Common Prayer in the Mohawk language, and regularly received the communion in the church. Upon the death of Sir William Johnson, who was succeeded in his title and estate by his son John, (the celebrated British partisan of the revolution,) and in his superintendency of the Indian department by his sonin-law, Col. Guy Johnson, Brant was advanced to the important post of secretary of the superintendent; thus imbodying in his own person the influence of an Indian chief, and the actual conduct of the affairs of the agency of the confederate Six Nations, and their allies.

up this nest of the disaffected, General Schuyler was detached by the Continental Congress, with a force of three thousand militia. The Indians along the Mohawk seemed disposed to interfere with the summary ousting of their friends; but Col. Guy Johnson, with Brant, and their other principal leaders, being absent in Canada, they did not venture upor doing more than remonstrate with General Schuyler who, after persuading them that his objects were entirely "peaceable," advanced upon Johnstown, and called upon the baronet to break up his band of retainers, surrender his arms, and give eight hostages for the good behaviour of the tenantry. Among the terms of surrender the following reads very quaintly at this day :

"Secondly. General Schuyler, out of personal respect for Sir John, and from a regard to his rank, consents that Sir John shall retain for his own use, a complete set of armour, and as much powder as be sufficient for domestick purposes."

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The parley lasted for several days, Johnson evidently wishing to gain time; but was at last brought to a summary conclusion by Schuyler's sending Colonel Duer, and two other gentlemen, with his ultimatum, and enclosing a passport for Lady Johnson, desiring her instantly to leave the hall. In the last copy of terms, we find the following brief reply to one of the stipulations of Johnson :

"General Schuyler never refused a gentleman his sidearms."

The parley commenced on the sixteenth of the month, and on the twentieth General Schuyler paraded his troops; and the Highlanders having marched out and grounded their arms, were dismissed, with an exhortation to remain peaceable, and with an assurance of protection if they did so."

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adopted by Brant, and with whom he fought side by side upon the bloody field of Oriskany.

Sir John, however, did not observe the compact of neutrality nor the obligations of his parole. He soon after fled to Canada under the escort of a party of Mohawks, was immediately commissioned a colonel in the British service, and from the loyalists The talents of Brant in this capacity, seem to have of Tryon county, raised a command of two battalbeen of great use to his principal, in his difficult task ions, being that desperate band of tories afterward of keeping the Indians loyal to the British crown so well known in the revolutionary warfare of New when the revolution broke out a few years after-York, as "Johnson's Greens ;" whose colours were ward. Upon the first popular commotion, Guy Johnson, who at an early day embroiled himself with his neighbours, by intruding with a band of armed retainers into an assemblage of the people, retired with his secretary from his seat of Guy Park, on the Mohawk, to Oswego, where he convened the grand council of the Six Nations, and commenced that tampering with their neutrality, which ultimately led all of the Cantons, except the Oneidas, to take up arms for the crown. From hence the superintendent crossed to Canada, with Brant and other leading chieftains, whose loyalty was further confirmed by an interview with Sir Guy Carleton, af

terward Lord Dorchester.

Sir John Johnson had, in the meantime, fortified the baronial hall at Johnstown with swivels, and raised a band among his tenantry, consisting chiefly of Catholick Scotch highlanders; which force, amounting to some five hundred armed retainers, enabled him to set the country people at defiance, and insult the magistrates of the county with impunity. To break

VOL. IV-2

Brant, in the meantime, had sailed for England in company with Captain Tice, a British officer; where we find him most oddly placed as the intimate friend of James Boswell, and the Earl of Warwick. He sat for his portrait to Romney for the Earl; and "Buzzy" appears to have subsequently corresponded with him. His loyalty being strengthened by an interview with George the Third, at which he presented himself in full Indian costume, Brant reembarked again for America, where he was privately landed somewhere in the neighbourhood of New York, whence he performed a very hazardous journey to Canada; having, of course, to steal his way through a hostile population until he could hide himself in the forests beyond Albany. "He had taken the precaution, however, in England, to provide evidence of the identity of his body in case of disaster, or of his fall in any of the battles he anticipated, by procuring a gold finger-ring with his name engraved

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thereon at full length." Within a few weeks after | seen that there was at least one moment in which retouching his native shores, Brant, now a regular he contemplated a more decisive course. commissioned captain in the British service, had an opportunity of taking up the hatchet in earnest. He led a force of six hundred Indians in the affair of the Cedars, and in this, his first field against the patriot forces, exhibited that humanity after victory, which repeatedly distinguished him afterward. The late Colonel M'Kinstry, of Livingston's Manor, whose intimacy continued with the chief until the decease of the latter, was rescued by him from torture and death, when wounded and a prisoner in the hands of

the Indians.

This was in 1776, and on the following year we find Brant, after collecting a large body of Indians at Oguaga, ascending the Susquehannah with about eighty followers of Unadilla, where he requested an interview with the clergyman of the place, and officers of militia in the neighbourhood, stating that the object of his visit was to procure provisions for his people, and that if they were not at once supplied, his Indians would take them by force. Advantage was taken of the interview to sound the chief as to his future intentions, but he refused to commit himself in his replies. "The Mohawks," he said, were as free as the air they breathed, and were determined to remain so."

It was a full week after the arrival of General Herkimer at Unadilla, before Captain Brant made his appearance. He came to the neighbourhood of the general's encampment, accompanied by five hundred warriours. Having halted, he despatched a runner to General Herkimer, with a message, desiring to be informed of the object of his visit. General Herkimer replied, that he had merely come to see and converse with his brother, Captain Brant. The quick witted messenger inquired if all those men wished to talk to his chief too. However, he said he would carry his talk back to his chief, but he charged him that he must not cross the field upon the margin of which they were standing, and departed. But an arrangement was soon made, through the agency of messengers, by which a meeting was effected. The scene exhibited at this interview, as related by those who were present at it, was novel and imposing. The hostile parties were now encamped within the distance of two miles from each other. About midway between their encampments, a temporary shed was erected, sufficiently extensive to allow some two hundred persons to be seated. By mutual stipulation, their arms were to be left in their respective encampments. Soon after the adjustment of the preliminaries and the completion of the fixtures abovementioned, the chief of the Mohawks himself appeared in the edge of the distant forest, and approached the

kimer somewhat warily, accompanied by Captain Bull, (a tory,) William Johnson, (son of Sir William, by Brant's sister Mary,) a subordinate chief of the Mohawks, an Indian woman, and also by about forty warriours. After some little parleying, a cir

Being supplied with provisions by the country people, the forces of Brant continued to increase so rapidly, that the minds of the people were kept in a state of feverish excitement and ceaseless uncer-place designated, already in the occupation of Hertainty :"Thus, on the 10th of June, Colonel Harper wrote urgently to General Herkimer for a supply of ammunition, in the expectation of an immediate hostile eruption of Brant into the valley of the Schoharie kill. On the 13th, the Cherry Valley committee cle was formed by General Herkimer, into which wrote to the general a still more alarming letter.Brant, according to this statement, in connection with some of the loyalists of Unadilla, had marked a path directly through the forest to Esopus, by which route the tories of Ulster and Orange counties were to join his forces at Oghkwaga; at which place the chief had vaunted that he would not fear the approach of three thousand men. On the other hand, Major Fonda wrote, on the 19th of June, that an embassy of chiefs and sachems of the Cayuga and Seneca nations, having repaired to Oghkwaga to remonstrate with Thayendanegea against farther hostilities, the latter had determined to listen to their councils, and withdraw into the Cayuga country In pursuance of this policy, it was added, on what was esteemed good authority, that the Mohawk chief had released a prisoner with his own hands, telling the captors that they had acted wrong."

Brant and the general entered, together with the other Indian chief, and two of Herkimer's officers. After the interchange of a few remarks, the chieftain, keeping an eagle-eye upon his visiter, inquired the reason why he had been thus honoured. General Herkimer replied as he had done to the avantcourier, that he had come to see him on a friendly visit." And all these have come on a friendly visit too?" replied the chief; "all want to see the poor Indians; it is very kind," he added, with a sarcastick curl of the lip. General Herkimer expressed a desire to go forward to the village, but the chief told him he was quite near enough, and that he must not proceed any farther.

"The general next endeavoured to enter into conversation with the Mohawk touching the difficulties with England, in order to ascertain his feelings and

intentions. The conference now became earnest Such was the uncertain condition of things when and animated, although the chief at first gave Herthe expedition under consideration was commenced. kimer evasive and oracular answers. To a question, Brant and Herkimer had been near neighbours and however, put to him directly, he finally replied that personal friends before the troubles came on, and it "the Indians were in concert with the king, as their is possible the general still cherished a belief that he fathers had been; that the king's belts were yet might yet detach the dusky warriour from the cause lodged with them, and they could not violate their he had embraced, but nevertheless might not be pledge; that General Herkimer and his followers disinclined to relinquish. Perhaps he designed had joined the Boston people against their sovernothing more than to drive him from his equivocal eign; that although the Boston people were reso position. Perhaps, also, should opportunity be pre- lute, yet the king would humble them, that General sented, it was his intention to seize his person.-Schuyler was very smart on the Indians at the treaty But be these suppositions as they may, it will be of German Flats, but at the same time was not able

to afford the smallest article of clothing; and finally, that the Indians had formerly made war on the white people when they were all united; and as they were now divided the Indians were not fright

ened."

armed and ready for battle. You are in my power; but as we have been friends and neighbours, I will not take the advantage of you.' Saying which at a signal, a host of armed warriours darted forth from the contiguous forest, all painted and ready for the onslaught, as the well-known warwhoop but too clearly proclaimed. The chief continued the discourse by advising the general to go back to his own home-thanked him for his civility in coming thus far to see him, and told him that perhaps he might one day return the compliment. Meantime, he said, he would go back to his village, and for the present, the general might rest assured that no hostilities should be committed by the Indians. He then requested that the Rev. Mr. Stuart, the English missionary at Fort Hunter, might be permitted to retire

"Colonel Cox, who was in the suite of General Herkimer, then made a few remarks, the substance of which was, that if such was the fixed determination of the Indians, nothing further need be said.But his manner, or some of the expressions uttered by the colonel, which have not been preserved, gave offence to the chief. He was exceedingly irritated; and by a signal to the warriours attending him at a short distance, they ran back to their encampment, and soon afterward appeared again with their rifles, several of which were discharged, while the shrill warwhoop rang through the forest; meantime, how-into Canada, as also the wife of Colonel Butler. ever, by explanation or otherwise, the chief was soothed, and his warriours were kept at a proper distance, although the demand of General Herkimer for the surrender of sundry tories was peremptorily refused. The conference ended by an agreement between the parties to meet again at nine o'clock the following morning. General Herkimer and his forces, forbidden to advance any farther, encamped as before.

To these requests General Herkimer assented, although the latter was not complied with. He then presented the Indians with ten or a dozen heads of cattle, which they fell upon and slaughtered incontinently. Brant himself turned proudly away, and buried himself in the forest; while General Her kimer struck his tents, and retraced his steps to the valley of the Mohawk.

"This was the last conference held with the hos tile Mohawks. Their chief very soon afterward drew off his warriours from the Susquehannah, and united them to the forces of Sir John Johnson and Colonel John Butler, who were concentrating the tories and refugees at Oswego."-Vol. I. pp. 182-186.

"Thus terminated this most singular conference. "The next morning, General Herkimer called It was early in July and the morning was remarkaBut the echo of the warone of his most trusty men aside, Joseph Waggoner bly clear and beautiful. by name, for the purpose of communicating to him, whoop had scarcely died away before the heavens in confidence, a matter of great importance, respect- became black, and a violent storm obliged each paring which the most profound secrecy was enjoined. ty to seek the nearest shelter. Men less supeistiHe then informed Waggoner that he had selected tious than many of the unlettered yeomen, who, him and three others to perform a high and impor-leaning upon their arms, were witnesses of the tant duty, requiring promptness, courage and decis- events of this day, could not fail in aftertimes to ion. His design, the general said, was to take the look back upon the tempest, if not as an omen, at lives of Brant and his three attendants, on the re-least as an emblem of those bloody massacres with newal of their visit the next morning. For this pur- which these Indians and their associates afterward pose, he should rely upon Waggoner and his three visited the inhabitants of this unfortunate frontier.' associates, on the arrival of the chief and his friends within the circle as on the preceding day, each to select his man, and, at a concerted signal, shoot them down upon the spot. There is something so revolting-so rank and foul-in this project of meditated treachery, that it is difficult to reconcile it with the known character of General Herkimer. And yet it is given on the written authority of Waggoner It is impossible in the few columns we can dehimself, whose character was equally respectable. vote to any one article, even to give a sketch of so The patriotick veteran, in devising such a scheme, eventful a life as that of Brant. The two large ochad probably reasoned himself into the belief that the intended victims were only Indians, and that in tavo volumes of Col. Stone are alone sufficient for the emergency of the country, it would be justifiable that purpose; and to them we must refer those who to do evil that good might come. It was, however, feel an interest in the history of the events connected a most reprehensible scheme. *** Indian that he with the Wars with the Six Nations, and the border was, there is no known act of perfidy chargeable warfare generally of the Empire state. It is truly upon Brant; and he had met Herkimer on his own invitation. A betrayal of his confidence, under gratifying to see the interest which the publick genthose circumstances, would have brought a stain up-erally take in the publication of such works as on the character of the provincials which all the this and Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella, Bancroft's waters of the Mohawk could not have washed away. History of the United States, and Sparks' Biographies; "Fortunately, however, the design was not carried into execution. large editions of all of which have been sold and Whether the wary chieftain entertained any suspicions of foul play, is not known. the cry is still for more. But, certain it is, that his precaution and his bearing, when he arrived at Herkimer's quarters, were such as to frustrate the purpose. As he entered the circle, attended as before, he drew himself up with dignity, and addressed General Herkimer as follows: I have five hundred warriours with me,

We trust these authors will continue to devote their time and talents to the production of works like these. They will form a lasting monument of other days, which after generations will duly appreciate.

NATURAL HISTORY.

GOAT.-(Capra.)

A GENUS of ruminant mammalia, agreeing with the rest of the order in their general structure, but differing in so many particulars, and corresponding so well with each other in the majority of these, as to form a very distinct as well as a highly interesting family. Of all animals which are reared in a state of domestication, goats are the most picturesque in their appearance, the most lively in their manners, and the most hardy in their constitutions. Of all four-footed animals which have hard hoofs, they are the surest footed; and this agrees with their native localities. They are the inhabitants of the rocks, the tenants of the mountain-top, and the precipice, browsing on that vegetation which is inaccessible to any other race of ruminant mammalia. In this respect some of the antelopes approach nearly to them, as for instance the chamois, or rock antelope of the Alps; but fleet as that animal is, and great as is its power of endurance, it is by no means equal to the mountain goats. It is probably on account of the vigorous constitution of those animals and their consequent power of enduring the utmost severity of the elements, that the ancients chose Capricorn, or the goat, to represent that sign of the zodiack which the sun occupies during the greatest depth and utmost severity of the northern winter.

goat. On this account these articles are esteemed the most valuable productions of the oriental loom; and as such they are favourite presents among persons of distinction in that country, the favourite abode of pomp and luxury; and though in point of beauty and design, and firmness of texture, many productions of the looms of Europe are superiour, yet in durability the very best of them fall short of the genuine productions of India, if made of the unmixed covering of the shawl goat of the Himalaya.

Goats, in all the varieties of their species, are understood to be remarkably healthy and wholesome animals. Among their native rocks they browse upon vegetables much too hard for almost any other of the ruminant animals; and it is understood that scarcely any plant, be it what it may, is deleterious to a goat. It is also said that they are not only proof against the poison of reptiles, but that they feed with impunity upon those possessing the most deadly venom. This last is not very clearly made out, though it is by no means unlikely; because there are proverbs respecting it in some languages. Thus, for instance, in the Highlands of Scotland, there is an old proverbial expression for gratuitous malignity, which states that it is "like the goat eating the serpent." As goats are more vigorous in their motions, and probably more energetick in their whole character than probably any other ruminant animals, the flesh of the full-grown ones, especially the males, is more tough, and it has a peculiar flavour which many Goats, in one or other of the species, are found in persons do not relish. Its colour is remarkable for almost every region of the world; and they are very depth, indicating that there is more blood in a goat obedient to climate in many of their appearances; than in almost any other animal; and it is remarkbut wherever they are found they are a lively, brave,able as a physiological fact, that this general distriand healthy race. Their skins are remarkable for bution of blood and consequent redness of appearthe firmness of the texture, and the strength with ance in the muscles of animals, is always in proporwhich the hair adheres to them. Generally that tion to the degree of energy with which those hair is long and shaggy, but fine in its gloss, and re- muscles are exerted, or capable of being exerted. markable for preserving that gloss for a long time When prepared as hams the flesh of male-goats, after the death of the animal. In some peculiar though exceedingly hard and peculiar in its flavour, climates this hair is longer and of finer staple, as in is much relished by some persons; and in any one the goat of Angola, which country by the way is re- who wishes to "make a day" in climbing the rocks markable for the length and beauty of the hair in of a goat's country, there are few pocket companions some other of its mammalia. In some other coun- more worthy of being recommended than some slices tries again, as for instance on the northern slopes of near the knuckle end of a goat's ham. At first, indeed, the Himalaya mountains, there are goats which are they look more like slices of flint stones, or rather furnished with two sorts of hair, one of which is rough of mountain jasper, than of anything else, and they and bristly, calculated for throwing off the heavy require some vigour in mastication. But, notwithsnows which fall upon their upland pastures during standing this, and notwithstanding their saltness and the winter; and another which is shorter, of finer peculiar flavour, it is astonishing how those slices staple, and superiour perhaps to the covering of any of goat's ham stimulate the salivary glands, moisten animal for the purposes of domestick economy. The the parched throat, and allay thirst when one is animals which are thus provided are the Cashmere breasting a steep mountain under the ardour of a goats, or rather the goats which furnish the materials mid-day sun. of the splendid shawls known by the name of Cashmere; for the goats themselves are rarely met with on the south side of the summits, and will not live in the valleys or plains of the lower and warmer parts of India. The wool of those goats, which forms, as it were, their inner clothing, is not near so fine in the staple as the wool of many of the sheep; but there is a durability, and also a faculty of fixing permanent dies upon it, both of which render it of great value in an economical point of view. And it may be said with truth that there is no tissue woven of any sort of material which lasts so long, preserves its colour so well, or is so difficult to be soiled, as a genuine shawl made of the hair of the cashmere

The flesh of female-goats when in proper condition is tolerably good; that of young kids forms a delicious and withal a savoury stew; and when goats are kept for the purposes of domestick economy, and the males are mutilated as is done with oxen and sheep, they get very fat, and their flesh is described as being excellent. The milk of goats is reckoned superiour in many respects to that of any other animal. It contains less oil, and on this account it sits lighter upon the stomach. Hence consumptive people are not unfrequently recommended to go to the goat-feeding districts, as a dernier resort against that most direful of human maladies. With them, however, it is the whey after cheese or curds

have been made, and not the entire milk, which is This circumstance naturally connects itself with recommended; and even then it is probable that the the goat and the sheep as mountaineers, and renders fine air of the goat-country exerts as salutary an in- it probable that both of these were domesticated at fluence as the supposed medicine; but whether this an earlier period than the ox, which, inhabiting lower be, or be not the case, is not much worthy of inquiry; down, may not have been brought under the dominbecause if valuable life can be saved (and as con-ion of man until the pastoral life had been partially sumption is a disease of the young, the life of con- changed for the agricultural. Accordingly we find sumptive patients is always valuable,) any circum- that these animals make an important figure in the stance that may bring them to the pure air of those mythologies of many ancient nations. Pan, which cliffy regions, which goats inhabit, is always worthy is a symbolical personification of the productive enof being cherished. ergies of nature, was furnished with the attributes of a goat; in like manner the Lybian Jupiter was furnished with the horns of a ram. The Ægis, which was equally the breastplate or shield of Jupiter and of Minerva, was originally nothing but a goat's-skin; and by the fable of those two divinities, the goat was thus connected with supreme power and supreme wisdom, which shows the estimation in which the character of the animal was held. Under the Jewish rituals the goat was an important animal, and used as the appropriate symbol of atonement in the splendid rites ordained by the Supreme Lawgiver himself.

It is a fact worthy of notice, that the remains of the goat, and also those of the sheep, have not been found in any of the accumulations of fossil animals; though, with the exception of Australia, which is very peculiar in its zoology, goats are found native in all the more extensive countries of the world. In all regions they inhabit the most wild and inaccessible places; and yet they seem to have a stronger attachment to the human race than almost any other animals; they are playful and familiar; and it is highly probable that the goat was among the first animals that man employed in a domestick state. An instance of this is mentioned by a very accurate naturalist, relative to the wild goats of the Alps; he and his party landed on a wild and romantick spot on the bank of the lake of Thun, where those animals are numerous, and left comparatively in a state of nature; but he and his companions had no sooner landed than these wild goats came bleating about them with their kids, and even entered the boat, and resisted being driven from it. They did this too evidently from mere attachment to the travellers, because the pasture was rich, and the said travellers had nothing in the shape of food wherewithal to tempt them.

The introduction of the goat and the ram into the zodiack by the very earliest astronomers, shows that the people who first cultivated the science of the heavens were familiar with these animals; and indeed there is reason to suppose that the human race, from very nearly the dawn of their history, domesticated and found advantage in those animals. The account given of the deluge in the book of Genesis, is too scanty for supplying any adequate materials for natural history; but it is recorded that the ark rested on the tops of the mountains. We have also evidence in Britain, and almost in every country, that the mountain-tops were the habitations of men before they took possession of the plains; and that in those early times the plains were covered with thick forests, inundated with water, or so full of bogs and quagmires, as not to be fit for human abodes. În many places, both of England and of Scotland, we have evidence of early inhabiting and cultivation upon heights which are now bleak and wasted; and even the roads and stations of the Romans, though they must be referred to a comparatively recent period of history, are usually found upon the high grounds. In America, too, when this country was first discovered by Europeans, the most civilized races of the natives were found upon the mountains; and generally speaking, when we look at the whole earth, we find that, with the exception of the lines of the shores, and the banks of the larger rivers, the people inhabited the mountains, while the low grounds were abandoned to tangled forests and wild animals.

The skin of the goat appears to have been early used as an article of clothing; and the first cloth, or rather felt, which was made by the northern nations, appears to have been chiefly formed of the hair of this animal, mixed with shorter fur, matted together, and stiffened with the gum of trees, so as to be proof not only against the weather, but in a great measure against the weapons of their enemies. This species of garment is very frequently alluded to by the ancient poets and historians.

The war tunicks of the Cimbri, which, in their wars with Marius, are represented as being such strong defences, were of this material; and the Roman auxiliaries had winter dresses of the same, in Britain, and all the other colder provinces of the empire. Even when weaving from spun thread took the place of the more ancient matting, it is highly probable that the long hair of the goat was used in preference to the shorter wool of the sheep. We have further evidence of the early domestication of the goat, in the fact that all Celtick tribes, which are justly regarded as the most ancient races of many parts of Europe, bred and cultivated goats long before the introduction of sheep. In the Highlands of Scotland and in Wales, the goat was the original domestick animal; and in both countries there are many districts called by the name of Gower, which is Celtick for goat, and many families have the same surname, whereas no name of the sheep is used except in cases where the use of it is comparatively modern. All these circumstances render the history of the goat a highly interesting one; but it is long, and the details are hardly fitted for a work like the present, though a volume of great interest might be written on the domestick history of the goat.

Goats as a genus are distinguished from antelopes by the bony nucleus, or core of the horns, being, in part at least, cellular, and the cells communicating with the frontal sinuses of the cranium. The horns are more or less angular, or ridged, with transverse knots and wrinkles. Their usual position is upward and backward; they are found on both sexes; but on the female they are much smaller in size, and more smooth in their surfaces than in the males. The line of the forehead is a little convex; the eye