be used in two senses, either as equivalent to λιτός, or to designate persons who were officials but had no rank διὰ βραβείων (these would naturally be functionaries in a very subordinate position). In the first meaning we find it in Phil. 730, εἰ δὲ καὶ παγανοὶ τύχοιεν χωρὶς ὀφφικίων πατρίκιοι and 73615 ὕπατοι παγανοὶ τῆς συγκλήτου (opp. to ὑπ. βασιλικοί, who had posts in the σέκρετα) ; in the second, Phil 739, εἰ δὲ παγανοὶ πέλοιεν, ἐν μόνοις τοῖς ὀφφικίοις τιμάσθωσαν.

Philotheos enumerates, in ascending scale, eighteen grades of dignity conferred by insignia, and as the lowest (προβάθμιος) grade includes two titles which are on a parity, we have nineteen titles altogether. They are as follows:

1 *(a) στρατηλάτης

*(b) ἀπὸ ἐπάρχων

List of Orders.

Insigne (βραβείον): diploma

*2 σιλεντιάριος

gold staff
fiblatorion

δρόμιον ordinary horse race, Phil. 76916 π. προέλευσις ordinary ceremony (opp. to ἔμπρατος προέλ., see above). The use of παγανός for 6 without office originated the verb παγανοῦν, to deprive of office, which we find in Leo Diac. 3722 των ἀξιωμάτων παγανοί, 9611·

Five (six) of these dignities (marked by asterisks) are designated by Philotheos as senatorial (70711 εἰς συγκλητικούς, 71214 τῇ συγκλήτῳ ἁρμόζονται), the rest as προελευσιμαῖοι 1 or βασιλικαί (70712 εἰς προελευ σιμαίους, 71217 ἐν τοῖς βασιλικοῖς κατατάττονται κώδιξιν). Apparently there were two cursus dignitatum, one a senatorial (ànò èπáрxwv, oid., βεστ., ὑπο, δισυπ.), the other of a military character (μανδ., κανδ., στρατ., σπαθ., σπαθαρο κανδ., πρωτοσπ.); while the higher orders from Patrician upwards might be conferred on members of either class. Compare Cer. 24223 where the case is contemplated of the elevation to patrician rank of a person who οὐκ ἔστι συγκλητικὸς ἀλλ ̓ ἔστιν ἀπὸ σπαθίου.2 But this question demands a special investigation, for which the seals furnish a good deal of material. It is noteworthy that in the seventh century we often find the titles of spathar and hypatos combined.

ἀξίαι προελευσιμαῖοι means dignities which gave a right to take part in the πроeλeúσels or Imperial processions (cf. Reiske 160). The holders of these titles formed in a general sense the Imperial retinue. Holders of the synklêtic titles took part in some ceremonies, but not generally in the προελεύσεις (πομπαί, πρόκευσα). All the βασιλικοί resident in the capital formed in a wide sense the pоéλevσis or cortège of the Emperor; so that oralápiοi èέwτikoí (i.e. not resident in the capital) are designated in Takt. Usp. 123 as w τns πρoeλevσews.

All those who held ȧgíaι πρоeλ., from the magistri down to the candidati, were grouped together for some ceremonial purposes as ἄρχοντες τοῦ Λαυσιακού (a building in the Palace), a category which also included eunuchs who were praepositi or protospathars. See Phil. 7873-7

(1) ἀπὸ ἐπάρχων and στρατηλάται.

We know that the honorary πaрxóτηs existed before the sixth century from a law of Justinian, Nov. 90 (ed. Zach. i. 500), which refers to it as ancient. ἴσμεν γὰρ ὡς τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἦν τινὸς ἐπαρχότητος σχῆμα ἣν ὁνοραρίαν ἐκάλουν, κωδικίλλων ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας ἐπ ̓ αὐτῇ TаρEXоμÉVWV KTλ. Menander (fr. 46, p. 255) mentions that Tiberius II honoured the physician Zacharias τῇ λεγομένῃ ἀπὸ ἐπάρχων ἀξίᾳ. The historian Evagrius was an àñò èπáрxwv (p. 4, 1. 1; p. 241, 1. 6). The importance of the rank in this earlier period is illustrated by Cer. 306 (an old ceremony, not later than seventh century, since the praetorian

1 So I correct for the poσeλevoμaîol of the MS. The same correction should be made, I think, in Miklosich and Müller, Acta et Diplomatu, vi. 23. It seems probable that Philotheos intended to include the orparηλárai among the Senatorials.

2 Cp. 24321

prefect appears; cp. 34312), and by early seals. Most of those published in Sig. 508-11 are of the sixth and seventh centuries; some of them are of men who had actually filled the office of Praet. Praef. or Praef. Urbis. The dignity had been degraded to be the lowest in the scale, perhaps in the eighth century, at all events by the reign of Michael III (see Cer. 63310).

1

The association of the σrparnλaoía with the аπоeπаруóтηs is illustrated by the same Novel of Justinian (p. 501), kai yàp on kai στρατηλασίας praefectorias εἶναι οἱ ἡμέτεροι λέγουσι νόμοι, and the στρατηλασία could be conferred without a post, οἱ δὲ ψιλοὶ τῆς στρατηλασίας κωδίκιλλοι μόνην παρέχουσιν ἀξίαν τύχης (sc. βουλευτικής) οὐκ ἐλευθεροῦντες. The few seals of στρατηλάται belong to the sixth or seventh century, Sig. 366-7. Schlumberger, ib. 337, refers the seal of Tatas στρατηλ(άτου) καὶ κανδ(ιδάτου) συνδρουγγαρίου to seventh or eighth century. I suspect it belongs to the eighth century, and illustrates the degradation of the dignity below that of κavdidáros. Theopemptos, described as πρωτοστρατηλάτης (seventh century, Sig. 367), may have been the senior or doyen of the class of στρατηλάται (ep. πρωτοπατρίκιος). These στρατ. must not be confused with the local σrраr. whom we find in Egypt in the sixth century (M. Gelzer, Studien zur byz. Verw., 30).

The ἀπὸ ἐπάρχων (cp. Cer. 99, 247) and the στρατηλάται are associated in Cer. 202, 235, 237.

It is to be noted that in the case of these dignitaries, the order is conferred (as in early times) by a codicil (xáprŋs), which, however, is now regarded as a ẞpaßeîov. So too in the case of the hypatoi and patricians.

(2) σιλεντιάριοι.

The silentiaries originally belonged to the class of the cubicularii ; they were in the officium of the Praepositus and under the jurisdiction of the Mag. Off. Cp. C. I. 12, 16, 4. They were clarissimi, ib. 5. The ceremony of their investiture by the Emperor with the insigne of

1 The seal of Eugenios árоeráрxwv Kai dpovyyapíov is interesting. Schlumberger, Sig. 336, refers it to Eugenios mentioned by Theophanes A. M. 6053 (A.D. 560). Here the title is evidently honorary. It is not unlikely that the seal of Theodore ἀποεπάρχων καὶ ἐξάρχου Ιταλίας (Sig. 211) belonged to Theodore Kalliopas, who was exarch in the seventh century (Lib. Pont. 126, 133), and is described in a papyrus (Marini, Pap. Dipl. 132) as gloriosus praefecturius. I believe that praefecturius is used as the equivalent of drоenáрxov (Diehl, Études sur l'adm. byz. dans l'ex. de Ravenne, 166, n. 2, suggests praefectus). L. Hartmann, note to Gregory I, Epp. ix. 115, vol. ii. p. 120 (Eutychum―inlustrem praefecturium) is undecided.-Note that anò éπáρxov is often treated as declinable: plur. ἀποεπάρχοντες or written ἀπὸ ἐπάρχοντες.

their office, the golden band, is described by Peter Patr. (Cer. 389); four silentiaries were appropriated to the service of the Empress (ib.). Their chief duty, from which they derived their name, was to act as marshals at Imperial audiences; silentium nuntiare was the technical phrase for calling a meeting of the consistorium (Justinian, Nov. 80, p. 463; cp. Mommsen, 482).1 (For å ådμnvoiováλios see below under C. VII. 6.)

The origin of the silentiarii as a senatorial rank is explained by a constitution of Theodosius II (C. Th. 6, 23, 4): cum optatam quietem acceperint (after their retirement from service) et inter senatores coeperint numerari, honore curiae sine aliqua functione laetentur, &c. They were freed from senatorial burdens; but this privilege was to be confined to thirty. The institution of a special senatorial class of ex-silentiaries naturally led to the creation of honorary silentiaries.

There are several seals in which the silentiariate appears as an order. Panchenko viii. 240 (eighth or ninth century) σiλ. κaì ẞaoiλikòs VoτáρLos, Sig. 603 Michael, Chartularios of the Vestiarion is ŰπаTOS and σιλεντιάριος, ib. 604. Σεργίῳ σιλεντιαρίῳ καὶ βασιλικῷ βεστίτωιρ, ep. the earlier seal 602 (3) σελεντιαρίω καὶ βεστίτωρη.

(3) βεστήτορες.

The vestitores, or officers of the wardrobe, were, like the silentiaries, cubicularii, and the origin of the Beornτopes as a senatorial order was doubtless similar. Their creation by a petitorium, signed by the Emperor, is mentioned in Peter Patr., Cer. 390. For their duties cp. Cer. 305, 342, 129, Theoph. 22620. For seals of officers who had the rank of BeσTńTwp see Sig. 180 (5), 194 (3). Cp. ib. 602 (3, 4), 603 (6), 604 (15). Compare Bieliaev, i. 172 sq.

(4) μανδάτορες, (5) κανδιδάτοι.

See below under the office of the πρωτοσπαθάριος τῶν βασιλικών.

(6) στράτορες.

See below under the office of the Protostrator.

(7) ὕπατοι.

After the abolition of the consulate by Justinian and the deaths of those who had been consuls before that date, the consular order of the Senate was composed entirely of honorary mаro (who consulatus

1 In illustration of their duties cp. Peter (Cer. 426), Cer. 233, 247, 306. * Schlumberger has confounded in the same category vestétores, vestarchai, &c.

insignibus decorantur, Justinian, Nov. 80, p. 464).1 The honorary consulate can be amply illustrated from seals (ὕπατος and ἀπὸ ὑπάτων), of sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries, of which a selection is published in Sig. 476 sqq. A seal of Sisinnios àñò vñáτшν, who was Count of Opsikion in the eighth century, and prominent at the time of the revolt of Artavasdos, may specially be mentioned (Mél. 250). The title may also be illustrated from the addresses of letters of Theodore of Studion (cp. I, 44; II, 148, 218, 149, 173, also p. 1678, ed. Migne). It is to be remembered that the TаToι were a senatorial order; compare the formula in the ceremonies ἵστανται οἱ ὕπατοι κονσιστώριον (καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ συγκλητικοί), Cer. 192, 2013, 23216, &c. ὑπατικοί (consulares) means the same thing: οἱ συγκλητικοὶ ὑπατικοί 303; cp. 288, 28921, 2911, 24.

(8) σπαθάριοι.

See below under the office of the Πρωτοσπαθάριος τῶν βασιλικών.

(9) σπαθαροκανδιδάτοι.

The earliest mention of a σñalаρокaνdidáтos seems to occur in Sebaeos (ed. Patkanian, 114) in reference to A.D. 645; the next in the First Letter of Gregory II to the Emperor Leo IΙΙ διὰ αὐγουσταλίου тоû σñalaρокavdidátov, Mansi, xii. 959, and the officer who pulled down the Image 'in the Chalkoprateia' is described as a spatharocandidatus, ib. 970. This letter indeed is almost certainly a fabrication of much later date than the age of Leo III,2 but the insignificant detail of the rank of these officers may rest on older and genuine evidence. In any case, the institution of the order of spatharocandidates seems to belong to the first half of the seventh century. Panchenko has published a seal (13, 85), Κωνσταντίνῳ [ὑπ]άτῳ καὶ σñalaρокavdidáтy which he attributes to the seventh or eighth century. A text in Chron. Pasch. 696, sub A.D. 605 'Iwávvns kaì Thírras σπαθάριοι καὶ κανδιδᾶτοι suggests that σπαθάριοι, who were also candidati, may have been set apart as a special class of σmaláρioɩ and were afterwards elevated into a new and separate order. It is remarkable that spatharocandidates are not mentioned in the Taktikon Uspenski.

1 In Procop. H. A. c. 2 (p. 14 Haury) ës te vñátwv å§íwμa ÿkels the honorary consulship is meant, as Photios to whom the words refer was never an acting consul. The honorary consulate was conferred by Anastasius on Chlodwig, Greg. Tur. ii. 38 ab Anast. imp. codecillos de consolato accepit... ab ea die tamquam consul... est vocitatus (where tamquam consul = ex consule, the official expression for the honorary consulate). Proconsul in the Lex Salica (125 ea. Behrend) is due to misunderstanding.

Cp. Bury, in Gibbon, vol. v, Appendix 14.