στρατ.

(2) In

(1) The author expressly states that the Domestici (notwithstanding their military character) were counted as oppikiáλioi (71512). 74218, 7422, 3 the σrpar. and opp. are distinguished: 6 σrpаT., 2 ¿pp. Cp. also 767, (3) Equally clearly they are contrasted in 76617 and 7671-3. (4) So too in 71010. In 78415 and 767, σekpetɩKoì ¿ppikiάdioi are mentioned, meaning all those comprised in class IV.

29*

While oppíkov in later documents is more often used in our sense of office, than in its earlier meaning of the whole staff of subordinate officials, the term ráĝis is employed for the staffs of the Stratêgoi, Domestics, Kritai, &c., and σékpetov for the officials of class IV.2 For this distinction cp. Cer. 63, ο πάσαις ταῖς τάξεσι καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς σεκρέτοις.3 Οι σέκρετον see below in section IV on σεκρετικοί, p. 83.

899

The high officials themselves are thus divided into seven classes, but their subordinates are grouped in three classes (716,): A, тayμATIKOί, Β. θεματικοί, C. συγκλητικοί. Obviously A comprises the subordinate ỏppikia of the Domestics (class II), and B those of the orpаτηYOί (class I); it follows that the subordinate officials of classes III-VII were all designated as συγκλητικοί.

The use of ovуKληTIкoί, which constantly occurs in Philotheos and the Ceremonies of Constantine, is confusing, and demands some observations. We must first of all distinguish the Synklêtos in the narrow sense of the Council of high officials who assisted the Emperor in business of state from the whole body of σvykληтɩкol, or persons of senatorial rank, who had the right of being received at court, and were expected to take part in the ceremonies and processions. But there are other variations in its meaning. It seems sometimes to be

1 In 78411, however, σrparnyoi are loosely included under ¿pp.

4

2 But σéκperov was doubtless also commonly used of the bureaux of subordinate officials belonging to the other classes.

3 A. Vogt, in his Basile Ie", p. 75, gives πроéλevois as the term for suite or bureau. Its ordinary meaning is ceremonial procession (cp. πроéρɣeσðα), and it is used for the suite of a stratêgos (comitatus, cp. the πроeλevorμaîoɩ of κpiraí in Const. Porph. Nov. 9, p. 268,), but not for a bureau. The passage in Phil. 716, is difficult : εἴδη ἀξιωμάτων διάφορα, κατὰ ἀναλογίαν καὶ τάξιν καὶ τῆς ἑκάστου προελεύ σews (the text seems doubtful: I think we must read kaì tŷs táĝews). The meaning seems to be that these subordinate offices differ according to the kind of staff to which each belongs. τάξις is used generally (including the σέκρετα), προέλευσις especially of the military staffs. See above, p. 23.

4

It seems probable that in such passages as Cer. 87, οἱ πατρίκιοι καὶ στρατηγοὶ ἐκεῖσε καὶ ἡ λοιπὴ σύγκλητος, οι 15016 οἱ πατρίκιοι καὶ ἡ σύγκλητος, the senate in its narrower sense is meant; the contexts suggest that only officials of very high rank are contemplated. For the two senses of σvykλnтos cp. Ellissen, Der Senat im oströmischen Reiche, 27 sqq. (1881).

opposed to βασιλικοί, yet in its application to the officials of classes III-VII (see above), it embraces many officials who were distinctly βασιλικοί. The fact is that persons holding ἀξίαι διὰ βραβείων βασιλικαί might be συγκλητικοί, if they held offices under classes III-VII, and we are thus able to explain the passage in Cer. 6122 δισυπάτους, σπαθαρίους συγκλητικούς, καὶ ὑπάτους, where I remove the comma which appears in the Bonn edition after σπαθαρίους ; only those spathars, who are also συγκλητικοί by virtue of an ὀφφίκιον, are designated. The eunuch officials are not described as Synklêtic, but some of them certainly were.2

3

It appears that in its widest sense συγκλητικοί included (1) high dignitaries, magistri and patricians, whether they held office or not; (2) all the high officials who obtained their office διὰ λόγου (except perhaps some of the eunuchs), and including Stratêgoi1 and Domestics; (3) the officials subordinate to the ministers of classes III-VII ; (4) the Synkletic dignitaries διὰ βραβείων, namely disypatoi, hypatoi, &c. ; and possibly (5) an obscure class who had no such dignities (but see below VII (6) under ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς καταστάσεως). The term was also used in a restricted sense to designate the fourth (or fifth) of these categories.

In this connexion must be noticed a phrase which often occurs in the latter part of Philotheos, οἱ ὑπὸ καμπάγιον (those who wear the kampagion, some kind of footgear,5 cp. Ducange s. v.). Compare :—

(1) 7418 τὴν ὑπὸ καμπάγιν σύγκλητον πᾶσαν, οἷον ἀσηκρήτας κτλ. (various members of the Sekretic officia) οἷον ἀπό τε σπαθαροκανδιδάτων καὶ κατώτερω, ὑπάτων, δισυπάτων, and some of the tagmatic officials.

(2) 752, τοὺς ὑπὸ κ. συγκλητικοὺς ἅπαντας, οἷον ἀσηκρήτας κτλ. (various officials under classes III-VII, and also some of the tagmatic officials).

(3) 757 19 φίλους τοὺς ὑπὸ κ. ἅπαντας, ἄρχοντας τῆς συγκλήτου, ἀπό τε μαγίστρων, ἀνθυπάτων, πατρικίων, ὀφφικιαλίων, βασιλικῶν πρωτοσπαθαρίων, ἀσηκρητῶν κτλ. (including some tagmatic officials).

(4) 759, φίλους ἐκ τῶν συγκλητικῶν, τοὺς ὑπὸ κ. πάντας, οἷον μαγίστρους, ἀνθυπάτους, πραιποσίτους, πατρικίους, ὀφφικιαλίους, βασ. πρωτοσπαθαρίους, συγκλητικούς, τὸν πρωτοασήκρητις κτλ. (including tagmatics).

(5) 76919— ἀπὸ τῆς τάξεως τῶν μαγίστρων, πατρικίων καὶ λοιπῶν σὺν

1 Cp. Cer. 5161 ; 329-41

* The Praepositus, e. g. was a member of the Senate, Cp. Mansi, xvi. 392 (Α. D. 869) ὁ μεγαλοπρεπέστατος πραιπόσιτος ὡς ἐκ προσώπου τῆς ἱερᾶς συγκλήτου. Ib. 329 Gregory, a Spatharocubicularius, is described as ἀπὸ τῶν τῆς συγκλήτου. 3 Also praepositi, ep. Phil. 74117.

4 Cp. ib. the στρατ. belong to the βασιλικὴ σύγκλητος.

* For the καμπ. as ceremonial footgear cp. John Mal, 32211 (Α. D. 330).

τῷ δομεστίκῳ τῶν σχολῶν καὶ βασιλικῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπὸ τῆς τάξεως τῶν σπαθαροκανδιδάτων μέχρι τῆς τάξεως τῶν στρατώρων—τοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ καμπάγιν πάντας μετὰ τῶν οἰκείων ἀλλαξημάτων-τοὺς δὲ πρωτοσπαθαρίους μετὰ σπεκίων —τοὺς δὲ βασιλικοὺς μετὰ τῶν σκαραμαγγίων καὶ μόνον. (6) 77415.

(7) 777 22 ἀπὸ τῶν σεκρετικῶν τῶν ὑπὸ καμπάγιν πάντων.

(8) 7791ο τῶν μαγ., ἀνθ., πατρ., ὀφφικιαλίων, πρωτοσπ. καὶ λοιπῶν συγκλητικῶν τῶν ὑπὸ καμπάγιν ὄντων.

(9) 780, οἱ μὲν μαγ., πραιπο, πατρ. ὀφφικιάλιοι καὶ οἱ ὑπὸ καμπάγιν πάντες—οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ βασιλικοί.

(10) 781, ἀπὸ τῆς τάξεως τῶν μαγ., πραιπο, ἀνθ., πατρ., ὀφφικιαλίων, πλὴν τῶν εὐνούχων—καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς τάξεως τῆς ὑπὸ καμπάγιν συγκλήτου, καὶ τῶν ταγματικῶν ἀλλαξιμάτων.

Of these passages, 3, 4, and 5 make it clear that the kampagion was worn by the highest officials. 1 and 2 refer only to subordinates, and in 10 the high dignitaries are contrasted with ἡ ὑπὸ καμπάγιν σύγκλητος. There is no real contradiction in this ; in 8 and 9 the magistri, &c., are specially singled out of the kampagion category, and the rest are grouped together as οἱ ὑπὸ καμπάγιν. What dignitaries and officials did not belong to οἱ ὑπὸ καμπάγιν ? First of all, probably the eunuchs, except patricians and praepositi (cp. 4 and 9). Secondly, the Stratêgoi and their staffs, who are never mentioned in these passages. Thirdly, protospatharioi, &c., who were not Synkletic by virtue of office. Fourthly, some lower subordinates (cp. 7), such as δρομείς (Phil. 75212). It is remarkable that tagmatic officers, subordinates of the Domestics, are enumerated among οἱ ὑπὸ κ. συγκλητικοί (cp. 1-4). Is this loose language ?

Ι. στρατηγοί.

(1) to (26). Strategoi.

This class includes, along with twenty-five stratêgoi of themes (including the Count of Opsikion), the official known as ὁ ἐκ προσώπου τῶν θεμάτων (al. σχολῶν).

The origin of the themes, and their history up to the ninth century, has been so fully treated by Gelzer1 that I need only call attention to a few general points before considering the staff of the stratêgos.

The precedence of the Eastern over the Western themes is fundamental. This order of rank is not explained by the precedence of the

1 Gelzer's conclusions, for the ninth century, have indeed to be supplemented by the Arabic evidence produced by Brooks (see Bibliography) and by the Taktikon Uspenski.

Prefecture of the East over the Prefecture of Illyricum, as many of the provinces in the latter had a higher rank than the provinces of the former. It is due to the fact that the Illyric provinces were almost a lost position in the seventh century, and that the strength of the Empire lay entirely in Asia Minor with Thrace at the time when the theme system was developed and normalized under Leo III. The naval circumscriptions, which were equally important when that emperor came to the throne, and which may truly be said to have saved the Empire under the Heraclian dynasty, were included by him among the Western themes, because recent experience had shown that they might prove a dangerous element of opposition, and his own power was based on the Asiatic armies. On the other hand, when at a later time Macedonia became a theme, it was included in the Eastern class (while Thessalonica and Strymon remained in the Western). The Stratêgoi of the Eastern themes all received a fixed salary from the treasury, whereas those of the Western raised their pay in their own provinces; but the naval themes were for this purpose included in the Eastern class.2 The number of twenty-five stratégiai corresponds of course only to the situation at the moment when this particular list was drawn up, in the early years of Leo VI. Before the end of his reign there was a new stratêgia of Mesopotamia, and the Kleisurarchies of Sebasteia, Lykandos, Seleukeia, and Leontopolis had been raised to the rank of themes.3

The Stratêgos of the Anatolic theme holds the highest rank among the stratêgoi, and his is the highest office of those not confined to eunuchs, with the exception of those of Basileopator and Rector and the ecclesiastical post of Synkellos. At a court reception, only the magistri, and these three dignitaries, the Praepositus (if a patrician), and eunuchs of patrician rank, preceded the Stratêgos of the Anatolics, provided he was a patrician. But so long as he was a patrician, although not an anthypatos, he sat among the anthypatoi. If he was

2 The salaries of the Eastern Stratêgoi were graded as follows: class 1, Anatolic, Armeniac, Thrakesian, 40 litrai (about £1752); class 2, Opsikian, Bukellarian, Macedonian, 30 1. (about £1314); class 3, Cappadocian, Charsian, Paphlagonian, Thracian, Kolonean, 20 1. (about £876), and to this class must be added the Chaldian strat., who received only 10 l., in consideration of the income he derived from custom-dues, and the Mesopotamian, who derived all his pay from customs. The naval themes formed a class 4, Kibyrrhaeot, Samian, and Aegean, 101. (about £438); and, class 5, the Kleisurarchs (Lykandos, &c.) received 5 1. (about £219). See the salaries as paid under Leo VI in

Cer. 696-7.

3 Cer. ii. 50.

♦ It is called rò a' béμa in Gen. 517

only a protospatharios, he was first in that order, unless the Praepositus happened to be also a protospatharios. At one time the Sakellarios seems to have been superior in rank to the Stratêgos Anat.; this question will be considered below in connexion with the Sakellarios. But the exalted position of the Strat. Anat. in the imperial service corresponds to what, as I pointed out long ago, was the origin of the post; he took the place of the magister militum per Orientem. Next to him in rank, among the officials, was the Domesticus Scholarum, who in the later Empire corresponds most nearly to the old magister militum in praesenti (though he does not descend from him); and after the Domesticus comes the Stratêgos of the Armeniac theme, who represents the magister militum per Armeniam, instituted by Justinian.

The officium of a stratêgos is as follows :

(1) Turmarchae, (2) merarches, (3) comes τηs кóρTηs, (4) chartularius, (5) domesticus, (6) drungarii bandorum, (7) comites bandorum, (8) centarchus spathariorum, (9) comes tŷs èraipeías, (10) protocancellarius, (11) protomandator (and in the case of the maritime themes, (12) protocarabi, (13) centarchi).

(1, 2) The turmarchs commanded the roûpμal, or divisions of the military éμa or corps, and governed the turms or districts of the geographical theme. The military unit was the ẞávdov, of which the commander was entitled (7) comes. According to Leo, Tact. iv. 42, the βάνδα were grouped in higher units, called μοῖραι or δροῦγγοι, and these regiments were commanded by μοιράρχαι or δρουγγάριοι. The turm or brigade consisted of three such μoîpai, ib. 9. The turm was also called μέρος, and the τουρμάρχης a μεράρχης.1 There were three turmarchs under the stratêgos.2 This account differs from that of Ibn Khurdâdhbah, who wrote his description of the administrative organization of the Roman Empire, c. A.D. 840-5 (ed. De Goeje, see Bibliography). According to him, there were two turmarchs under the command of the stratêgos of one of the larger themes. Under the turmarch were five drungarioi, and under the drungarios five comites.3 The discrepancy arises from the fact that the number of turms and turmarchs differed in the different themes. We have tenth-century documents (A. D. 935 and 949) showing that there were three turms in the Thracesian theme. Ibn Khurdâdhbah generalized 2 Ib. 44.

1 lb. 8,

9.

* Gelzer has tabulated the subdivision, pp. 116, 118.

♦ Cer. 663, and 66617. The text of the former passage requires correction. It stands ὁ τουρμάρχης τῶν Θεοδοσιακῶν, οἱ τουρμάρχαι τῶν βικτόρων, οἱ τουρμάρχαι τῆς παραλίου. Read ὁ τουρμάρχης for the plural in both cases (cp. 6632 ὁ τ. τῶν Βικτόρων).