centum ad valorem; artificial or ornamental feathers suitable for use as millinery ornaments, artificial and ornamental fruits, grain's leaves, flowers, and stems or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially provided for in this section, 60 per centum ad valorem; boas, boutonnieres, wreaths, and all articles not specially provided for in this section, composed wholly or in chief value of any of the feathers, flowers, leaves, or other material herein mentioned, 60 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That the importation of aigrettes, egret plumes or so-called osprey plumes, and the feathers, quills, heads, wings, tails, skins, or parts of skins, of wild birds. either raw or manufactured, and not for scientific or educational purposes, is hereby prohibited; but this provision shall not apply to the feathers or plumes of ostriches, or to the feathers or plumes of domestic fowls of any kind.

Free List.

387. Acids: Acetic or pyroligneous, arsenic or arsenious, carbolic, chromic, fluoric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric or muriatic, nitric, phosphoric, phthalic, prussic, silicic, sulphuric or oil of vitriol, and valerianic.

389. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, but unground.

391. Agricultural implements: Plows, tooth and disk harrows, headers, harvesters, reapers, agricultural drills and planters, mowers, horserakes, cultivators, thrashing machines, cotton gins, machinery for use in the manufacture of sugar, wagons and carts, and all other agricultural implements of any kind and description, whether specifically mentioned herein or not, whether in whole or in parts, including repair parts.

407. Ashes, wood and lye of, and beet-root ashes. 457. Coffee.

512. Ice.

513. India rubber, crude, and milk of, and scrap or refuse india rubber, fit only for remanufacture.

586. Rags, not otherwise specially provided for in this section. 652. Original paintings in oil, mineral, water, or other colors, pastels, original drawings and sketches in pen and ink or pencil and water colors, artists' proof etchings unbound, and engravings and woodcuts unbound, original sculptures or statuary, including not more than two replicas or reproductions of the same.

SECTION IV.

I. That all goods, wares, articles, and merchandise manufactured wholly or in part in any foreign country by convict labor shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports of the United States.

J. Subsection 7. That a discount of 5 per centum on all duties imposed by this Act shall be allowed on such goods, wares, and merchandise as shall be imported in vessels admitted to registration under the laws of the United States: Provided, that nothing in this sub-section shall be so construed as to abrogate or in any manner impair or affect the provisions of any treaty concluded between the United States and any foreign nation.

H. THE ARGUMENT FROM EXPERIENCE

161. Protection and Prosperity

BY ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON

The policy of protection is challenged now to justify itself by its works at the bar of public opinion. We are not afraid of that test. We ask your attention to its broad results.

It has raised the average of our national wealth from $514 a head (slaves included) in 1850, to $870 a head in 1880.

It has increased the value of our manufactures five hundred per cent, and that of our foreign commerce in the same ratio, while the commerce of England increased but three hundred and fifty per cent.

It has secured higher wages to our workmen and better prices to our farmers, without increasing to either the cost of staple manufactures, as is shown by comparing the prices of textiles and hardwares before and since 1860.

It has diversified our industries and raised our people out of that uniformity of occupation which is the mark of a low industrial development.

It has stimulated inventions and improvements to the degree that some of the great staples of necessary use have been permanently cheapened to the whole world.

It has drawn the different sections of the country into closer business relations, and has interlaced the great trunk lines of railroad to the West with others running Southward.

It has brought the foreign artizan across the ocean, and has naturalized his craft on our shores, whereas Free Trade would have brought his work only.

It has made us as regards the great staples independent of all other countries in case of war, while it has consolidated the national

26

"Adapted from Protection to Home Industry, 57-58 (1886). The student can easily find for himself a contemporary reading making practically the same argument.

unity and increased the national strength to a degree that makes the rest of mankind anxious to be at peace with us.

It has created a sentiment in favor of this policy so powerful that no political party ventures to oppose it openly, and such that the friends of Free Trade are hardly heard in our national campaigns.

162. American Free Trade and American Prosperity27

BY GEORGE BADEN-POWELL

It is no long task to show that the prosperity of the United States exists in spite of, and not because of, Protection. So seldom do we remember that absolute Free Trade has been long and firmly established throughout the United States, and that it exerts an influence many, many times greater than that exerted by Protection. Free Trade reigns absolute and supreme within the frontiers of the United States. The full import of this fact is seen when we remember that the rapidly increasing population imports from abroad only onequarter of the value of the goods that the British Isles import. And the vast and important home market of so very large and so very self-dependent a population is regulated entirely on principles of absolute Free Trade.

The importance of this fact is all the more evident if we remember that the United States is about as large as Europe, but with only one-seventh of the population. We have indeed a territory equalling Europe in extent and in variety of soil, climate, and product. But properly to picture the case we must sweep out of Europe all the English, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, Germans, Russians, Austrians, Italians, Swiss, Spaniards, Portugese, and Turks, and then distribute and settle over the whole area of Europe the population of France and Belgium only. Then if we add to such distribution of population perfect freedom of interchange of products all over this Europe, we will have a picture of the condition of the United States at the present day. It has been the dream of Cobden's disciples to extend Free Trade over Europe. America has long ago and definitely established Free Trade over an area equalling that of Europe.

It is evident that the prosperity in the United States is due to this freedom of exchange and the comparative paucity of the people engaged in the highly profitable task of developing vast virgin resources. Of a truth the United States is a glaring instance of the

"Adapted from State Aid and State Interference, 32-37. Copyright by Chapman & Hall.

high economic value of Free Trade. Protection, influencing only by means of a comparatively insignificant import trade, is but a weakly drag on this prosperity. It occupies an altogether subordinate position as the direct factor for or against this prosperity.

163. Free Trade and Prosperity 28

HOW WORKMEN'S WAGES HAVE GONE UP
SINCE 1880

The increase in wages in the chief industries throughout the United Kingdom in the last 20 years, according to the Third Fiscal Blue Book (p. 212), has been as follows:

One of the most absurd posters issued by the Tariff Reformers was one in which a British Workman was supposed to say: "The Foreigner has got my job."

THAT POSTER IS A FRAUD

It is the Foreigner who provides jobs for British Workmen!

FOR EVERY £1 OF MANUFACTURED GOODS IMPORTED INTO THIS COUNTRY OVER £2 WORTH ARE SENT ABROAD

28

"Adapted from Wages, Food Prices, and Savings, a pamphlet used by the Liberal party in the English Parliamentary campaign in 1909-1910.

THE WORLD BANKS IN BRITAIN

Under Free Trade Great Britain is the Banking Centre of the World

The growth of British Banking may be measured by the value of the business transacted during the last 40 years.

Here are the figures of the Bankers Clearing House Returns:

Great Britain's increasing prosperity under Free Trade is shown by the fact that the amount raised by the Income Tax has steadily increased. In 1882 a tax of 1d. in the £ produced

£1,915,000

In 1909 a tax of id. in the £ produced

£2,784,000

More pounds were earned, and consequently more people were able to pay Income Tax in 1909 than in 1882.

Those who pay Income Tax have larger Incomes than before.

PROGRESS ON THE RAILWAY

EXPRESS SPEED TO PROSPERITY

The growth of business under Free Trade can be seen by the increase in the traffic on our railways as shown by the following official figures:

PASSENGER TRAFFIC RECEIPTS