Par. 47. The relatives of the patient, who have caused his admission, may at any time demand his discharge. Such request shall be forwarded through the district authorities to the directors.

Par. 48. Upon the discharge of a patient the directors shall decide whether he is to be accompanied by other persons. The patient shall receive from the directors a certificate of discharge, and the necessary traveling expenses. The directors shall report the discharge to the authorities who have committed the patient, and the latter shall advise the directors of the arrival of the patient at his home.

Par. 49. When a patient dies in an asylum, the directors shall report the case to the authorities of the district. The burial shall be arranged by the directors with reference to the social position of the deceased; the date and hour of the burial shall be communicated to the relatives.

Par. 50. Any final or temporary dismissal, or any recommitment of patients, must be communicated by the directors to the ministry of the interior.

Par. 51. The preceding regulation shall become a law on the day of publication (Ges.-u. Verordn.-Bl., p. 159). (Forms for certificates are substantially the same as those for Brandenburg).

Regulations of October 12, 1878, concerning contributions for the expenses of maintaining the patients placed in the insane asylum of Heidelberg. In reference to Par. 30, of the preceding regulation, it has been further ordered, that the charges for native patients having means, shall be, for the first class: 7 marks daily; for the second class: 5 marks daily; for the third class: 350 to 450 marks annually.

The charges for foreign patients are to be regulated in each case by the ministry of the interior.

(Ges.-u. Verordn.-Bl., p. 172).

Regulation concerning the insane not placed within state asylum, October 4, 1879.

As an amendment to the regulation of March 22, 1863, No. 3508 (Centralverordnungsbl., p. 27), the following is issued:

Par. 1. Once in every five years, in the latter half of the month of September, the mayor shall make out a list showing the personal circumstances, the manner of treatment, etc., of

the deranged and epileptic persons in the community, who are not in a hospital or asylum.

(According to form in Appendix A.) Three copies of the lists shall be made, two to be sent to the district authorities, the third to be kept on file in the office of the mayor.

The lists shall contain: 1. The deranged and epileptic persons that reside within the community, whether belonging to it or not, who are not in the state asylum nor its branch offices. 2. The deranged and epileptic members of the community, that are taken care of in a branch asylum.

It makes no difference, whether the same have been in an asylum before or not, whether they are placed under guardianship or not.

Par. 2. The district authorities shall send two copies of the list, after examination, to the district physician. The latter shall examine the different lists, cause the necessary corrections to be made, and compose from them a general list, comprehending the whole district, according to the forms added under (6), and send these, together with copies of the special lists, to the ministry.

In his report, the district physician shall communicate his observations and investigations concerning the occurrences of mental diseases and the care of insane in his district, and all arrangements relating thereto.

When the lists indicate insufficient care of the insane, the district physician shall investigate the cause, and, with the aid of the district authorities, endeavor to abolish the same.

The cause of epidemic occurrences of mental diseases, shall be investigated by the district physician, who shall report to the ministry the possible means of prevention.

Par. 3. The grand ducal ministry of the interior shall forward the special lists, after their examination, to the statistical bureau of the grand ducal ministry of commerce.

The statistical bureau shall compose from the lists, registers for every district, and a general register for the whole country, and communicate these to the directory of the hospitals and forward them officially, together with their remarks, to the ministry.

Par. 4. In the years in which no complete lists are made, the mayor shall report in the latter half of September in such

years to the district authorities, whether any patients, and how many, of the kind described in Par. 1, have been received or discharged since the completion of the last list and report, and how they are cared for.

The district authorities shall forward this to the district physician, who shall report to the ministry the respective admissions and discharges.

Par. 5. The local and district authorities are advised to do all in their power to improve the legal treatment of the insane. Par. 6. In force since 1880.

RUSSIA.

CONCERNING THE DISCHARGE OF RECOVERED CRIMINAL INSANE.

(Criminal Code 1847.)

Art. 99. Among the causes in consequence of which a crime or misdemeanor is not considered punishable, belong idiocy, insanity, and attacks of sickness which produce confusion of mind or entire absence of consciousness.

Art. 100. An idiot is not accountable for a crime or misdemeanor, when there is any doubt, in consequence of his mental condition, that he realized, at the time of the action, the unlawfulness and nature of his deed.

Remark 4. Idiots or insane persons who have committed murder, or attempted murder or suicide or an incendiary crime, shall be placed in an insane asylum, even when the parents or relatives are willing to undertake the supervision and treatment of the patient at their own home.

Insane criminals placed in an asylum shall not be discharged without permission from the higher authorities.

If, however, it becomes evident, in the course of time, that such persons have entirely recovered, and that within two years no mental abnormities have been observed, they may, after a repeated and searching examination, be dismissed from the asylum, and their estates be freed from attachment, according to the existing civil laws.

This period of observation of two years for recovered patients may be abridged, when special reasons exist and there is sufficient security that no danger can arise therefrom.

A recovered idiot may be delivered to his relatives, when they bind themselves to keep him under close surveillance and, in case of the reappearance of morbid phenomena, to return him, using the necessary precautions, to the insane asylum.

Art. 103. A crime or misdemeanor is, also, not punishable, when it is proven that it has been committed in an attack of mental disturbance or complete unconsciousness (that is, caused by disease but not by intoxication).

Remark. Referring to the transient or temporary insanity (mania transitoria, acutissima), if, during such condition, a murder or attempted murder or attempted suicide has been committed, the same precaution is to be taken as in ordinary cases of insanity, concerning the period of observation; but that period need not be of so long duration as in the cases cited above:-six weeks of observation is sufficient in such cases for the determination of complete recovery.

Arts. 104 & 105. The exemption from punishment for the commission of crimes and misdemeanors, refers also to such persons, as have lost their mental faculties and the use of their reason in consequence of age and infirmities, and also to somnambulists, who act under the influence of their psychical nervous malady, without corresponding consciousness; also born deaf-mutes or persons who have lost in their earliest youth the faculties of hearing and language, are not held responsible for crimes or misdemeanors, when it is plain that they have not been enabled, either by education or by intercourse with other persons, to acquire ideas concerning duties and laws.

Remark. Such patients may be delivered, instead of to the insane asylum, to parents, relatives, guardians, or, with their assent, to strangers, when these latter bind themselves to keep the patient under continued and close surveillance, and to have him medically treated during his sickness, and also to avoid everything which might be hurtful to the surroundings, either to other persons or to the patient himself.

When the parent of the patient, his relatives, guardian, or strangers, who are willing to take the patient under their protection, do not offer sufficient guarantees, and it cannot be expected that they will exactly and punctually fulfil all their duties, the insane will be committed to an insane asylum for treatment and care. Deaf-mutes, by birth or from their earliest childhood, are kept in prison under close surveillance, but separate from other inmates.

Though somnambulists cannot strictly be classed among the