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Justice, 5,386,928 rubles for the Controller General, 1,501,192 rubles for the imperial stud, and 12,000,000 rubles for unforeseen expenses. The extraordinary expenditure of 94,283,092 rubles on railroads includes 49,816,515 rubles for the Siberian Railroad, 2,160,309 rubles for works connected with it, 32,306,268 rubles for other railroads of general utility, and 10,000,000 rubles for local roads of simplified construction.

There was a free balance in the treasury on Jan. 1, 1894, of 259,902,389 rubles. The gold accumulated in the treasury amounted to 237,000,000 rubles. A law was promulgated on May 29, 1895, permitting gold contracts, which have heretofore been forbidden.

The Army. The empire is divided into 13 military circumscriptions, each of which can put an independent army into the field, 6 in Europe and the Caucasus, and 7 in Asia. The European troops are organized in 22 army corps, each containing 2 divisions of infantry, except the guards and the grenadier corps, which have 3 divisions. The active army of Europe and the Caucasus comprises 48 divisions of infantry, 22 divisions of cavalry, 48 brigades of field artillery, and 44 batteries of horse artillery. Outside the corps formations are 39 squadrons and sotnias of cavalry. 74 battalions of riflemen, 36 batteries and 8 companies of artillery, 7 brigades of engineers, and 5 battalions of train. In 1895 2 new regiments were created in Siberia, and 4 mortar batteries and 22 batteries of light artillery were formed, with 196 pieces. The Berdan rifle of the infantry is being replaced by the repeating rifle of the model of 1891, having a caliber of 7.62 millimetres and a magazine for 5 cartridges. The whole army will have been supplied before the middle of 1896. The Czar sent in August, 1895, to the Prince of Montenegro a cargo of 30,000 of the Berdan rifles, with 15,000,000 cartridges, cannon, machine guns, dynamite, and other war material as a present. The cavalry is armed with the Berdan carbine and the saber, and the men in the front ranks carry lances. The nominal strength of the army is as follows: 17,943 infantry officers and 878,636 men, 3,396 cavalry officers and 100,048 men, 2,505 artillery officers and 85,226 men, and 668 engineer officers and 26,350 men, constituting the field army of 24,512 officers and 1,090,260 men; 14,359 officers and 788,450 men of all arms in the reserve; 2,340 infantry officers and 143,550 men, 1,288 artillery officers and 75,554 men, and 206 engineer officers and 7,236 men, making altogether 3,834 officers and 226.340 men garrisoning the fortresses, and 5,285 officers and 300,412 men in the second reserve. The war footing has been estimated to be 2,532,496 officers and men, with 577,796 horses and 5,264 guns.

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The Navy. The fleet in the Baltic Sea comprises 8 armor-clad turret ships (" Peter Veliky," "Alexander II," ,""Nicolas I.""Navarin," "Sissoi Veliky," "Sebastopol," "Petropavlovsk," and Poltava"), of from 8,750 to 12,000 tons displacement and 14 to 18 inches of armor, and armed with 2 or 4 12-inch guns, with a subsidiary armament of 6-inch guns and numerous quick-firing guns: 1 casemated armor-clad ("Gangout"), of 6,628 tons; 2 new monitors; 3 floating batteries; 4 turret ships; 12 old monitors; 8 armored cruisers ("Rurik," "Admiral

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Nakhimoff." "Pamjalj-Azova,' "Vladimir Monamach," "Dmitry Domskoi," "Minin," Duke of Edinburgh," and "General Admiral"), of from 4,600 to 10,000 tons, carrying 8-inch, 6-inch, and quick-firing guns, and from 2 to 7 torpedo ejectors; 5 torpedo cruisers; 4 coast-guard gunboats; 10 older gunboats; 2 deck-protected cruisers; 10 clippers; 2 school ships; 6 yachts; 7 transports; and 28 first-class and 82 second-class torpedo boats. Two large cruisers ("Rurik" and "Rossya") with triple screws and a powerful armament are nearly completed; also 3 novel coastdefense armor-clads ("Admiral Oushakoff," "Admiral Senyavin," and "Admiral Apraxin ").

The Black Sea fleet consists of 6 armor-clad turret ships (“Catherine II,” "Tchesma,"66 "Sinope," ""Twelve Apostles," "Georgy Pobedonosetz," and "Tri Svetitelia "), of from 10,280 to 12,000 tons displacement, carrying 4 or 6 12-inch guns, and a full complement of smaller guns, quick-firers, and torpedo ejectors, and protected by from 14 to 16 inches of side armor; 2 circular monitors; 1 cruiser ("Pamjat Merkurija "); 3 torpedo cruisers; 13 transports; 2 school ships; 6 gunboats; and 17 first-class and 7 second-class torpedo boats.

In the White Sea there is a fleet consisting of 1 cruiser, 4 gunboats, 4 armed transports, and 15 torpedo boats, and on the Caspian there aro 6 armed vessels.

Commerce and Production.-The mining and manufacturing industries of Russia have increased in rapid progression. The yield of gold, which is found in Siberia and the Ural mountains, was 1,167,453 ounces in 1894. The product of zinc in 1892 was 5,059 tons; of copper, 4,199 tons; of pig iron, 995,000 tons; of coal, 6,800,000 tons. The products of the manufacturing establishments, of which there were 22,669, employing 878,580 hands, were valued in 1891 at 1,349,101,000 rubles. The product of the cotton mills increased from 240,000,000 rubles in 1880 to 487,000,000 in 1889. The product of cast iron increased between 1881 and 1893 from 8,810,000 to 22,830,000 hundredweight; iron, from 5,770,000 to 9,700,000 hundredweight; steel, from 6,030,000 to 9,610,000 hundredweight; rails, from 3,960,000 to 4.440,000 hundred weight; manganese ore, from 200,000 to 4,900,000 hundredweight; coal, from 64,770,000 to 148,360,000 hundredweight; salt, from 15,600,000 to 28,000,000 hundredweight; naphtha, from 6,900,000 to 108.700,000 hundredweight; raw cotton, from 293,000 to 1.225.000 hundredweight; and sugar, from 5,030,000 to 11,470,000 hundredweight. The number of cotton spindles grew from nothing to 6,000,000. The product of the distilleries is declining. In 1894 the Government undertook the business of retailing alcoholic drinks, beginning with the eastern provinces. The trade with Asia is increasing rapidly. Extraordinary efforts are being made to extend Russian trade into Manchuria, Mongolia, and western China.

Railroads. While new railroads are being constructed by companies by the aid of Government guarantees and loans, the Government is steadily acquiring all the existing lines that remain in private hands. The principal new lines are in northern Russia. A railway that is being built from Tzaritzin, on the Volga, to Techoretz, connecting with the Caucasus system, is ex

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pected to divert a large part of the grain exports of St. Petersburg to the Black Sea; but the trade of the capital and the prosperity of northern Russia will derive advantages from the important new line from Vologda to Archangel, from one that will furnish an outlet for the products of the Government of Viatka, from one that will run from St. Petersburg to Kemi, in Lapland, and from others that have been begun or are projected. A direct line connecting St. Petersburg with the terminus of the Siberian Railroad is in contemplation.

The entire line of the Siberian Railroad, which is divided into 7 sections, is 7,112 versts, or 4,713 miles. The appropriation made for its construction is 350,210,482 rubles. The work is being pushed from Cheliabinsk and Vladivostok, the termini, and from Irkutsk east and west. The work on the eastern sections, which have been advanced more rapidly than the other parts, was done partly by hired Chinese and Korean laborers and partly by convicts, who receive immunities and pay for their labor. The work of criminals on the middle sections has been satisfactory, but the engineer of the Ussuri section preferred Koreans, and sent back 2,000 convicts that were sent from Saghalien. As there was an expenditure of 15,000,000 rubles beyond the estimate on this section, a commission was appointed to investigate the matter.

Posts and Telegraphs.-The post office in 1893 carried 189,830,000 domestic and 25,006.000 foreign letters, 32,920,000 domestic and 4,597,000 foreign postal cards, 172,663,000 domestic and 18,106,000 foreign newspapers and circulars, and 15,225,000 domestic money letters with a declared value of 15,281,607,000 francs. The receipts of the post office were 94,107,432, and of the telegraph service 47,724,832 francs, while the expenses of both services were 98,351,

448 francs.

The telegraphs had in 1893 a total length of 78,416 miles, with 154,762 miles of wire. The number of internal messages was 10,603,020, and of foreign messages 796,111 were sent and 826,011 received.

Finland.-The Grand Duchy of Finland has a Legislature in which the 4 estates of the nobility, the clergy, the burghers, and the peasants are represented. Gen. Count Heyden is the Governor General and Commander in chief of the troops of the circumscription of Finland. The population consists of 2,112,000 Finns, 332,000 Swedes, 6,700 Russians, 1,750 Germans, and 1,140 Lapps. The number of marriages in 1893 was 14,095; of births, 75,150; of deaths, 53,122. The revenue for 1895 is estimated at 67,635,174 marks or francs, and expenditure at the same figure. The public debt is 73,180,430 marks. The imports in 1894 were valued at 138,700,000 marks, and exports at 136,000,000.

Politics and Legislation.-The new Czar made it clear at the outset that he did not intend to alter the internal policy instituted by his father. Although Gen. Gourko was relieved from the governor generalship of Poland and was replaced by a diplomatist (Count Shuvaloff), the Czar made the retiring Governor General a field marshal, and publicly thanked him for what he had accomplished by his rough meth

ods in the way of making Poland Russian and orthodox. The removal of the Jews from their homes outside the pale was renewed after an intermission, and the emigation movement thus received a fresh stimulus. Orders were issued closing the health resorts and mineral springs of Russia and the Caucasus to Hebrew invalids. The students of St. Petersburg, Moscow, and other universities wished to petition the Czar to change the obnoxious regulations lately introduced in the higher educational institutions, but were compelled by the authorities to desist. The police brutally mishandled some riotous students in St. Petersburg; and later some of the police officials sought to gain credit by making many arrests of supposed Nihilists and reviving the political prosecutions. When representatives of Zemstvos waited upon the Czar, expecting a declaration of his sentiments regarding the mooted question of local self-government, he expressed himself to the delegations on Jan. 29 in a way that disappointed the advocates of constitutionalism:

I am pleased to see here the representatives of all I believe in the sincerity of these sentiments, which classes assembled to express their feelings of loyalty. have always been characteristic of every Russian. But I am aware that in certain meetings of the Zemstvos voices have lately been raised by persons carried away by absurd illusions about the participation of the Zemstvo representatives in matters of internal government. Let all know that, in devoting all my strength to the welfare of the people, I intend to proingly as did my late and never-to-be-forgotten father. tect the principle of autocracy as firmly and unswerv

The Government control over the commercial, industrial, and social activities of the country is extending. The peasantry are being assisted in new ways, and the financial affairs of the nobility are being taken under the supervision of the Government. The pawnshops have been brought under Government direction, as well as the drink traffic. New banking laws empower Government officials to dictate to banks regarding the management of their affairs and the have also been imposed upon the operations of loaning of their funds. Stringent regulations stock speculators and all the transactions of the bourse. The laws of factory inspection and regulation, already very strict, have been thoroughly revised.

at work since 1881, was completed in 1895. The A new penal code, on which experts have been commission collated all the penal laws of the empire and those of the most enlightened countries, and studied the theories of scientific penology; and, after preparing a general outline of their scheme, submitted it to expert jurists of various countries for criticism. The first result of the commission's work was the enactment of laws in 1884 and 1885 for suppressing workhouses and houses of reclusion. Corporal punishment in prisons was abrogated, and at the suggestion of the commission laws were enacted against usury and the fraudulent acts of officials.

A commercial treaty was concluded with Greece; and on June 11 one between Russia and Japan was signed at St. Petersburg, similar in its provisions to those already made by Japan with Great Britain, the United States, and Italy.

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SALVADOR, a republic of Central America. The legislative power is vested in a single Chamber of 42 members, elected for each annual session by direct universal suffrage. The President is elected by universal suffrage for four years. Gen. Rafael Antonio Guttierez was proclaimed Provisional President in June, 1894, by the army that expelled Gen. Carlos Ezeta, and was afterward elected for the term beginning March 1, 1891, with Dr. Prudencio Alfaro as Vice-President. The Cabinet was constituted as follows: Foreign Affairs, Justice, and Public Instruction, Dr. Jacinto Castellanos; Interior, Dr. Prudencio Alfaro; Finance and Public Works, Dr. Cornelio Lemus; War and Marine, Estanislao Perez. The area of Salvador is 8,100 square miles. The population was 803,354 at the end of 1894.

The treasury accounts for 1894 make the revenue $8,818,000 in silver, of which $4,004,000 came from import duties, $902,000 from the export duty on coffee, $1,978,000 from the impost on brandy, $66,000 from stamps, and $1,868,000 from other sources. The disbursements were $8,569,000, of which $2,675,000 were spent by the Minister of War, $1,138,000 by the Minister of the Interior, $3,378,000 by the Minister of Finance, $213.000 by the Minister of Justice, $137,000 by the Minister of Public Instruction, $651,000 by the Minister of Public Works, $78,000 by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and $299,000 by the Minister of Public Safety. The internal debt on March 31, 1894, amounted to $11,000,000, and the external debt to £254,000. The imports in 1894 were valued at $2,171,000, and the exports at $6,611,000. The exports of coffee amounted to $5,035,000; indigo, $1,120,000; tobacco, $100,000; ores, $82,000.

There are 54 miles of railroad and 1,803 miles of telegraph wires.

Political Disturbance.-A futile attempt at a counter-revolution was made in 1895 by the followers of Carlos and Antonio Ezeta. On Feb. 1 a conspiracy to proclaim Gen. Antonio Ezeta President was discovered. Col. Delfino Berrios and other leaders were ordered to be shot. Col. Angel Vasquez, the former chief of police, was taken from jail and lynched. Florencio Bustamente, after remaining for some time in Mexico plotting for the return of the Ezetas, afterward went to Nicaragua, where he was arrested by the authorities and escorted on board an American passenger steamer, the "City of Sydney." When this vessel entered the port of La Libertad the Salvadorean authorities demanded the surrender of the refugee, and the captain finally gave him up. In September ex-President Ezeta, who had been collecting arms and carrying on a brisk correspondence with his partisans, left San Francisco for Mexico with the intention of joining his supporters there and entering Salvador to head a revolution. An insurrection was started at Sonsonate, but it was speedily suppressed after a fight in which most of the leaders were killed or captured. Some of the weapons that Ezeta had were taken from him by the Mexican au

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thorities, and when he found that President Guttierez was informed of his movements and able to hold in check his adherents in Salvador he relinquished his design.

SALVATION ARMY. Attention was called in the twenty-eighth year's report of the Salvation Army for 1895 to the fact that, with an increasing expenditure on foreign and heathen work, the management expenses of the central headquarters had rather decreased than otherwise; also, that apart from the gifts of the Salvationists themselves, the income of the army in proportion to its responsibilities was "positively insignificant." The general income and expenditure account for 1894 amounted to £28,145; while £18,483 were raised for the Jubilee fund. The army had 11,335 officers, who preached in 29 languages at 4,633 stations or towns, and 36,126 voluntary officials specially selected and appointed to take definite work. Russians in Finland and the scattered populations of Queensland, California, and the Northwest Provinces of Canada were reached by means of mounted outriders. Much work was done for the army and navy in England and India. The operations and accounts of the "Darkest England" scheme were not included in this report.

The Salvation Army in the United States returned in December, 1895: Number of corps and outposts, 664; of officers accepted, candidates, and persons employed, 2,009. Besides the 587 corps and 77 outposts, the army had 14 slum posts, 6 rescue homes, 3 food and shelter depots, 5 outriders' circuits, 20 training garrisons, and 2 labor bureaus. "Slum work" had been done in the cities of New York, Brooklyn, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Buffalo, and St. Louis. The following summary is made of the work of six months:

Souls saved, 1,160; families visited, 33,011; saloons and dives visited, 45,241; persons dealt with on streets and in saloons, 74,098; meetings in saloons etc., 713; garments given, 9,209; children cared for, 5,483; houses visited, 12,535; persons attended meetings, 196,784; children attended meetings, 8,394; hospitals halls of the army in the United States for one month and persous visited, 148. The indoor attendance in

was estimated at 713,037, while the week-night congregations numbered 1,089,844.

SAMOA, a monarchy in the Pacific Ocean, declared independent and neutral by a treaty concluded at the Samoan Conference in Berlin on June 14, 1889, between Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. King Malietoa Laupepa, who had been deported during the German occupation, was restored on Dec. 10, 1889. The Chief Justice, appointed under the treaty, is Henry C. Ide, of Vermont. The President of the Municipality of Apia and adviser to the King is E. Schmidt. These officials receive salaries of $6,000 and $5,000 respectively. The King's allowance is $150 a month.

The area of the 14 volcanic islands forming the kingdom is 1,700 square miles. The native population numbered 35,565 in 1887. They belong to the Polynesian race, and profess the

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Christian religion. There are 450 foreign whites and 800 or 1,000 contract laborers from other islands. The revenue collected from foreigners was 141,919 German marks in 1894, of which 20,913 marks came from direct taxes, 8,857 marks from a tax on buildings, 94,005 marks from import duties, and 18,144 marks from export duties. Of the total, Germans contributed 66 per cent., English 14 per cent., Americans 9 per cent., and other foreigners 11 per cent.

The dutiable imports in 1894 were valued at 1,791,540 marks, of which 912,231 marks were imported by German, 363,055 marks by British, 270,067 marks by American, and 246.187 marks by other houses. The exports amounted to 1,288,545 marks, of which the Germans exported 1,205,093 and the British 83,452 marks. The exports consist of copra, cotton, coffee, and fresh fruits.

The system of government and international control created by the Berlin final act has proved ineffective. The King has never been recognized by the Tumua party, and the people of his own party pay no attention to the edicts issued in his name. The President of the Municipality of Apia has neglected to pay him his allowance, leaving him often without the necessaries of life. None of the islanders will pay the poll tax of $1, and the revenue collected from foreign traders has diminished and trade is falling off because the natives under the lawless conditions that prevail get out less and less copra. Except on the German plantations, production has almost ceased. Arms and ammunition were smuggled in for the rebels from New Zealand. Tamasese and his allies attacked the tribes belonging to the King's party, but before November hostilities were at an end. The commission appointed to investigate the land claims of foreigners found that Germans had legally secured titles to a large part of the best land, but that many of the claims presented by British and Americans were invalid.

SANTO DOMINGO, a republic in the West Indies occupying the eastern part of the island of Hayti. The Congress, a single chamber of 22 members, and the President are elected indirectly for four years. Gen. Ulises Heureaux was reelected for his third term in 1892.

The treasury receipts in 1894 were $2,756,929, of which $2,674,446 were derived from customs. The public debt on Dec. 31, 1894, amounted to £1,905,035 sterling, $2,058,415 in gold and $4,790,520 in currency.

The imports in 1894 were valued at $2,898,653, and the exports at $5,383,471. The principal exports are coffee, sugar, cacao, rum, tobacco, mahogany, logwood, lancewood, hides, fustic, and honey. The imports are cotton cloth, hardware, crockery, breadstuffs, and provisions.

Diplomatic relations with France were broken off in 1894 in consequence of the seizure by President Houreaux of $60,000 in a French bank upon which the Governinent had a claim. The French Government demanded restitution and an apology, also an indemnity for a French citizen who was imprisoned for twenty-two months without trial, and for a French merchant at Samaná, Noel Cacavelli, recently murdered at the instigation, it was alleged, of the Dominican authorities. Santo Domingo proposed to submit

the differences to the arbitration of Spain, but the arrangement was not consummated. January, 1895, French war ships went to Port au Prince, and thence the admiral telegraphed that unless a settlement was made at once he would proceed to Santo Domingo and seize the customhouse. President Heureaux replied defiantly and prepared for a bombardment. Meanwhile the United States Government intervened, intimating that it could not view with indifference military action against Santo Domingo. Negotiations were resumed, and in the end the Dominican Government agreed to apologize for breaking the seals placed by the French consul on the Banque Dominicaine and to restore the money seized, and refer the dispute with the bank to the arbitration of Spain; to pay Capt. Boimare 1,000,000 francs as compensation for illegal imprisonment; and to pay an indemnity of 225,000 francs to the family of Cacavelli, whose murderer had been executed al ready. The French minister arrived in Santo Domingo with Admiral Fournier on April 16, and they were received with honors by the President and welcomed by the populace. The dispute between Santo Domingo and Hayti regarding the boundary, which has often given rise to friction and hostile demonstrations, has been referred to the arbitration of the Pope.

An uprising against the Government occurred in the middle of October, at Banica, a town on the frontier of Hayti. President Heureaux promptly dispatched troops, who killed all the rebels, giving no quarter. In other places in the northern and eastern parts of the country where the people were organized for rebellion, numerous arrests were made, and many persons were court-martialed and shot.

SEARCH LIGHT.-The search light is not a modern invention: the principle involved in its construction has been familiar for centuries, though, like the telescope, its exact origin is uncertain. He who first placed a light in the focus of a concave reflector was its inventor. All headlights to locomotives are search lights, though, from the thinness of the material employed in their construction and their liability to change form because of expansion and contraction by heat and cold, and for other reasons, they are very imperfect ones.

Of the four curves that may be cut from a cone-the circle, the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola-the last only will parallelize the rays from a light set at its focus. Until recently all lighthouse illumination was produced by the oil lamp greatly intensified by the Fres nel lens, but the more recent introduction of the electric are light has wrought a revolution in the science of parabolized lighting, and has given a largely increased penetration through fog. The light thus produced, reflected from a parabolic mirror, has been named the search light, and is the most intense artificial light known, being limited only by the power of the dynamo generating the electricity therefor. At the introduction of the electric search light the rays were parallelized by parabolic reflectors of metal, and later by parabolic lenses, which soon displaced the long-used Fresnel lenses. The Mangin projector, as it was called, stood foremost among search-light projectors for many

years until, owing to its greater efficiency and cheapness, the parabolic glass mirror largely supplanted all other forms of projectors.

An incident ray from the arc light at the axis of the mirror and at its focus is on entering the mirror bent toward the normal and on its exit is turned away from it, so that the parabolic glass reflector gives less chromatic dispersion than the Mangin lens and also subtends a greater solid angle, reflecting all rays within an angle of 145°. For the greatest utilization of the light of the arc the crater on the positive carbon must be in focus and face the mirror.

The search light which attracted so much attention at the Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the Midwinter Fair of California in 1894 is now on Echo Mountain, Los Angeles County, where it commands the extensive San Gabriel valley, and its beam gives a light sufficient for the reading of a newspaper 35 miles distant. Not only this, but its piercing ray, though emanating 35 miles from the Pacific coast, is plainly visible at the island of San Clemente, 105 miles out at sea. How much farther the ray could be seen were it not for the convexity of the earth we can not know. As the construction is essentially the same in all, a description of the Echo Mountain search light, which, except for its greater size and penetrative power, is a counterpart of those used on shipboard, will suffice.

The reflector, made in Paris, is of optical glass, 5 feet in diameter and at the edge 3 inches thick, though its center is only one sixteenth of an inch thick. Apparently it is free from spherical aberration and reflects the luminous beam sensibly parallel. Its weight is 800 pounds, and it is mounted in a metal ring weighing 750 pounds. The combined weight of mirror, ring, and cover is about 1,600 pounds. The tube, at one end of which this mirror is mounted, is like an immense drum, and its door consists of a metal rim in which are fixed plate-glass strips inch thick and 6 inches wide.

The electric lamp, which slides upon ways attached to the bottom, is 6 feet high and weighs 400 pounds. Its carbons, manufactured especially for it, are brought from France. The upper or positive carbon- is 1 inch in diameter and 22 inches long, with a -inch core of soft carbon running from end to end through its center. The lower or negative carbon is 14 inch in diameter, is 15 inches long, and has also a core of soft carbon through its center. The object of this cylinder of soft carbon is, in the positive carbon, to facilitate the formation of the "crater," and in the negative carbon, to prevent that of the "mushroom." The positive carbon is set a little in front of the negative, and thus nearly all the intense light of the incandescent crater is cast upon the mirror. The maximum current at which this lamp operates is 200 ampères, which gives the lamp a luminous intensity of 100,000 candles and the reflected beam a total luminous intensity of 375,000,000 candles. All the devices for adjusting the positions of the carbons and the lamp are brought through the drum to the outside, and are arranged in close proximity to one another at one side, so that all may be manipulated by the operator without moving from his position. The tube may be moved, both in azimuth and

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As yet we have no reliable data regarding the utility of the search lights of ships during naval engagements, though against the shocks and strains incident to rough handling they have been tried and found to stand the test.

The larger war ships are equipped with a sufficient number (differing in the navies of different nations) of search lights to illuminate the entire circle of the horizon and so detect the approach of torpedo boats.

To diminish the concussion from the firing of the guns, and in order to cover a larger area of water surface, the light should be placed as near the water line as possible. But this position of the search light is not certain to result to the advantage of the vessel using it, as the water line is the most vulnerable point of attack, and, while the beam will reveal objects at a distance of 3 miles, the ship from which it springs may be seen 25 miles away. But its use may, by the introduction of signals, prevent the confounding of friend with foe. And by the opening and closing of a shutter it will be quite possible

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