Loess.

The

glion, or brain, which furnishes the eyes and the ocelli with nerves; 2, infra-esophageal ganglion; 3, three thoracic ganglia connected by double cords; and 4, five abdominal ganglia connected by single medial cords. There is also a sympathetic system, composed of three principal ganglia, and a not otherwise complex system of nerves. respiration is much like that in other insects. See INSECTS. In the female the ovaries, immediately before ovipositing, occupy a considerable portion of the abdomen, and consist of two masses of tubes, with air-sacks and tracheæ ramifying among them. There are from 17 to 22 tubes in each ovary in C. femur rubrum, and more in Č. spretus, sometimes as many as 50 in each, or 100 in both. Indeed, the mouth, crop, stomach, and reproductive system of the migratory locust may be said to practically occupy the whole of the body cavity, the whole physical energy being spent in devouring and multiplying. As to the organs of sense they have two large, well-developed compound eyes, and three ocelli or simple eyes, which, no doubt, very well serve the purpose of vision. The antennæ are probably organs of taste as well as of touch, but it is not known whether the tongue has any gustatory sense. The ears are well developed, and there is no doubt but that the sense of hearing is acute from the fact that drums and kettles are efficient means of disturbing these insects.

LOCUST TREE, a name given in different parts of the world to different trees of the natural order leguminosae.-The carob tree (ceritonia siliqua) is often so called in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean, and its pods are the locust beans of our shops. See CAROB. A kind of effervescing beer, made from locust or carob pods, has been sold in London.-The LOCUST TREE of America (robinia pseudacacia), also called the FALSE ACACIA, or THORN ACACIA, and on the continent of Europe and in Britain, very gener ally the ACACIA, is a valuable and extremely beautiful tree. See ROBINIA. The wood, known as locust wood, is useful for all purposes in which great strength, and especially toughness, is required; this latter quality, which it possesses pre-eminently, makes it very valuable for trenails used in ship-building, and large quantities are imported for this purpose. It is also valuable for making the cogs of wheels.-The HONEY LOCUST (q.v.) TREE of America is a gleditschia.-The LOCUST TREE of the West Indies is hymenaa courbaril, a gigantic tree, whose pods also supply a nutritious matter, a mealy substance in which the pods are imbedded. It is sweet and pleasant, but apt to induce diarrhea when recently gathered, which property, however, it loses when kept for a short time. A decoction of it, allowed to ferment, makes a kind of beer. The bark of the tree is anthelmintic; it yields a kind of resin called anime (q.v.), and it is valuable as a timber-tree, the timber (also known as locust wood) being close-grained and tough, and in request in England for trenails. It is very generally imported in the form of trenails.

LODE, a miner's term for veins (q.v.) in which minerals occur. They are crevices, more or less vertical, produced by contraction, or the mechanical disturbance of the rock, which have subsequently been filled with metallic ores.

LODEVE (ancient Lutera in Gallia Narbonensis), a t. of southern France, in the department of Hérault, situated on the Ergue, in a beautiful valley, 32 m. n. w. of Montpellier. It is inclosed by walls, has a cathedral, with manufactures of woolen cloths. Pop. '76, 10,198. Lodève is the birthplace of cardinal Fleury.

LODGE, THOMAS, 1556-1625; b. Lincolnshire, Eng.; studied at Oxford, but left without taking a degree, and went to London; became an actor and began to write for the stage about 1580, producing his Defense of Stage Plays. In 1584 he studied law at Lincoln's inn, and soon after accompanied Clarke and Cavendish as a soldier on their expeditions. Some time afterwards he studied medicine, and took a degree at Avignon. Returning to London he practiced with success, and published in 1603 a Treatise of the Plague. As a dramatist he occupies a high rank. His extant plays are: The Wounds of Civil War lively set forth in the True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla; A Looking-glass for London and England. In 1819 a collection of his pastoral and lyric poetry was published. His novel Rosalynde: Euphues Golden Legacie, found in his cell after his death at Silexedra, gave Shakespeare the framework of the plot in his As You Like It. In its prose descriptions and narratives, as well as in the interspersed verses, the novel is often finely poetical. A Margarite of America, written probably during his voyage with Cav endish, was published in 1596. He translated Josephus and Seneca. While a student at Lincoln's inn he published Alarum against Usurers. He is said to have died of the plague.

LODGED, in heraldry. A beast of chase, as a stag, is said to be lodged when lying down with its head erect; a beast of prey in the same position is said to be couchant.

LODGING-MONEY is an allowance, in the British army, granted to officers and others, for whom suitable quarters cannot be provided in barracks. Married sergeants and private soldiers who are married "with permission," are entitled to lodging-money at various rates up to 8s. a week, when separate rooms in barracks cannot be spared for the accommodation of each couple. The total charge for lodging-money in the army estimates amounts to about £100,000.

LODGINGS, or the use of part of another person's house, when occupied, constitute the relation of landlord and tenant between the parties. Lodgings being generally taken by the week, or month, or quarter, it is not necessary that the contract should be

by writing, though it is expedient, especially where any particular stipulations are made. But where a furnished house is let, and a written agreement or lease is used, it is absolutely necessary that there should be a stamp on such writing, which must be canceled by the parties under a penalty of £5 besides stamp-duty; and house-agents who let furnished houses above £25 for hire, must now take out an annual license, and pay duty. In England, the chief points of law which arise are as follows: One of the risks which the lodger runs is that, if his landlord, L, is himself a tenant to A, somebody else, then, if L's rent is in arrear, the lodger's goods may be taken by A to pay this, for the rule is, that all goods found on the premises, to whomsoever belonging, may be seized to pay arrears of rent, and it is immaterial whether the landlord A, who distrains, knows they are not L's, but the lodger's goods. The only remedy in such a case for the lodger is to deduct the amount of loss from the next rent he pays to L for lodgings. Hence, in order to learn whether the above risk is impending, a lodger frequently inquires beforehand at the landlord of the house, A, and the tax collectors, whether rent, etc., is in arrear. A lodging house keeper, even where he keeps a boarding-house, which nearly resembles an inn, is not liable for the safe custody of the lodger's goods. He is merely liable for ordinary care; but he does not warrant at all hazards that the goods will not be stolen, as an innkeeper (q.v.) does. Even if the lodger's goods are stolen by a servant of the house, the lodging-house keeper is not liable. The notice to quit depends on how the lodgings were taken. If they were taken by the week, a week's notice is sufficient; if by the month, a month's; and if by the quarter, a quarter's notice, unless some other agreement was made. Hence, if the lodger quit without notice, he is liable for one week's, or month's, etc., rent, even though the landlord put a notice in the window. The lodging-house keeper may distrain the lodger's goods for unpaid rent. When a lodger refuses to quit the lodgings after a notice has expired, he cannot be put out by force, but in many cases a summary remedy is given for recovering possession. In Scotland, the lodger's goods cannot be taken by the landlord of the lodging-house keeper for rent. A lodger, whatever rent he pays, yet not being rated to the poor, etc., is not entitled to vote for members of parliament; though it is said that in Scotland a different practice prevails in some places (Burton's Law of Scotland, 38). Common lodging-houses, where poor people lodge by the night, have recently been subjected to state interference; and by statutes 14 and 15 Vict. c. 28, and 16 and 17 Vict. c. 41, the keepers of such lodging-houses must register them. They are liable to be inspected by an officer of the board of health for sanitary purposes, and the keepers are bound, on notice, to report to the local authority every person who resorted to their houses during the preceding day or night. The keepers are bound to thoroughly cleanse all the rooms, stairs, etc., as often as by-laws shall direct, and to keep a proper supply of water. If fever break out, notice must be given to the local authority. These duties are enforced by means of penalties. These statutes were extended to Ireland by the statutes 23 and 24 Vict. c. 26.

LO'DI, a flourishing t. of north Italy, in the province of Milan, stands on the right bank of the Adda, 19 m. s. of Milan, on a gentle slope in the midst of a highly fertile district, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. It is protected by walls and a strong castle, erected by the Visconti, but lately appropriated as a military hospital. Lodi is a bishop's see and the seat of a college, and contains many fine buildings. Its chief manufactures are linens, silks, chemical products, and Majolica porcelain, for which it is famous. Its great trade is in cheese, especially the famous species known as Parmesan, which, instead of being manufactured at Parma, as one might infer from the name, is exclusively made in the vicinity of Lodi, where 80,000 cows are kept for the purpose.-LODI VECCHIO, or Old Lodi, is a ruined village about 5 m. w. of the modern town; it was founded by the Boii, and colonized by the father of Pompey the great, hence its name, Laus Pompeia, which was gradually corrupted into the modern name of Lodi. Lodi is celebrated for the victory of the French, under Bonaparte, over the Austrians, on May 10, 1796, when the long and narrow bridge was carried by the French columns, notwithstanding a tremendous fire from the Austrian batteries.

LODOME'RIA, the Latin name of a principality annexed by Russia in the 11th century. At the partition of Poland, 1772, Austria gave the name Galicia and Lodomeria to her share of the spoils, though Russia retained the old province of Lodomeria.

LODZ (Russ. Lodsi), a t. of Poland, in the government of Piotrkow, and 75 m. s. w. from Warsaw. It is situated in a level fertile country, on a small feeder of the Ner, a branch of the Vistula. After Warsaw itself, Lodz is the largest town in Poland, and is remarkable for the activity with which different branches of industry are prosecuted, particularly the manufacture of cloth and other woolen stuffs. There is also a considerable trade, which is likely to be much promoted by a branch railway opened in 1865, connecting Lodz with the great Warsaw and Vienna line. The inhabitants of Lodz are mostly Germans, or of German origin. Its population has of late increased with great rapidity. At the beginning of the 19th c., the town had only a few hundred inhabitants; in 1854, the pop. had increased to 23,302; in 1860, to 31,564; and in 1867 it had risen to 34,328.

LO'ESS, a loamy deposit of pleistocene age, occurring in the valleys of the Rhine and the Danube. It consists of a pulverulent loam of a yellowish-gray color, made up prin

Logan.

cipally of argillaceous matter, combined with a sixth part of carbonate of lime, and a sixth of quartzose micaceous sand. In the Rhine, it apparently once covered the whole valley and its tributaries, reaching to a considerable height up the bounding mountains. It has subsequently been greatly abraded, a fringe only of the deposit being left on the mountain-sides, and occasionally some outliers in the widest parts of the valley; the materials have been carried down by the river, and rearranged, as a newer loess or alluvium, in Belgium and Holland. This continuous deposit of fine sediment suggested the notion to the original observers of an enormous lake, whose barrier was at the narrow gorge of the Rhine at Bingen. But the loess occurs further down; besides the contained fossils are not lacustrine, but those of land-animals (elephas and rhinoceros), and land-shells (helix, pupa, and succinea). It is now believed to be the moraine mud of the Alpine glaciers, which was spread out gently in the valleys of the Rhine and Danube, as the land gradually emerged from the sea. The loess is generally from 30 to 50 ft. in thickness, though sometimes as much as 200 feet. Fossils are not generally distributed in the strata, but they are sometimes locally abundant. They consist chiefly of landshells of species now inhabiting the same region.

LOFO DEN, LOFFO'DEN, or LOFO'TEN, a chain of islands on the n. w. coast of Norway, between lat. 67° and 69° 15′ n., and stretching s.w. and n.e. for 175 miles. The largest of the islands are Hindöe, Andöe, and Langöe, Ost Vaagen, West Vaagen, and Flagstadöe. All of them are rugged and mountainous; indeed, some of the eminences in Vaagen attain an altitude of 4,000 ft., and are covered with perpetual snow. The glens near the coast possess a temperature mild enough to allow of the cultivation of oats, barley, and potatoes. The permanent pop. is estimated at 4,000. The islanders chiefly depend upon the fishery which was established some time previous to the 11th c. and has always attracted a large number of the inhabitants of the mainland. The average number of boats is 4,000, manned by 20,000 fishermen; and the produce of the cod-fishery is esti mated at 9,000 tons of dried fish, 22,000 barrels of oil, and 6,000 barrels of roe. After the cod-fishery has terminated (in April), the herring-fishing season comes on, and continues throughout the summer, forming also an important branch of national industry. Several other kinds of fish are caught, and lobsters and oysters in abundance. The fishing is attended with considerale danger, on account of the sudden and violent storms from the w., and of the strong currents which set in between the islands. See MAELSTROM. The inhabitants are a mixed race, partly of Scandinavian, partly of Lappish descent.

LOFTUS, WILLIAM KENNETT, 1820-58; b. England. From 1849 to 1852 he was a resident of Turkey, and, devoting himself to archæology, made extensive explorations on the sites of the ancient cities on the Tigris and Euphrates. He made renewed examinations in the same field under the auspices of the Assyrian society of London in 1853, and a few years later published a volume of his Travels and Researches in Chaldea and Susiana, with illustrations. His contribution of specimens of ancient Assyrian sculpture to the British museum are highly valued.

LOG is the instrument by which a ship's rate of motion through the water is measured. Its simplest form is a triangular piece of light wood, leaded so as to swim vertically; this is connected with the log-line so that its flat surface is at right angles to the ship's course. When thrown out-attached to the log-line (see KNOT)—the log meets with such resistance that it theoretically remains stationary in the water, and the log-line passing freely out shows the speed of the vessel. There are, however, many improved logs, which have complicated apparatus, for marking the way made, changes of direction, etc. The log and line are known to have been used as early as 1570 A.D., and were alluded to by Bourne in 1577. Computing by the log is an uncertain operation, allowance having to be made for numberless contingent circumstances. In ships of war, it is usual to heave the log every hour; in merchantmen, every two hours. The log-board is a board on which the hourly results of the log-heaving are recorded in chalk, with the wind's direction, and other particulars, for the guidance of the officer in charge. The contents of the log-board are entered daily in the log-book, with all particulars essential to the history of the voyage, as ships spoken, icebergs seen, land sighted, etc. The log-book thus becomes a rough journal; and it is compulsory upon every master of a vessel to keep it properly, and to have it ready for inspection by any ship of war of his own nation whose captain may require its production.

LOGAN, a central co. of Dakotah; 1800 sq.m.; formed since the census of 1870. It includes a large portion of the Plateau du Coteau du Missouri, elevated prairie land, dry and thinly settled, lying between 98° and 99° w. long., aud 45° and 48° n. lat.

LOGAN, a central co. of Illinois, 574 sq.m.; pop. '80, 25,041; watered by Salt, Kickapoo, and Sugar creeks. It is traversed by the Pekin division of the Wabash, and the Chicago and Alton, and Gilman, Clinton and Springfield railroads. The soil is very fertile, mostly prairie land; productions: wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork. In 1870 this county produced 4,221,640 bushels of Indian corn, being more than any other county in the United States, except Sangamon co. in the same state. Timber is very scarce, but there is an abundance of coal. Co. seat, Lincoln.

Logan.

LOGAN, a co. in Kentucky, immediately n. of the Tennessee state line; 600 sq.m.; pop. '80, 24,358; traversed by the Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville railroad. The surface is varied, the soil fertile; productions: tobacco, wool, cotton, and grain. Co. seat, Russellville.

LOGAN, a w. central co. in Ohio; 415 sq.m.; pop. '80, 26,628; undulating surface and productive soil. Live stock, wool, and grain are the most important productions, and there are manufactures of flour, furniture, lumber, etc. The Cincinnati and Sandusky, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati and Indianapolis railroads traverse this county. Co. seat, Bellefontaine.

LOGAN, a co. in West Virginia, n.e. of the Kentucky line, from which it is separated by a fork of the Big Sandy river; 825 sq.m.; pop. '80, 7,329; watered by the Guyandotte river. The surface is varied, chiefly hilly, and the soil is productive. This county possesses great mineral wealth, yielding coal and iron, salt and petroleum. Co. seat, Logan Court-House.

LOGAN, 1720-80; the name adopted by the Indian chief Tah-gah-jute, in honor of his friend gov. Logan of Pennsylvania. Prior to 1770 he lived in Pennsylvania, where his father, a chief the Cayugas, had lived before him. He was well known on the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontier, a brave chief, of noble presence, always friendly to the whites, and endeared to them by his many good qualities. In 1770 he removed to the shores of the Ohio river with his family, and there fell into intemperate habits. In 1774 Logan's family were murdered by a marauding band of whites. This cruel and cowardly act roused the chief to a determination for vengeance, and he devoted himself to stimulating the tribes to rise against the white settlers. In this he was completely successful, and a savage war began, which lasted six years, with the most terrible cruelties, in the performance of which Logan himself was pre-eminent. He is said to have taken thirty scalps with his own hands. The war closed with the defeat of the Indians, but Logan refused to join the other chiefs in begging for peace with the whites. Instead of any such act of submission, he sent an address to lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia, first published by Thomas Jefferson in his Notes on Virginia. Its authenticity has been questioned, but it has popularly been accepted as a genuine instance of Indian eloquence. Although often reprinted in school readers and other ephemeral works, it is sufficiently characteristic and pertinent to deserve permanent preservation. "I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat; if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, Logan is the friend of the white man. I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Col. Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women aud children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it; I have killed many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear; Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one." It is doubted if the officer to whom Logan refers was concerned in the massacre of his family. The chief now fell a complete victim to intemperance, became quarrelsome and dangerous, and was eventually killed by a relative in self-defense.

LOGAN, CORNELIUS A., b. Baltimore, 1800; of Irish descent; after sailing as supercargo, became a journalist, then an actor and dramatist. He had three daughters, Olive, Eliza (Mrs. Geo. Wood, 1830-72), and Cecilia, all actresses of talent; of whom the first is also a lively writer. A poem entitled The Mississippi was one of Mr. Logan's well-known productions.

LOGAN, GEORGE, 1753-1821; b. Stenton, Penn.; educated in England, and after three years' study at the medical school in Edinburgh made the tour of Europe. Returning to America in 1779, he spent some time in applying science to agriculture, and subsequently was a member of the legislature for several terms. At the commencement of the French revolution he joined the party of Jefferson and the republicans against the federalists. In 1798 he went to Europe as a private citizen to use his influence to prevent a threatened war between France and the United States, having received letters of introduction from Jefferson instead of passports from the secretary of state. Though successful in inducing the French government to annul the embargo on American shipping, and in preparing the way for a negotiation resulting in peace, he was denounced as the treasonable envoy of a faction by the federalists, who afterwards had an act passed by congress, called the Logan act, making it a high misdemeanor for a private citizen to interfere in a controversy between the United States and a foreign country. He was a member of the U. S. senate 1801-7, and in 1810 went as a volunteer to England for the purpose of settling difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, but the mission was fruitless. He was a member of the philosophical society and of the board of agriculture. He published Experiments on Gypsum, and on the Rotation of Crops. In religion he was a member of the society of Friends.

Logarithms.

LOGAN, JAMES, 1674-1751; b. Lurgan, Ireland, of Scotch Quaker stock; was_well educated, and entered into business as a merchant; in 1699 accompanied William Penn to Pennsylvania, where he held various public offices, such as provincial secretary, chiefjustice, president of council, acting governor, etc. He wrote Experimenta de Plantarum Generatione, a translation of Cicero's De Senectute, and other works in Latin and in English prose and verse. Died at Stenton, near Germantown.

LOGAN, JOHN, 1748-88; b. Midlothian, Scotland; educated at Edinburgh university, and settled as minister of Leith in 1773. His first literary work was a series of lectures on the philosophy of history, followed, in 1781, by a volume of hymns and odes. It is claimed that the Ode to the Cuckoo, by far the best of these, was stolen from the papers of Michael Bruce, a deceased friend. The other poems, however, possess some merit. They may be found in Anderson's collection. Of his tragedies, Runnamede (1783) is alone worthy of note. A review of the charges against Warren Hastings caused the prosecution of the author. Logan lost his position at Leith through his play-writing, and charges of immorality, and died in London. In 1790 a collection of his sermons was published. They have great vigor and earnestness.

LOGAN, JOHN A., b. Jackson co., Ill., 1826; received a limited common-school education; at the outbreak of the war with Mexico enlisted as a private, but became quartermaster of his regiment, with the rank of first lieut.; after the close of the war was elected clerk of the court of his native county; in 1852 graduated at the Louisville university, and afterwards was admitted to the bar; was a member of the state legislature in 1852-53 and 1856-57, and prosecuting attorney from 1853 to 1857; was elected to congress in 1858 and again in 1860, resigning his seat in 1861 to enter the army. He was made colonel of the 31st Illinois volunteers, and led the regiment in the battles of Belmont and fort Donelson; was wounded in the latter engagement, and in Mar., 1862, was appointed brig.gen. of volunteers, and a few months later, maj.gen.; in the Vicksburg campaign was in command of a division of the 17th corps, distinguishing himself at Port Gibson, Champion hills, and in the siege and surrender of Vicksburg. In 1863 he was put in command of the 15th corps, which he led with valor until the death of McPherson, when he took command for a time of the army of the Tennessee. On being relieved by gen. O. O. Howard he returned to the command of his corps, which he led until the fall of Atlanta, when he obtained leave of absence to engage in the effort to re-elect Abraham Lincoln for president. He afterwards rejoined his corps, leading it in the march through the Carolinas, and until he succeeded gen. Howard in command of the army of the Tennessee. Having resigned from the army in Aug., 1865, he was in the following Nov. appointed minister to Mexico, but declined. He was subsequently elected to congress for two successive terms, and in 1871 to the senate of the United States, of which he is still (1881) a member. He is an earnest advocate of the principles of his party, and is a strong and ready speaker.

LOGAN, Sir WILLIAM EDMOND, LL.D., 1798-1875; b. Montreal, Canada; graduated at the university of Edinburgh in 1817, and in 1818 became partner in a mercantile house in London; 1829-38, manager of a mining enterprise at Swansea, Wales; in 1841 became head of the geological survey of Canada; represented that country in the expositions of 1851 and 1862 at London, and in that of Paris in 1853; was made a knight of the legion of honor in 1855, and a knight-bachelor by the queen in 1856. Died in Wales.

LOGANIA CEÆ, a natural order of exogenous plants, consisting of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, with opposite entire leaves, and usually with stipules, which adhere to the footstalks or form sheaths. The calyx is 4-5-partite; the corolla hypogynous, regular or irregular, 4-5- or 10-cleft. The stamens arise from the corolla. The ovary is generally 2-celled; there is one style. The fruit is a capsule, a drupe, or a berry. Ă. few species of this order occur in Australia and in the temperate parts of North America; the rest are all tropical or subtropical. There are about 162 known species. No natural order of plants is more strongly characterized by poisonous properties. It includes the genus strychnos (q.v.), of which nux vomica (q.v.) is one of the products, and another is the woorali (q. v.) poison. Strychnine (q.v.) is a prevalent and peculiar characteristic principle of the loganiaceæ. Some of the order, however, are of use in medicine, as certain species of spigelia (q. v.).

LOGANSPORT, a city in Indiana, capital of Cass co.; at the junction of the Wabash and Eel rivers; pop. '70, 8,950; reached by the Detroit, Eel river, and Illinois; Logansport, Crawfordsville, and South-western; Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis; and Toledo, Wabash, and Western railroads. It is the center of a productive region, well wooded, and rich also in building-stone. There is a Universalist college and publicschool buildings, 14 churches, banks, etc. The city is handsomely laid out and well paved, with fine residences and stores. It has important manufacturing industries, employing more than 1000 operatives.

LOGARITHMIC or LOGISTIC CURVES are curves whose abscissæ are proportional to the logarithms of the corresponding ordinates; consequently, if the abscissæ increase in arithmetical progression, the ordinates will increase in geometrical progression. The equation to these curves being xa log. y (a being constant), y

dx dy

=a, showing that