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Samoan or Navigators' islands, a group not half that distance away. The tradition says nothing of any indigenous population found in New Zealand before the arrival of these immigrants. Many writers, however, incline to the belief that it was previously inhabited by a darker race, somewhat akin to the Papuas of New Guinea, sometimes called Negritos and Pelagian negroes. Supposing that the two races, in process of time, intermingled, this might account, in some measure, for the differences apparent between the Maoris and the Tahitians, Samoans, Sandwich islanders, and other natives of the Pacific. But whether of pure or mixed race, all testimony combines in representing the Maoris nation standing very high in the scale of humanity. The skin of the Maoris is in general of an olive-brown color, but there are some in whom the shade is much lighter, while in others it is darker. In stature they almost equal Englishmen, and have a powerful muscular development. They have well-shaped, intellectual heads, and their features, when not tattooed, might almost be taken for European. Few of them have beards or whiskers, it being an immemorial custom with them to pluck out the hair on the face with pipi shells. On the head, the majority have long black hair, with a slight wave in it; but with some it is of a reddish tinge, and some Maoris again have the hair slightly frizzled. Their eyes are large, their lips thick, and their teeth, unlike those of most savage nations, are large and irregular. The women are of less stature than the men in proportion, and are in other respects inferior to them, perhaps from their marrying too young, and having to perform too much of the drudgery of life. Some of the women, however, are represented as being delicately molded, with long eye-lashes, pleasing features, and a plaintive, pathetic voice, which makes them highly interesting. Both sexes used to practice tattooing, a custom which has been almost abandoned since the conversion of the Maoris to Christianity. It was a painful operation, performed with a hammer and saw-like chisel. The punctures were stained with vegetable dyes, and the patterns, which extended over the face, hips, thighs, etc., represented ornamental scrolls and figures, supposed to denote the rank of the individual wearing them. The women were but slightly tattooed, with a few lines on the lips, chin, and occasionally other parts of the body. The priests were the principal operators, and during the process, ancient songs were sung, to encourage, divert the attention, and increase the patience of the sufferers. This tattooing was supposed to make the Maori youth more terrible in the eyes of his enemies, and more acceptable in those of his mistress. Another remarkable custom among the Maoris was that of the taboo, by which the priest could make certain persons and things sacred and inviolate. This was partly a religious and partly a political ordinance, and was so much respected that even in war-time hostile tribes left unharmed all persons and things thus protected by the taboo of the opposite side. Cannibalism, a much more heinous and abominable custom, practiced so lately as within the last 45 years, was universally prevalent among the Maoris before their conversion to Christianity. The last instance of it occurred in the year 1843. "Now, however," says Dr. Scherzer (Voyage of the Notara), "any allusion to this revolting practice is very painful to the New Zealander, as reminding him of his former low position in the scale of nations. Every time that we endeavored to make any inquiry of the natives respecting this custom, they withdrew with an ashamed look. In like manner, dogs' flesh has ceased to be an article of food, ever since the introduction of pork by capt. Cook. Formerly, the native or Maori dog, which at present is very scarce, was eaten on certain occasions, while its blood played somewhat conspicuous part in Maori pharmacy." Infanticide, which also prevailed largely among them in their days of heathenism, is now universally abolished, and the same is the case with slavery and polygamy. The Maoris generally marry very young, and instances are known of females among them becoming mothers even at the tender age of 11 years. Their marriages, however, are not very productive, 3 in a family being considered a good average, and many of these dying in their first year. It is difficult to account for this, seeing that the Maoris of the present day are not addicted to intemperance, like other half-civilized tribes. The wars of the Maoris were formerly carried on with spears and clubs of various kinds, manufactured from stone and wood. Their most remarkable weapon was a spear of nephrite, which descended among the principal chiefs from father to son, and was regarded as a kind of scepter, and even a sacred object. It was called merimeri, "the fire of the gods," and was sometimes used for scalping prisoners. There are other weapons of nephrite in use among the Maoris; they are much sought after, and very costly. The use of fire-arms is now, however, very general among the Maoris, and that they are adroit marksmen has been made but too apparent in their contests with English troops. The language of the Maoris, like the Polynesian languages generally, belongs to the Malay family. Its alphabet comprises only 14 letters, viz., A, E, H, I, K, M, N, O, P, R, T, U, W, and Ng. Seven tolerably distinct dialects are spoken among them. The language is represented as rich and sonorous, well adapted for poetical expression, especially of the lyric kind. The Maoris have an abundance of metrical proverbs, legends, and traditions, of which a collection has been made by sir George Grey. They are also passionately attached to music and song. More than five-sixths of the Maoris are now converted to Christianity. Of these, such as live within the English settlements are becoming gradually assimilated to our own colonists, for the most part wearing the European dress, etc., while those further removed are content with the blanket, which has come to supersede the native

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Map.

cloth. They generally practice agriculture, but will not work very hard. They are good sailors and fishermen, and, indeed, more than a hundred coasting-vessels of a good size are now the property of natives. The Maoris, however, as a nation, although ready to imitate our manners and customs, are not quite content with our colonial rule, and have frequently raised the standard of revolt against Britain under their native chieftains. In 1861 hostilities commenced between the Maoris and the British, which terminated in favor of the latter the following year. In 1863 war broke out again, the Maoris having conspired to expel the British troops. In 1868 they massacred many of the settlers, and resisted, to desperation, the troops sent to quell them-a feat accomplished the following year. Pop. '68, only 38,540.

MAORMOR, the old equivalent of the earl in Scotland, an official similar to a maor (q.v.), but placed over a province instead of a thanage, an earldom or county instead of a barony, exercising the office of royal deputy or steward over the territory of which he had at a still earlier period been the independent lord, and probably retaining to himself the third part of the royal revenues and prerogatives. Prior to the introduction of feudalism, Scotland seems in theory to have been subdivided into maormordoms, each made up of the maormor's portion on and the king's, in later language, the earldom and the regality, over both of which the maormor exercised his office, though the former was, Practically, however, in certain of these districts the king and regality in his own hands, and the maors held their thanages directly of the sovereign, without the intervention of a maormor. As the feudal system extended, the maormors were converted into earls, who were confined within the limits of their own districts, the earl of Fife alone retaining the privilege of exacting his rights over the whole province.

in a special sense, his own. Practically,

MAP (Lat. mappa, a towel). A map is a delineation, on a plane, of some portion of the surface of a sphere, celestial or terrestrial, on which the objects intended to be shown are traced, whether stars or towns, mountains, etc. Terrestrial maps are termed geographical, when they refer to the land; and hydrographical maps, or charts, when they delineate the shores of the sea. A perfect representation of a country, with all its parts in true proportions and relative positions, may be made on a globe; but, since the surface of the earth is spherical, it is not possible so to delineate any large portion of it on a plane as to retain these properties. Hence geographers resort to different methods of representation called projections (q.v.), which are of two kinds-either real perspectives from different points of view, or approximative developments. The five principal projections are the orthographic, the stereographic, the globular, the conical, and the cylindrical, or Mercator's.

In the first of these, the flat surface on which the map is drawn is supposed to pass through the center of the earth, and according to the distance of the eye, the projection is either of the first, second, or third kind. In the orthographic, the eye is assumed to be at an infinite distance from the center of the earth, so that all rays of light proceeding from every point in its surface are parallel and perpendicular.

From the nature of this projection, it is evident that while the central parts of the hemisphere are almost accurately represented, towards the circumference the countries are crowded together and diminished in size. On this account it is of little use for geographical, though of considerable value for astronomical purposes. In the stereographic, the eye or point of projection is assumed to be placed on the surface of the sphere opposite the one to be delineated. If the globe were transparent, the eye would then see the opposite concave surface. Contrary to the orthographic, this method contracts the center of the map, and enlarges it towards the circumference. Owing to the unequal area of the divisions, and the difficulty of finding the true latitude and longitude of places, this projection is not much employed. In order to rectify the opposite effects of the two preceding, the globular projection, a modification of the two, is generally adopted. If we suppose the eye to be removed from the surface to a distance equal to

FIG. 1.-Globular, or Equidistant Projection of a the sine of 45° of the circumscribing circle, Hemisphere. the projection is called globular. In other words, if the diameter of the sphere be 200 parts, it must be produced 70 of these parts in order to give the point of projection.

All meridians and parallels in this projection are in reality elliptical curves, but as they approach so nearly to being circular arcs, they are very rarely shown otherwise. The construction of the globular or equidistant projection is as follows (fig. 1): Describe a circle NESW, to represent a meridian, and draw two diameters, NCS and WCE,

Map.

perpendicular to each other, the one for a central meridian, the other for the equator. Then N and S will represent the north and south poles. Divide each of the quadrants into 9 equal parts, and each of the radii CN, CE, and C also into 9 equal parts. Produce NS both ways, and find on it the centers of circles which will pass through the three points 80 x 80, 70 y 70, etc., and these arcs described on both sides of the equator will be the parallels of latitude. In like manner, find on WE produced, the centers of circles which must pass through a, b, c, and the poles. Having selected the first meridian, number the others successively to the east and west of it. A map in this way may be constructed on the rational horizon of any place.

The impossibility of getting a perfect representation of special parts of the sphere by any of the previous methods, led to the desire for others less defective. Of all solid bodies whose surfaces can be accurately developed or rolled out upon a plane without alteration, the cone and cylinder approach nearest to the character of the sphere. A portion of the sphere between two parallels not far distant from each other, corresponds very exactly with a like conical zone; whence it is that conical developments make the best projections for special geographical maps, and even with some modifications for large portions of the globe.

A conical projection of Europe (fig. 2) is constructed thus: Draw a base line AB of indefinite length; bisect it in E, and at that point erect a perpendicular ED, to form the central meridian of the map. Take a space for 5° of latitude, and since Europe lies between the 35th and 75th parallels of latitude, mark off eight of these spaces along ED for the points through which the parallels must pass. The center from which to describe the parallels will be the point in ED where the top of a cone, cutting the globe at the 45th and 65th parallels, would meet the axis of the sphere. This point will be found to be beyond the north pole at C. Since on the parallels of 45° and 65°, where the cone

cuts the sphere, the degrees of longitude are exactly equal to those on the globe, if on these parallels distances be marked off equivalent to 5 degrees of longitude, in proportion to the degrees of latitude in those parallels, and through these points straight lines be drawn from C, they will represent the meridians for every 5 degrees.

Since all meridians on the globe are great circles passing through the poles, the north and south points at any place correspond with the poles of the earth. The cast and west points, however, are indicated by a line at right angles to the meridian, and do not, except at the equator, correspond with those of the earth. In all the projections hitherto described, the direction either of the north and south, or of the east and west points, is represented by a curved line, so that on such a map the course of a vessel would almost always be laid down in a curve, which could only be described by continually laying off from the meridian a line at an angle equal to that made with the meridian by the point of the compass at which the ship was sailing. If the vessel were to steer in a direct n.e. course by one of the previous projections, she would, if land did not intervene, describe a spiral round, and ultimately arrive at the north pole: therefore, the mariner requires a chart which will enable him to steer his course by compass in straight lines only. This valuable instrument is supplied by Mercator's chart, in which all the meridians are straight lines perpendicular to the equator, and all the parallels straight lines parallel to the equator.

It is constructed as follows (fig. 3): A line AB is drawn of the required length for the equator. This line is divided into 36, 24, or 18 equal parts, for meridians at 10°, 15°, or 20° apart, and the meridians are then drawn through these perpendicular to AB. From a table of meridional parts (a table of the number of minutes of a degree of longitude at the equator comprised between that and every parallel of latitude up to 89°), take the distances of the parallels and of the tropics and arctic circles from the equator, and mark them off to the north and south of it. Join these points, and the projection is made.

This projection, of course, does not and is not intended to give a natural representation of the earth, its effect being to exaggerate the polar regions immensely. The distortion in the form of countries and relative direction of places, is rectified by the degrees of latitude being made to increase proportionably to those of longitude. This is the only map which gives an unbroken view of the whole surface of the earth.

The term map is specially applied to representations of land, or land and water together; while that of chart is limited to the coast and water surface only, showing currents, rocks, anchorage, light-houses, harbors, soundings, and other objects of impor

tance to seamen.

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A geographical map proper is a general map of the world, or of a large extent of country. A topographical map differs from it in being limited in area, and much more detailed. The ordnance survey of Britain is good example of a topographical map. Besides purely geographical and topographical maps, others are constructed for special purposes, which may be physical, political, or civil, military, statistical, historical, etc. In order to construct a map, and to determine accurately the positions of places on it, a knowledge of two elements is essential-viz., latitude or distance from the equator, and longitude or distance east or west of the meridian adopted.

Every map, whatever its dimensions, is in some definite relation to the actual size of the globe. This relation is indicated by a scale-a graduated line showing, by its divisions, the number of miles corresponding to any space measured on the map. The scales of geographical maps range from about 800 m. to an inch (for maps of quarters of the globe) to 10 m. to an inch; those of topographical maps range from 1 in. to 25 in. to a mile, the largest topographical maps we have, admitting of the most minute details.

The ordnance survey of Great Britain is on the scale of 6 of nature, or 1 in. of paper to 1 m. of surface.

A recent improvement introduced into our best maps is that of printing the watercourses in blue ink, making the orography and skeleton of every country stand out in clear relief, thus avoiding the confusion resulting from all the lines being black, as in older maps.

MAPES, JAMES J., LL.D., 1806-66; b. New York, where he was for a time a merchant and sugar-refiner, then professor of chemistry and natural philosophy in the national academy of design. He was the inventor of various useful processes in industrial chemistry. In later years he entered into the business of a scientific agriculturist near Newark, N. J., and was very successful. His knowledge of chemistry made him an expert in fertilizers, in which he was an extensive dealer. He was for a time editor of the Working Farmer, and published many papers and addresses on chemistry and agriculture. He also published the American Repository of Arts, etc., in 4 vols., the Practical Farmer, and other works. He spent considerable time in investigating the phenomena of spiritualism, with what conclusion is unknown. Died at Newark.

MAPES, or MAP, WALTER, a famous mediæval writer of Latin verse, called by lord Lyttleton "the Anacreon of the 12th c.," was b. somewhere on the frontiers of Wales (probably Herefordshire) before 1150. He studied at Paris, and on his return to England found entrance to the court, became a favorite with Henry II., and was made archdeacon of Oxford in 1196, after which he does not again appear in history. He is thought to have died about 1210. Mapes's best known piece is the drinking-song, beginning

Meum est propositum in taberna mori,

which has been charmingly rendered into English by Leigh Hunt. It is part of a longer poem entitled Confessio Goliæ. Considerable doubt, however, is now felt as to the proper authorship of the poems commonly attributed to Mapes; and Mr. Wright, who has edited them for the Camden society (1841), brings forward several reasons for concluding that the author must be a different person from Mapes. The most weighty of these reasons is, that Giraldus Cambrensis, the intimate friend of the archdeacon, severely censures the poems that went under the name of Golias, of which the famous drinkingsong was one, while in the same breath he warmly praises Mapes. It is certain, however, explain it as we may, that soon after the time of the archdeacon they were regarded as his, and his name is inscribed on them in MSS. of the 14th and 15th centuries. Mapes also wrote several prose works in Latin and Anglo-Norman.

MAPIMI, a desert in n. Mexico, extending s. from the Rio Grande 4 degrees of latitude, and being about 24° in width, or about 525 sq. miles. The name is taken from a mining town of about 5,000 pop. on the border of the desert. There is very little vegetation, but the presence of gold, silver, iron, and coal is claimed. Parts of Chihuahua, Durango, and Coahuila are included in the tract.

MAPLE, Acer, a genus of exogenous trees of the natural order aceraceæ. This order contains more than sixty species, natives of the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, and particularly numerous in North America and the n. of India. They have opposite leaves without stipules, usually lobed or palmate. The flowers are in axillary corymbs or racemes, small, but abounding in honey, and very attractive to bees. The calyx is generally divided into five segments; the petals, when present, equal in number to the segments of the calyx, grow from the margin of a fleshy, hypogynous disk. The fruit is formed of two small winged nuts, each with one or two seeds. With few exceрtions, the genus acer includes the whole order. -The COMMON MAPLE (A. campestre), a small tree, is a native of Britain, and of many parts of Europe and Asia. The leaves are small, and usually five-lobed; the wood is compact, fine-grained, takes a high polish, and is much used by turners and for carved work. Several nearly allied species are found in the s. of Europe. -The STRIPED BARK MAPLE (A. striatum) of North America, where it often forms great part of the undergrowth in woods, is remarkable for longitudinal black and white stripes on its bark; and its wood, which is very white, is used for inlaying in cabinet-work.-The GREATER MAPLE OF SYCAMORE (A. pseudo-platanus), commonly called plane-tree in Scotland, is a native of various parts of Europe, but a doubtful native of Britain, in which, however, it has long been common. It attains a height of 70 to 90 ft., has a spreading umbrageous head, and large, palmate, coarsely serrated leaves on long stalks. It is of quick growth, and succeeds well near the sea, and in other exposed situations. The wood is white, compact, and firm; not hard, but capable of a fine polish; and is used by wheelwrights, turners, etc. It is not apt to warp. Stair-rails are often made of it, and pattern-blocks for manufactories, as well as bowls, bread-plates, etc. Sugar is sometimes made from the sap of this tree, as from that of several other maples; but the species which yields it most abundantly is the SUGAR MAPLE (A. saccharinum) of North America, a species which much resembles the sycаmore, and abounds in the northern parts of the United States and in the British possessions, where large quantities of sugar are made from it, although only for domestic use. The trunk of the sugar maple is generally more slender than that of the sycamore. To obtain sugar, holes are bored in the trunk when the sap is ascending, early in spring, before the winter frost has passed away, in an obliquely ascending direction, at no great distance from the ground, at first only to the der depth of half an inch, but afterwards deepened to 2 in.; and the sap thus collected is evaporated in boilers over a brisk fire, to the consistency of syrup, strained and poured into molds, in which it crystallizes into a coarse gray or brown colored sugar. It is sometimes afterwards refined. Four gallons of sap yield about 1 lb. of sugar. A single tree yields from 2 to 6 lbs. in a season. During the sugar-making season, sheds are erected in the woods for the boiling and other processes of the manufacture. The sap cannot be kept long after being collected. Good vinegar is made from it, and a kind of molasses much superior to that from the sugar-cane, and much used in America with buckwheat cakes, etc. The wood of the sugar maple has a satiny appearance, and is used for cabinet-making; it is sometimes finely marked with undulations of fiber, and is then known as bird's-eye maple, and is used for veneers. The cultivation of the sugar maple in Europe, for the sake of its sugar, has of late been much advocated. It is not so hardy in the climate of Britain as the sycamore, and seems to require a dry and sheltered situation. -The NORWAY MAPLE (A. platanoides) is a native of the n. of Europe, although not of Britain, and is also found in North America. It much resembles the sycamore. and its wood is used for the same purposes. It is pretty common in plantations in Britain. A Himalayan species (A. villosum), a noble tree, found with pines and birches of great elevations, has recently been introduced into Britain.

MAQUET, AUGUSTE, b. in Paris, 1813; educated at the college Charlemagne, where he was for a time teacher. Having written the drama entitled Bathilde, he was introduced to Alexandre Dumas to have it examined. The latter was struck with his talent, and proposed their working together. It is said that a considerable part of the romances which Dumas published previous to 1845 were largely from Maquet's pen. In 1851 he began publishing romances under his own name, which are highly appreciated in France. He has been president of the commission of dramatic authors and composers. His work in aid of Dumas embraced fifteen of his most famous novels. Under his own name since, are the romances Histoire de la Bastille; Prisons de l'Europe; Belle Gabrielle; and many others. For the theater he has prepared La Fronde, an opera; Le Château de Gautier; Le Comte de Lavernie; La Belle Gabrielle; and many others, in addition to the joint works of himself and Dumas, most of which he dramatized.

MAQUI, Aristotelia maqui, the only known species of a genus of plants sometimes referred to the natural order tiliaceæ, and which has also been made the type of a pro posed order. It is an evergreen or sub-evergreen shrub, of considerable size, a native of Chili. The flowers are small, green, and yellow, in axillary racemes of no great beauty The fruit is a three-celled berry, about the size of a pea, black, acid, and eatable; the Chilians make a wine from it. The wood is used for making musical instruments, and the tough bark for their strings. The maqui sometimes ripens fruit against a wall in England, and is frequently cultivated as an ornamental shrub.

MARA BOU FEATHERS. See ADJUTANT.

MARABOU STORK, the African name of the adjutant stork, pouched adjutant, or argala of India. The sausage-like pouch which hangs from its neck is capable of being inflated, giving the bird a strange appearance. It is gregarious in its wild state, fre