σπαθαροκανδιδάτων μέχρι τῆς τάξεως τῶν στρατώρων, i. e. all the βασιλικοὶ ἄνθρωποι except the candidati and μανδάτορες (cp. 773.). The βασιλικοì σжaláρioι (Cer.75; 1012 where they carry the Imperial arms) or σжαθάριοι of the σπαθαρίκιον ; the βασιλικοὶ κανδιδάτοι (Phil. 76713, 770,) ; and the Baotikoì μavdáтopes (Cer. 8120, Phil. 7705) were under the βασιλικοὶ μανδάτορες control of the πρωτοσπαθάριος τῶν βασιλικῶν ; the stratores were under the Protostrator (see below); as to the spatharocandidati we are not told (cp. Cer. 81,) and we may suppose that there was no ráĝis of this order distinct from those who were on duty in the Chrysotriklinos (Phil. 73319), or the Lausiakos (ib. 734), or performed some other special service in the palace. The Protospatharios, as his name indicates, was originally the chief of the spatharioi, and his control was afterwards extended over the taxeis of the candidati and mandatores. For some of his ceremonial duties cp. Phil. 706.

The Protospatharios was also called ὁ κατεπάνω τῶν βασιλικῶν, cp. Cer. 2020 οἱ βασ. ἄνθ. μετὰ καὶ τοῦ κατεπάνω αὐτῶν καὶ τοῦ δομεστί KOV AVTOV (So also 64, 915, 568,), and ó kateτávw simply, Phil. 70924In Anon. Vári. 6, the Katepano and the Domesticus are called oi κατεπάνω τῶν βασιλικῶν ἀνθρώπων. When the archon of Taron is introduced to the Imperial presence he is accompanied by the Katepano and the Logothete of the Course, Cer. 13817.

(1) Under the Protospatharios was the Domesticus, who appears separately in the list of high officials, but without an officium of his own.1

(2) σñadápioɩ. The earliest Imperial spatharioi were perhaps cubicularii who had a military character and bore a sword. Cp. Theoph. 18134 Kalapodios cub. and spath., 1851 кovß. κаì σжаð., in the reign of Justinian. In the Acta cited in Chron. Pasch. sub A.D. 532, Kalapodios is designated as σπαθαροκουβικουλάριος. This seems to show that at that time there were other spatharioi also. In Peter the Patrician (Cer. 402,) we meet & σñaláρios тoû ßariλéws, and in Cass. Var. 3. 43 a spatharios of Theodoric. (Under Anastasius I the Duke of Pentapolis had a spatharios under him, Zachariä von L., S. B. of Vienna Acad., Feb. 17, 1879, p. 142; and probably other military governors and generals had military attendants known by this name. Nilus, at the beginning of the fifth century, addresses a letter Ziovío σñałaρíw, i. 277, Migne, P. G. 79.) The σпabáρiοi Bariλikol must be carefully distinguished from the σnaláρioι of a stratêgos (cp. PseudoMaurice, Strat. 1. 9; Leo, Tact. 14. 81), and also from those who bore the title as an order of rank. There was a special hall in the

1

Panchenko, ix. 386, has published a seal (saec. ix-x) of a πрwгоσñ. kai doμ. τῶν β.

Palace for the spathars, called the spatharikion (see e. g. Cer, 157, and cp. Bieliaev, ii. 238).

For seals of Imperial spatharioi see Schlumberger, Sig. 590–3, and note those of Theodore (No. 6) and Maurianos (No. 14) which he ascribes to the seventh century.

(3) The κavdidároɩ are said to have been instituted by Gordian and to have been chosen for their size and strength from the scholarii, Chron. Pasch., ann. 3.1 Their original connexion with the scholarian guards seems to be borne out by the ceremony of their creation described by Peter Patricius (Cer. 391). Candidati are mentioned at the beginning of the fifth century in the letters of Nilus, but we hear little of them till the sixth. From the passage of Peter we learn that they had a primicerius, and that their insigne was (as in the ninth century) a gold chain. In Procopius, B. G. 3. 38 (p. 468), we meet Asbados, who ἐς τοὺς κανδιδάτους καλουμένους τελῶν ἔτυχε, and was in command of a troop of cavalry at Tzurulon. A seventh century seal of a βασιλικός κανδιδάτος is published by Panchenko, viii. 231, cp. xiii. 79. The seal of CARELLU (S) CANDIDATU(S) in Sig. 459 is probably earlier. Drosos, Chartularius of Thrace in eighth or ninth century, had the rank of candidatus, ib. 122. For other seals cp. ib. 214 (turmarch of Sicily), 197, 355, &c.

(4) We have already met μavdáтopes who acted as adjutants in the staffs of military and other functionaries (Stratêgoi, Domestics, the Logothete of the Course, &c.). Besides these there were Imperial mandatores (Baσiλikol μ.), one of whom acted as spokesman of Justinian in the Hippodrome on the occasion of the Nika revolt. Theophylaktos, whose seal (eighth to ninth century) is published by Schlumberger, Sig. 536, was a dioikêtes who had belonged to the taxis of mandatores (βασιλικῷ μανδάτορι καὶ διυκίτι). For a few other seals see ib.

(5) ὁ κόμης τοῦ σταύλου.

The κόμης τῶν βασιλικῶν σταύλων appears in the sixth century. The post was held by Baduarius, brother of Justin II (Theoph. 24614).3

1 Cp. Vegetius, 2, 7, who describes them as milites principales qui privilegiis muniuntur.

? Theoph. 182 sq. Two mandators, with ten excubitors, were sent to bring the Abbot Maximus to Constantinople in the seventh century, see Acta of the examination of Maximus in Migne, xc. 109. At the Second Council of Nicaea (A. D. 787) ὁ λαμπρότατος βασ. μανδάτωρ enters the Council with a message from the Emperors, Mansi, xii. 1051.

* Under Michael II we meet Damianus holding this office (kóμŋta toû ß. inπоσтaσiov) with rank of protospathar. Cont. Th. 7615

Formerly the praepositus or praepositi stabulorum stood under the comes rei privatae (Not. Or. xiv. 6), but they were also called comites stabuli (C. Th. 11. 17. 3, a. d. 401) and tribuni sacri stabuli (C. Th. 6. 13. 1, where C. I. 12. 11. 1 substitutes comites).

The officium has dropped out in the MS., but we have material for reconstructing it, at least partially. In πeρì тa§. 45910 the higher officials, oi ǎpxovtes toû otáßλov, are enumerated (cp. 48015; Phil. 73220 οἱ πρωτοσπ. καὶ ἄρχοντες τῶν στάβλων, Anon. Vári, 522 οἱ τοῦ στο ǎpx., Cont. Th. 2314, though here åpɣovres is more general).

(1) ὁ χαρτουλάριος. Takt. Usp. 128, Phil. 737 10, 78823; περὶ ταξ. 459, 47617. He is distinguished as ὁ ἔσω χ. from ὁ χ. τῶν Μαλαγίνων, see below. Panchenko (ix. 390) has published a seal (tenth to eleventh century) in which the title seems to be χαρτουλαρίῳ καὶ ἐκ προσώπου τῶν βασιλικῶν στάβλων.

(2) d èπeíkrŋs. Takt. Usp. 128, Phil. 737, 789, πeρì ta§. 459。, 47818. An occupant of the post in the reign of Leo VI is named in Cont. Th. 362. The word means an overseer who presses a work on, épуodɩúkтηs, cp. Theoph. 44223, 367, 384。.

(3) ὁ χαρτουλάριος τῶν Μαλαγίνων (περὶ ταξ. 476, 479.). Presumably the same as o έw. X., 4597. At Malagina there were important military stables.

(4) ὁ σαφραμένταριος. The text here gives διὰ τῶν σαφραμέντων, but other passages in the same treatise, 47610, 4794, show that it must be amended: either διὰ τοῦ σαφραμενταρίου or more probably διὰ τοῦ τῶν σαφραμέντων (cp. ὁ τῆς καταστάσεως, &c.). The meaning is unknown. (5) οἱ δ' κόμητες τῶν Μαλαγίνων (περὶ ταξ. 479, 4599). Besides these, there seem to belong here:

(6) οἱ μ' σύντροφοι τῶν σελλαρίων (περὶ ταξ. 4792), οἱ σύντροφοι τῶν dúo σráßλwv (Cer. 69822), sc. of the city and Malagina.

(7, 8) ὁ κελλάριος and ὁ ἀποθέτης. περὶ ταξ. 47818 διὰ τοῦ ἀποθέτου τοῦ κελλαρίου τοῦ β. στάβλου, cp. 47919 ὁ κόμης τοῦ σ. καὶ ὁ χαρτουλάριος καὶ ὁ κελλάριος. This κελλάριος must be distinguished from ó oikelakòs keλλápios, ib. 46411. See below, p. 121.

VII. 'Αξίαι εἰδικαί.

(1) ὁ βασιλεοπάτωρ.

This dignity was instituted, about six years before Philotheos wrote, by Leo VI, in order to give a pre-eminent political position to Zautzes Stylianos. Immediately after his accession (A. D. 886) he had appointed Stylianos to be Logothete of the Course, and conferred upon him the title of magister, with rank before the other magistri—

a position designated by пршτоμáуlσrpos.1 After the death of his wife Theophano (Nov. A. D. 893) he married Zoe (already his paramour), the daughter of Stylianos, doubtless in 894, and at the same time? conferred on Stylianos the new title of βασιλεοπάτωρ, οι βασιλοπάτωρ.3 The general care of affairs of state was recognized as belonging to this office. The office of Empress's father' was one which from its very definition could only be occasionally filled. It was conferred upon Romanus Lekapenos when the young Emperor Constantine VII married his daughter.

The quasi-imperial title added to the prestige and authority of Stylianos, but probably did not increase the sphere of his political power. As πршτоμáуισтрpos he had been virtually prime minister. For Leo had interpreted μáytorpos in the ancient sense of Master of Offices; in fact, he had revived that post, with a new meaning. In the long series of laws which are addressed to him, Stylianos is styled τῷ ὑπερφυεστάτῳ μαγίστρῳ τῶν θείων ὀφφικίων (Leo VI, Nov. 18 et sqq.). See above, p. 31. These laws were evidently promulgated before A.D. 894. Stylianos died in 896.6

(2) ὁ Ραίκτωρ.

Philotheos is the earliest writer who mentions the Rector (whom Liutprand calls Rector domus, Antap. 6. 10), and we may assume with confidence that the post was not introduced before the latter half of the ninth century, by Basil I or by Leo VI. Basil the Rector, mentioned in George Mon., ed. Bonn, 83711, must have held the office in one of these reigns. The Rector's prerogative probably consisted in exercising some authority over the Imperial household. He appears (Cer. 23) along with the praepositi and the members of the Kovẞoκλειον. KAELOV. The ceremony of his creation (ib. 528) was probably composed in the reign of Constantine VII and Romanos II. He is mentioned in

1 Vita Euthymii, ii. 1 παρευθὺ Στο πρωτομάγιστρον καθίστησιν, Georg. Mon., ed. Bonn. 849 Cont. Th. 354 προεβάλετο Στ. μάγιστρον καὶ λογοθέτην τοῦ δρόμου. See above, p. 31.

=

3 Vita Euthymii, ib. μετ ̓ οὐ πολὺ δὲ καὶ βασιλοπάτορα αναδείκνυσι. The chronology is well discussed by De Boor in his comments on this passage, 95-107. He concludes that Zoe was brought into the Palace, and her father created basileopator early in 894, and that the marriage was celebrated towards the end of the same year. Cp. Georg. Mon. 852.

3 This form occurs three times in the text of the Vita Euthymii. Cp. βασιλόθυρα (see Ducange).

4 Vita Euthymii, ib. τῶν ἐπερχομένων τῇ βασιλείᾳ διοικήσεων τὴν ἐπιστασίαν καὶ φροντίδα ὁ αὐτὸς Στ. διέπων ἐγνωρίζετο.

"It is commonly taken to mean 'Emperor's father'.

• De Boor, Vita Euthymii, 105-7.

Cer. ii. 9, which seems to date from the reign of Michael III, but the passage in question is probably an addition of Constantine VII (54419). The Emperor Alexander created a cleric,1 named Joannes, Rector (Cont. Th. 379). He was one of those who assumed the direction of affairs at the time of the death of Alexander (Vita Euthymii, xxi. 1 σὺν τῷ ῥαίκτωρι Ιωάννῃ); he continued to hold the office in the frst years of Romanos I; and he was sent on a military expedition (Cont. Th. 399, 401, cp. 406; cp. Liutprand, Antap. 3. 26). The office was also held by a cleric under Constantine VII (De adm. imp. 241–2). The Rector occupied a prominent place in the ceremonies seen by Liutprand in the reign of Constantine VII (Antap. 6. 10).

Schlumberger has published a seal (eleventh century) inscribed Baσiλeiw paikтwpn (Mél. 243).2 See also Konstantopulos, Nos. 139, 150, 488-9.

(3) ὁ σύγκελλος.

4

The position and functions of the synkellos deserve a careful examination, but as they belong to ecclesiastical organization, lie outside the scope of the present study. The important point is that the synkellos of the Patriarch of Constantinople, sometimes described as the synkellos of Constantinople, was an Imperial official and appointed by the Emperor.5 We may conjecture that his chief charge was occasionally to conduct communications between the Emperor and the Patriarch, but the duties seem to have been very light. Synkelloi were not infrequently elevated to the Patriarchal throne, and it may be suspected that the Emperors of the ninth

1 The tenure of the office by clerics led Ducange (Gl. s. v.) to suppose that the office was ecclesiastical. Reiske (834) rightly denied this.

2 In the ninth century another Basil held the office, see Georg. Mon. 83711 (ed. Bonn).

3 George, the chronographer, e. g., is described as the synkellos of Tarasios (in the title of his Chronicle) and in Theoph. 3.

Theoph. 16410.

"That the Emperor appointed is a certain inference from the fact that the post was one of the Imperial día conferred dià λóyov. The account, in the Vita Euthymii (c. iv), of the appointment of Euthymios illustrates this. When Stephanos (son of Basil I), who had held the post, became Patriarch, he urged Euthymios to accept the office of synkellos, which is described as a Bariλikòv ἀξίωμα (58); and ὁ βασιλεὺς (Leo VI) συνευδόκει καὶ τὰ ὅμοια λέγων κατένευε. Moreover, Stephanos says that the synkellate was conferred on himself by his father (ἐκ πατρῴου δωρεάς).

6 Vita Euthymii, ib. 5 καλὸν γάρ ἐστι καὶ ἀβαρὲς καὶ ἀνεπίληπτον τὸ πρᾶγμα. He was expected to be constantly in the Palace, and to take part, like other members of the σúyêλŋros, in some of the ceremonies, ib. 9. 10.