as the ministry of the sacrae largitiones; it surveyed and collected the taxation of the Empire. Some departments indeed were withdrawn from the Logothete's control, especially the vestiarium which became an independent bureau. For early seals of λoyoléraι yevikol see Schlumberger, Sig. 530 No. 1, 531 No. 10.1

(1) The χαρτουλάριοι μεγάλοι τοῦ σεκρέτου (below spathar rank Takt. Usp. 127; spathars Phil. 73513) probably were the heads of a number of different departments or scrinia. Many of the same scrinia which existed in the officium of the comes largitionum must have continued down to later times. They are enumerated in the Not. Dig., Or. xiii (canonum, aureae massae, &c.). Their chiefs were then called primicerii.a

(2) χαρτουλάριοι τῶν ἀρκλῶν, also called οἱ ἔξω χαρτουλάριοι τοῦ yevɩkoû (Cer. 69418), where eέw shows that they functioned in the provinces. Tv åpкλôv suggests that they may have taken the place of the praepositi thesaurorum of the Notitia. This, however, is by no means certain. But they cannot be identified with the chartularii de cohortalibus officiis uniusque provinciae, mentioned in a constitution of Leo I (C. I. 10. 23. 3, a.D. 468) as revising taxes, for these are evidently mere clerks. There is an interesting seal (of a later period, tenth-eleventh century) in Panchenko, 13, 129, of Eustathios, spatharocandidatus, who was (at the same time, apparently) BaσiλikòS τοῦ γενικοῦ λογοθεσίου χαρτουλάριος and πρωτονοτάριος τῶν ̓Ανατολικῶν. In the latter capacity he was subordinate to the Chartulary of the Sakellion (see below).

(3) The пónтαι Tŵv Oeμárov were the provincial tax-controllers. Cp. Cont. Th. 346, Schlumberger, Sig. 513. The έiowral seem to have been different from the èπónта. The two names are closely associated in Cont. Th., loc. cit., but they are enumerated distinctly in Alexius Comn., Nov. 30 (Zach., p. 374). [The seal of Michael Kamateros, lowτǹs Tηs Aúσews (end of twelfth century, Sig. 516) is hardly relevant.]

(4) The functions of the kóμŋtes vdárov must have been connected with the aqueducts, probably not in Constantinople but in all parts of the Empire. Cp. the comes formarum, under the Prefect of Rome in Not. Dig., Occ. iv. 4.

1 The curious seal, published by Panchenko 13. 124, is too uncertain to build on. He ascribes it to the first half of the seventh century, and restores ['I]wávvov ἐνδοξο[τ(άτου) ? ἀπ]ὸ ὑπ(άτων) πατρικ(ι)[ου λο]γοθέ(του) βασιλικών) [ἀ ?]ρκα[ρίω]ν. If ȧpkapiov is right, J. was a rationalis under the Praetorian Prefect.

2 For the σékperov of the Log. Gen. in the eleventh century see MiklosichMüller, op. cit. vi. 50, 54-5, where μεγάλοι χαρτουλάριοι and λογαριασταί are mentioned; cp. his λoyapiaσrns and voτápio in Alex. Comn. Nov. 34, p. 398.

(5) o OiKLOTIKÓS. The name of this official is rightly given in Phil. 7892, but appears as å kɩσTIKÓS in the list of officia and in 7367. The true form is shown by two seals of the Comnenian period (Sig. 559) : (1) Ιωαννη βασιλικω) σπαθαρίω) και χαρτουλαριω του οικι στινου (sic); (2) Δαδ [= Δαυιδ] [α']νοταρίω του οικιστικού; also a seal (3) in Konstantopulos, No. 435 a voT. TOû OйKLσTIKOû. It is impossible to admit Panchenko's theory that olklorikós is a mistake for LOTIKÓS (xiii. 116). The Baσilikos TOTIKÓS of the three seals which he has published and who, as he has shown (ib. vii. 40 sqq.),1 had functions connected with maritime commerce, must be accepted; but there can be no doubt that oikiσTIKÓS was also an official title. Besides the seals cited above, cp. olkiσTIK@V in the Donation of Alex. Comn. A. D. 1087, Miklosich-Müller, Acta et Dipl. vi. 28. The meaning is quite obscure.

(6) The коνμЄрkiápio were the officers who collected duties and customs throughout the Empire. They represent the comites commerciorum of Not. Dig., Or. xiii. 6, and are thus evidence of the continuity between the spheres of the comes s. larg. and the General Logothete. The term коμμеркiápios is officially used in the sixth century. Schlumberger publishes a seal (Mél. 237, koμμ' Tvpov) which he ascribes to that period, and another dates from the reign of Justin II (Sig. 317). In Chron. Pasch. 721 (A.D. 626) we meet Θεόδωρος ὁ ἐνδοξότατος κομμερκιάριος ὁ τὴν ἰσάτιν (?),2 evidently a comes commerciorum.

A seal [τῶν β]ασιλικῶν κομμερκίων στρατιγίας Ελλάδο[s] is dated to A.D. 708 (Mél. 221, and cp. 200). Early seals of koμμepκiápioɩ are comparatively numerous, cp. Sig. 471 sqq.; Panchenko, viii. 18 sqq. I may note those of Constantine (Sig. 165) àñоeñáρɣwv kai yevɩkoû κομμερκιαρίου ἀποθήκης Ελλάδος (ἀποθήκη = customs depot), and of Kosmas (Panchenko, xiii. 115) κομμερκιαρίου ἀποθήκης 'Αγκύρας (?), both belonging to the reign of Constans II, and the latter dated apparently to A. D. 644. These officials might have the rank of hypatos or spathar: cp. Panchenko, ib. 147 No. 489, 149 No. 495.

(7) ὁ τῆς κουρατωρίας, fuller title 736, ὁ σπαθ. καὶ) ἐπὶ τῆς κουρατωρίας Tŵv Baσidikŵv olkov. This functionary presided over a special department dealing with the fiscal revenue derived from the taxation of the Imperial estates (res privata). I believe that this was the function of the magistri privatae who are under the com. s. larg. in Not. Dig. (Or. xiii. 15). For we find that before Justinian's innovation in the

Cp. Ashburner, The Rhodian Sealaw (1909), cxxxii. 93; Leontios, Vita Iohannis, ed. Gelzer, xxvii, xxviii; Pap. Brit. Mus. iv. No. 1341, p. 13.

2 Rendered in the Latin version of Ducange, commerciurius Glasti.

government of Cappadocia in A. D. 536, the collection of the fiscal revenue in the Imperial estates was in the hands of μaylotepes (Nov. 44. 2, 4, p. 266), who are evidently the magistri privatae. Justinian replaced them, for Cappadocia, by πрάкторея. At some subsequent period, these πрáктоpes were either replaced by, or placed under, a single controller & ènì TÊS KOVрaтwpías. This title is exἐπὶ τῆς κουρατωρίας. plained by the concrete use of κovρarwpia = res privata. Cp. Theoph. 487, τὰ δὲ κρείττονα τῶν κτημάτων εἰς τὴν βασιλικὴν κουρατορίαν αἴρεσθαι.

(8) It may be conjectured with probability that ó Kóμns Tŷs λaμías (cp. lamna, see Reiske, ad loc.) had to do with bullion and mines, and it is tempting to identify him with the comes metallorum per Illyricum who appears under the comes s. larg., in the Not. Dig., Or. xiii. 11. For a seal of a K. Ts λ. see Konstantopulos, No. 206.

(9) The dioikηral were the officers who presided over the collection of taxes. (Cp. Leo VI, Nov. 61, p. 157 roùs ènì σvλλoyǹv tŵv δημοσίων φόρων καθισταμένους, διοικητὰς δ ̓ αὐτοὺς ἡ συνήθως ὁμιλία καλεῖν οἶδε.) Paulos ὁ ἐνδοξότατος ἀπὸ ὑπάτων καὶ διοικητὴς τῶν ἀνατολικῶν πаруiv, in the Acts of the Sixth Ecum. Council A. D. 680 (Mansi, xi. p. 209) probably represents the 'comes largitionum per dioecesim Asianam' (Not. Dig. Or. xiii. 5). The abolition of the diocesan divisions led to the replacement of the 'comites largitionum per omnes dioceses' by dioikηral of themes and districts. See the seals of diokηtaí in Sig. 496-7 (cp. Mél. 205 dioiηtận tâs 'Avòpov, saec. ix); Panchenko, xiii. 131 dɩɩkητîn Σáμov kaì τîs Xíov, saec. viii-ix; Mansi, xii. 837 dioecete quod Latine dispositor Siciliae dicitur).1 They were responsible to the General Logothete for the fiscal revenue from their districts, and liable to punishment if it fell short (cp. Theoph. 36727, from which it appears that Theodotos, the Logothete under Justinian II, was unreasonably strict in calling the diokŋTaí to account). It appears from Theoph. 4121, that there were dɩointai at Constantinople as well as in the provinces. The прáκторes, who are often mentioned in our sources, must not be confounded with the διοικηταί. The πράκτορες were the officials who actually went round and collected the taxes (φορολόγοι), and every διοικητής must have had a number of Tрáкторes under him.

(10) κομεντιανός (κοβεντιανός ?) 2 seems to be equivalent to κομβεντιαvós from Koμẞévτos conventus (e. g. Chron. Pasch. 596, John Mal. κομβέντος 43823, 49412), cp. Cer. 42211, 433, σιλέντιον καὶ κομέντου (κοβέντον ?) ;

=

1 The office of d. might be united with that of кoμμepkiάpios, cp. the seal (saec. viii-ix) published by Panchenko, xiii. 87.

• The letters μ and ẞ were easily confused.

but the meaning is obscure. Can it have anything to do with market dues?

(11, 12) πρωτοκαγκελλάριος, καγκελλάριοι.

(3) ὁ λογοθέτης τοῦ στρατιωτικού.

In the fifth and sixth centuries one of the most important functions of the arca of the Praetorian Prefect was to furnish the pay of the army (cp. C. I. 12. 37). Difficulty has been felt as to the duties of the schola chartulariorum in the officium of the Pr. Pr. of Africa (C. I. 1. 27. 1 (38)).1 I conjecture that some of their duties were connected with the annonae militares. In the Prefecture of the East we find scriniarii of the Pr. Pr. administering military expenditure (στρατιωτικὰ διοικεῖν), and in Egypt such a scriniarius was called σтρаTιwτós; see Justinian, Nov. 96. 13, p. 544.

In the seventh century we find that a separate military chest, called To σTρartwriкóv, has been formed, at least for the eastern portion of the Empire, and removed from the control of the Praetorian Prefect. In A. D. 680 we meet Julian d évdo§ótatos àñò vñáτwv πατρίκιος καὶ στρατιωτικοῦ λογοθέτης, as one of the ministers who, along with the Emperor, are present at the Sixth General Council (Mansi, xi. 209). Schlumberger has published (Mél. 242) a seal Evora@lov STRAT LOGOTHETOY which seem to belong to the seventh century.2

Under Irene we meet Ioannes λογοθέτης του στρατιωτικοῦ λογοθεσίου, holding the rank of (βασιλικός) ὀστιάριος (therefore a eunuch) in A.D. 787 (Mansi, xii. 999, 1051) and attending the sessions of the Seventh Council; two years later he is Sakellarios as well as λoy.

στρατ.

(1) χαρτουλάριοι τοῦ σεκρέτου. Takt. Usp. οἱ χαρτ. τοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ oi 127 (ὁ χαρτ. 129); Cer. 52415, 69419, Phil. 752g (τοῦ στρ. λογοθέτου); Sig. 353 seal of Constantine β' σπαθαροκανδιδατω και χαρτ' τ' στρατηοτ' (eighth-ninth century) and of John υπατω μεγαλω χαρτουλάριο του στρατιωτικού λογοθεσίου (perhaps tenth century).

(2, 3) χαρτουλάριοι τῶν θεμάτων and τῶν ταγμάτων. The chartularius of a theme or a tagma was subordinate to the Log. Strat. as well as to the Stratêgos or Domestic. He performed similar duties to those which used to be performed by scriniarii (σrparwrós, &c., see above) of the Praetorian Prefect.

2 For other seals see Sig. 352. Panchenko, ix. 372 'Iw(ávvy) in(áтw)[X]oyo0[ÉT]i [σ]TP[a]TIO[T]IK[ou] (eighth-ninth century).

(4) We met deyarápioɩ also in the office of the Excubiton and the Arithmos.

(5) ỏnтíoves, the officers who distributed pay to the soldiers (oi ὀπτίονες τῶν ταγμάτων Phil. 738). This was their function in the sixth century, Procopius, B. V. i. 17, ii. 20; Justinian, Nov. 150. 1, p. 262. (Cp. Nov. 141. 11, p. 221 in case of foederati.)

(6) πρωτοκαγκέλλαριος, implying καγκελλάριοι.

(7) μανδάτορες.

The νοτάριοι τοῦ στρατιωτικοῦ, not mentioned in this list, appear in Cer. 69420 (they received half the honorarium of the chartularii).

(4) ὁ λογοθέτης τοῦ δρόμου.

There

This title should correspond to rationalis cursus publici. was no such official, and we may conclude that the Logothete of the Course descends from the Curiosus cursus publici praesentalis who was in the officium of the magister officiorum (Not. Dig., Or. xi. 50, cp. Lydus, 2. 10).

The magister officiorum can be traced in the seventh century to the reign of Constantine IV. In the reign of Heraclius the post was held by Bonus (Chron. Pasch. 718, 726), by Anianus and Theodorus (Niceph. Patr. 24, 2518).1 In A. D. 680 it was held by Niketas (τοῦ ἐνδοξοτάτου ἀπὸ ὑπάτων πατρικίου καὶ μαγίστρου τῶν Baσıdıkŵv oppixíwv, Acta Conc. Const. III, Mansi, xi. 209, 217). For the break-up of the office and for the payloтpoι of the eighth century see above B (14) p. 29.

The magister had performed multifarious duties, and he was the functionary who most nearly corresponded to a minister of foreign affairs. This important part of his work was transferred to the curiosus who presided over the state post. It seems not unlikely that before the time of Leo III the magister had been deprived of some of his functions, and, for instance, that the state post may have been raised to a separate and independent office. In any case the official who derived his title from the state post and was named λογοθέτης τοῦ δρόμου, a name which does not appear till the eighth century, took over also from the mag. off. the duties connected with diplomacy, correspondence with foreign powers, and the reception of ambassadors.

When λoyolérns is used without qualification, in Byzantine writers, the Logothete of the Course is generally meant (e. g. Cont. Th. 122,,

1 In Chron. Pasch. 696, A. D. 605, the subadiuva of the magister is mentioned.