missionaries who were in danger made their escape, usually to the treaty ports. Dr. Randle, an American missionary, was maltreated at PingFu on May 7 by soldiers, who were afterward punished. The serious outbreaks occurred in central and southern China, where the Chinese stock is purest, the military and national spirit strongest, the hatred of "foreign devils" keenest, and the power of the Pekin authorities least effective. Secret political societies seeking the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty are capable of inciting outrages against Europeans for the very purpose of embroiling the Government with foreign powers, and bringing about a situation in which revolution would be possible. The disasters of the Japanese war cost the Central Government nearly all the prestige and authority it had in the provinces where the antidynastic feeling is rife, and in these provinces, the most ingrained with the traditional religion and morality, and impermeable to Christian instruction, the antipathy of the people toward Europeans was now intensified, because from Europe came the arms and tactics that enabled the Japanese to conquer Chinese territory.

There is a literary bureau in Hunan active in spite of the efforts of the central authorities to suppress it, from which are sent out placards, pictures, and pamphlets representing Christ as a pig and missionaries as ghouls who kill Chinese children in order to get their eyes and brains and livers for use in Western arts. (See the two

the mob at bay for some time, but they finally fled for their lives, and their chapel and hospital were looted and burned. The temper of the populace was known to have been for some time in a dangerously excited state, yet the officials took no measures for the security of foreigners. The immediate cause of the outbreak is said to have been the act of one of the medical missionaries in seizing a boy, one of a crowd that persisted in throwing stones at him, and locking him in the chapel. After the looting the boy was found dead and mutilated. An immense crowd gathered. Soldiers and others dug up the ground under the mission buildings, and bones were produced that were declared to be those of children murdered by missionaries. The chief of police, a Taotai from Hunan, issued a proclamation declaring that at last evidence had been found that missionaries kidnap small children. Two missionaries were arrested for trial on this charge. All the missionaries were taken under the protection of the authorities, who did nothing, however, to arrest the pillage and destruction of the missions, which went on from the early morning of May 29. On the contrary, the Viceroy, Liu-Ping-Chang, sent out a telegram stating that the mutilated corpse of a child had been found in a foreign place. The disturbance spread to the other places in SzechThe story was placarded everywhere that missionaries had been detected in murdering children to get oil from their bodies. During

uen.

the next two days all the missions, English, American, and French, in Kiating, Youchow, Pingshan, Suifu, Chinang, and Sinching were destroyed. Circulars were sent by officials of Hunan and Szechuen to prominent men of Kinkiang and other places urging them to rise at once and drive out the foreign devils, who were corrupting the people and undermining the ancient religion. The missionaries were safely conveyed out of the disturbed districts, but their converts were subjected to dreadful persecution. At Yachan the officials protected mission property, but twenty stations were wrecked. The riots continued through the early part of June.

The French Government was the first to demand reparation, in behalf of the Catholic missions, and in response an imperial decree was issued ordering the damage to be repaired and the malefactors brought to justice. Trials were held in which those who were guilty were accusing witnesses and those who had befriended the missionaries were punished. Before the riots in Szechuen were over an outbreak occurred near Wenchow in Che-Kiang, against native Christians, whose houses and chapels were razed by a mob that accused them of gouging out the eyes of a Taoist idol. The feeling against foreigners spread as far as Yunnan. Minister Denby appealed to all Americans in the interior to repair temporarily to the coast.

On July 31 10 English missionaries of the zenana mission and the Church Missionary Society were massacred without warning by an organized band of 80 armed men at Whasang, a mountain resort near Kucheng, Fukien. The Rev. Dr. Stewart and his wife, a grown daughter, and a child were killed, and their house was then set afire. Misses Marshall, Gordon, Nellie and Topsy Saunders, Hetty Newcombe, and an Irish nurse were tortured and murdered with spears and swords in the sanitarium at Whasang. Four of the Stewart children and 4 woman missionaries were frightfully wounded. Miss Mabel C. Hartford, an American, was knocked down and beaten, but made her escape into the hills. Most of the American Methodist missionaries were absent. All the mission property was destroyed, except Spanish and Russian missions. The woman missionaries were here, as elsewhere, particular objects of fanatical rage.

Kucheng, which has about 50,000 inhabitants, had been in a state of anarchy for some time. A sect of vegetarians, which sprang into sudden prominence during the war, showed special hostility toward Christians. The sect became so numerous and truculent that the mandarin dared not punish its members for crimes, and yielded to them in all things.

The United States minister commissioned J. C. Hixson, consul at Foochow, and Capt. Newell of the "Detroit" to go to Kucheng to inquire into the circumstances of the outrage in conjunction with British investigators. Sheridan P. Read, consul at Tientsin, and Commander Francis M. Barber, naval attaché of the legation, were sent to Chengtu to investigate the excesses in Szechuen. The Emperor issued an edict commanding the Tartar generals at Foochow to arrest the rioters and enjoining all viceroys or governors to protect missionaries and

chapels and to issue proclamations exhorting the people not to listen to scurrilous tales which excite unfounded suspicions. The Chinese Government sent mandarins of superior rank to detect and try the perpetrators of the crimes. As a result of the trials, Liu-Ping-Chang, who was immediately deprived of his office, was degraded, as was the Taotai also, and some of the rioters were punished as felons. The chiefs of the vegetarian sect at Kucheng were arrested, and of the persons who took part in the murders, 23 out of 130 that were arrested were convicted, and 7 were executed. All the missionaries of the province took refuge at Foochow. The whole province in September was in open insurrection, and the local officials abandoned their posts and fled. An armed mob wrecked the chapel and school of an American mission at Pinghok, near Foochow. Fresh attacks upon missions occurred in various provinces. Placards and pamphlets inveighing against foreigners were distributed in Canton. A mob of roughs attacked the British mission at Fatshan, and a Chinese gunboat was sent to quell the disturbance. The Catholic mission at Wanai was also attacked by bandits, and was defended by the missionaries, who killed some of the marauders. The military authorities of Canton took prompt measures to restore order. Outbreaks occurred also at ChingChow, Taiping, Hupeh, and Anhui. The Chinese Christians were harried and robbed everywhere after the flight of the missionaries.

The French commissioners, one of whom was Bishop Bernard, completed their investigations first, and the French minister obtained from the Chinese Government a promise of full reparation. A convention was concluded, giving to the Roman Catholic Church the privilege of acquiring land in any part of China without the permission of the local authorities. Owners may convey lands or houses by simply signing the title deeds. The Church can not be taxed more than native owners are under the general regulations of the imperial law.

Some of the minor officials were punished for the outrages in Szechuen. The result was far from satisfactory to the English, and their minister, supported by the United States minister, demanded that the Viceroy, Liu-Ping, should be degraded. British war vessels ascended the Yangtse-Kiang, and a naval demonstration was threatened at Nankin. An ultimatum was presented on Sept. 28, and on the day following the Chinese Government announced that the Viceroy of Szechuen had been stripped of his rank for failing to protect missionaries, and that he would never be allowed to hold office again.

He had, in fact, been degraded for incompetency and ordered to give up his post before the missionary outrages occurred. Chinese commissioners were sent by the Pekin Government to Ku

cheng, where they held a trial in the presence of the English and American commissioners, the result of which was that 17 other culprits were beheaded.

Mohammedan Revolt.-Besides antimissionary outrages, another consequence of the war of Tsinghai in the Koko-Nor region. The rebwas an uprising of the Dunganis of the province els carried Luoting by storm, causing the commandant to commit suicide. The revolt spread

among the Mohammedans of Kansuh. The Viceroy telegraphed for re-enforcements and war material. After the rebels had captured 11 cities Gen. Tung-Fusiang was dispatched, at the head of 25,000 troops, to Lanchow-Fu, the capital of the province, near which place he inflicted several defeats on the rebels. These, however, were constantly gaining fresh adherents, while his troops consisted partly of Mohammedans, who would not fight their coreligionists. Discontented Buddhists joined the Dungans, as the Mohammedans of northwestern China are called, and their forces increased until there were 500,000 under arms. They had the encouragement of the Turkomans of the neighboring Russian provinces and of the secret societies of central China. After an indecisive engagement with Gen. Ma, the leader of the rebellion, Gen. Tung, who lost 3,000 killed in the battle and 5,000 more that deserted to the enemy, reached Lanchow-Fu, and was there closely besieged. The other garrisons of the province, in which there were only 60,000 Chinese troops, were also invested. The cruelties practiced on both sides were as revolting as in the former Mohammedan rebellion, 1862-77.

Franco-Chinese Treaty.-The result of French intervention to save Chinese territory from Japan was a convention settling the northern boundaries of the conterminous French possessions in Tonquin and Annam and regulating the commercial relations between French IndoChina and Yunnan. By this agreement Meng and Wuto were ceded to France. This cession is not recognized as valid by Great Britain, because it was held that these districts formed part of the provinces on the upper Mekong that Great Britain conceded to China, so that they might form a buffer state or neutral zone between French Indo-China and Burmah. The convention also sanctions the extension of the Tonquin railroads and telegraphs into Chinese territory. The instrument was signed at Pekin on June 20. CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR, YOUNG PEOPLE'S SOCIETIES OF. The International Convention of the Young People's Societies of Christian Endeavor met in Boston, Mass., July 11. About 70,000 delegates were in attendance. The statistical report showed that 7,750 new societies had been added during the year, and that the whole number of societies was now 41,229, and the whole number of members was about 2,500,000. Of the societies, 33,412 were in the United States, as against 28,696 in 1894; 3,105 in Canada and Newfoundland, an increase of 1,223 from the previous year; 2,645 in the United Kingdom, 1,509 in Australia, 30 in Africa, 32 in China, 64 in France, 117 in India, 59 in Japan, 93 in Madagascar, 25 in Mexico, 39 in Turkey, 63 in the West India Islands. The societies in the United States included 18 senior societies, 33 mothers' societies, 62 "intermediate companies," 169 societies in schools, colleges, public institutions, prisons, and schools of reform; the North American Union of German Christian Endeavor; 7 societies in the army and navy of the United States; societies among the policemen and patrolmen; companies among the Indians of the North and West; comrades enlisted in work among the life-saving crews, lighthouses, and lightships; the Travelers' Union of Christian Endeavor; 158 " floating societies";

and 8,850 junior societies. There were also 339 junior societies in Canada and 224 in other lands, making in all 9,122 junior societies, with 340,000 members.

The " Missionary Roll of Honor" bore the names of 5,551 societies, each of which had given not less than $10 to one of its denominational boards of missions, the whole amount of such gifts having been $140,719. Adding other gifts for religious and benevolent objects of $190,884, the aggregate of the contributions of the societies in the United States was $340,603, and of the United States and Canada $425,000. The denominations in the United States were represented by the number of societies organized within them in affiliation with the convention in the following order: Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Disciples of Christ and Christians, Baptists, Methodist Episcopal Church, Methodist Protestants, Lutherans, Cumberland Presbyterians, and others. The meetings of the convention were devoted to addresses and religious exercises.

COLOMBIA, a republic in South America. The Senate has 27 members, 3 from each department, elected by indirect suffrage for six years. The House of Representatives has 68 members, 1 to every 50,000 of population, elected for four years by direct vote. Every elector must be twenty-one years of age and either know how to read and write, or be a property owner, or have an income of 500 pesos. The President is elected for six years by an electoral college. The ministers are responsible to the Congress. Miguel A. Caro became President in 1894. The following ministers were in office in the beginning of 1895: Interior, M. A. San Clemente; Foreign Affairs, M. F. Suarez; Justice, A. M. Rueda; Commerce and Communications, B. Bravo; War, J. D. Ospina; Instruction, L. Zerda; Finance, Abadia Mendez; Public Works, J. de Brigard. The area of the republic has been recently estimated at 464,400 square miles. The population was estimated at 3,878,600 in 1881.

Finances.-The budget for the biennial period 1895-'96 makes the revenue 26,203,966 paper pesos (the value of the peso in exchange is 50 cents), and expenditures 33,801,888 pesos. The customs receipts in 1893 were 9,160,175 pesos.

The foreign debt, contracted in England, amounted on June 30, 1894, to £3,279,828 sterling, including £1,364,328 of unpaid interest. The internal funded debt amounted to 5,466,896 pesos, and other liabilities to 3,946,164 pesos, exclusive of 26,135,606 pesos of paper money.

Commerce and Production.-The value of the imports in 1893 was 13,403,299 pesos; of the exports, 14,630,332 pesos. Manufactured cotton is the most important article of import. It comes from Great Britain, as do woolen and linen manufactures and iron wares. Alimentary substances are imported from the United States and other American countries. The imports from Great Britain, excluding the Panama district, in 1892 were 4,289,276 pesos (1 peso = 97 cents); from France, 2,244,459 pesos; from the United States, 1,861,263 pesos; from Germany. 1,315,430 pesos; from other countries, 2,298,118 pesos. The exports to Great Britain were 5,966,911 pesos; to the United States, 4,855,467 pesos; to France, 1,520,905 pesos; to Germany, 1,450,903 pesos; to other countries, 2,079,615 pesos.

The mineral wealth of Colombia is extraordinary, though owing to difficulties of transport only the most valuable ores and metals can be profitably handled, except the iron found near Bogotá, the capital, and worked up there into cutlery and utensils, and the salt mine in the same district, which is operated by the Government. Gold is found everywhere, and license fees are paid on nearly 5,000 claims. The product is over $3,000,000 a year. Silver, copper, lead, platinum, quicksilver, cinnabar, magnanese, and emeralds are also mined. There are large deposits of coal, and petroleum has been found. The soil is very fertile. Cattle are raised in the central departments. The chief exports and their values in 1892 were as follow: Coffee, 7,609,000 pesos; precious metals, 3,472,000 pesos; minerals, 620,000 pesos; tobacco, 577,000 pesos; hides, 560,000 pesos; cacao, 436,000 pesos; vegetable ivory, 421,000 pesos; woods, 235,000 pesos; caoutchouc, 228,000 pesos; cattle, 170,000 pesos. Navigation. There are only 2 steamers, of 341 tons, and 5 sailing vessels, of 2,179 tons, registered in Colombia. During 1893 there were entered at the ports 1,510 vessels, of 806,397 tons; cleared, 1,475, of 1,436,854 tons. Monthly calls are made at the ports by 32 steamers, of which 15 are English, 9 American, 4 German, 3 French, and 1 Spanish.

Communications.-There were 231 miles of railroads in 1894. The Panama Railroad had a length of 47 miles. The Bolivar line from Barranquilla to Puerto Belillo, 20 miles, was completed, and so was the Cucuta line, running to Villamizar, 34 miles; also the line from Santa Marta to Cienaga, 20 miles, and the Savanna line, between Facatativa and Bogotá, 24 miles. The Santander line of 75 miles was only begun; of the Cauca line between Buenaventura and Cali 12 miles out of 85 were built; 30 miles of the Antioquia Railroad connecting Medellin with Puerto Berrio, 125 miles, were in operation; the 30 miles between Conejo and Honda were more than half completed; and of the Girardot line, running 93 miles through the mountains from Girardot to Bogotá, 25 miles were constructed, from Girardot to Juntas de Apulo. This last line was begun as a Government enterprise. In 1895 it was handed over to an American company, which has undertaken to build the remaining 68 miles, with the aid of a subsidy of $16,000 a mile, about one third of the estimated cost, and thus provide steam transportation between the political and commercial capital and the head of navigation on Magdalena river.

The army, which is kept at a strength of 5,500 men, has been employed in improving the highways. The telegraphs in 1894 had a length

of 6,835 miles.

The number of internal letters that passed through the post office in 1893 was 1,302,410, including postal cards; of samples, 615,844; of registered letters and packets, 70,038; of foreign letters, 342,440.

The Panama Route.—An arrangement was made between the Colombian Government and the liquidator of the French Panama Company on April 4, 1893, whereby the concession for the construction of an interoceanic canal was prolonged ten years on condition that the new company to be formed should resume work before

Nov. 1, 1894, and pay over to the Government 17,000,000 francs in money and stock.

The original company, organized by Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1881, after receiving 772,545,412 francs up to June 30, 1886, and attempting to raise a loan of 600,000,000 francs in 1888, went into liquidation and suspended work on March 15, 1889. A new French company was incorporated in October, 1894, and work on the canal was resumed pro forma. The wages of the laborers and employees having been cut down, they began a strike in January, 1895. Threats were made that Colon would be burned and the railroad property destroyed unless living wages were paid. The outbreak of the revolution encouraged lawlessness and weakened the police powers of the Government. On Feb. 18 three attempts were made to burn Colon. The strike on the canal and the railroad continued, and was joined by the mechanics, many of whom left the country in April. In July the laborers began to return to work at the old rate of wages. In August the canal company prepared to begin work in earnest. Laborers and artisans were hired, and a guard of soldiers, for which the Government charges the company $10,000 a month, was distributed along the line. Competent experts estimate that the least sum for which the canal can be completed is $100,000,000. The amount already expended is $220,000,000.

Revolutionary Uprising.-Avelino Rosas, formerly Governor of Cauca and the recognized head of the radical wing of the Liberal party, planned, in December, 1894, from Curaçoa an armed attempt against the clerical administration of President Caro, in conjunction with other exiles and their sympathizers in Ecuador and Central America. Gen. Santos Acosta and other Liberal chiefs in Colombia were ready to head uprisings to overthrow the local authorities in the departments of Cauca, Santander, and Magdalena at the same time that Gen. Santo Domingo Vila, ex-Governor of Panama, entered southern Cauca with a strong volunteer force from Ecuador and other expeditions landed from Venezuela, Costa Rica, and the Antilles. The Government was forewarned and prepared to suppress the movement.

The first revolt occurred in Bocas del Toro, where a part of the troops mutinied and declared against the Government. This was easily suppressed without loss of life. In the early part of January an organized body of revolutionary troops entered Colombia from Venezuela at Tachira. They were met by the troops of the Government stationed on the border, and were repulsed, their leaders being captured and imprisoned. On Jan. 23 an uprising with which the authorities were not able to cope occurred at Tolima, in Boyaca. The rebels took the field at once in Cauca, Cundinamarca, and Santander. Pasto, Pradera, and other important towns de

clared for the revolution. At Pradera the Government's authority was restored after a battle in which the revolutionists were defeated. In Bogotá many of the soldiers and police deserted to join the popular movement, and made an attempt to capture the barracks, which the artillery and other loyal troops prevented under the personal direction of President Caro. The fighting

was severe, 200 men being killed. Several of the leading Liberals living in the capital were imprisoned. Cucuta and other points on the frontier were taken by the invading rebels, and arms were introduced freely through Venezuela. The rebels possessed themselves of the Girardot Railroad, and captured 3 of 5 river gunboats that the Governor of Bolivar had equipped on the Magdalena river. They prepared to send an expedition against Honda so as to cut off communications with Bogotá, whence Government re-enforcements were dispatched in haste to defend that place. The capture of Baranquilla made the rebels masters of navigation on the Magdalena, but only until Gen. Rafael Reyes arrived in Cartagena with 1,000 men and 5 river boats. Some foreign residents in Barranquilla, fearing trouble in the city, hoisted the flags of their respective countries. The local authorities ordered them lowered, and issued a decree threatening to fine and imprison any private person displaying a foreign flag. In the battle of Papayo, near Ibaque, the revolutionists sustained a disheartening defeat, 300 of them being captured. Troops were sent out from Cartagena to clear that part of the country of insurgents. The Government continually increased its forces, arming the inhabitants of Cauca, Antioquia, Bolivar, and Magdalena. The rebel forces in Tolima surrendered on Feb. 8 at Chumbamuy. After the route of Tachira on Feb. 5 at Mundo Nuevo, Cundinamarca was cleared of invaders. In the province of Velez and other central districts the rebellion was not yet suppressed, but Government troops closed them in and pursued the principal body toward Sogamoso. A detachment of invaders was routed near Habahia, and 250 prisoners and a large supply of modern rifles were captured. On Feb. 14 the rebels made a brave resistance at Cucuta, and on the following day, after they had been driven out of the town, they returned and attacked the Government forces, and finally expelled them after a desperate battle that lasted from dawn till afternoon, more than 800 being killed on both sides, among them the rebel leader Gen. Cuarto. A small expedition from Port Limon landed at Bocas del Toro on March 8. A fierce attack was made upon the cuartel, where the soldiers were surprised in their sleep. The rebels lost their leader, and were repulsed after three hours of fighting. In the evening marines were landed from the United States vessel "Atlanta" to protect American property. The "Raleigh" had before this been ordered to Colon and the "Alert" to Panama, to be ready to land troops, as was done in 1885, in case the revolutionists should attempt to close the Panama Railroad. Gov. Arango declared the department of Panama in a state of siege, and caused a great number of persons to be confined as political prisoners. A fierce battle took place at Baraona, where 500 men were engaged, and 50 fell on both sides. The rebels had previously captured Puerto. A few days later Gen. Martens gained a victory over a large body of rebels at Capitanejo, near Malaga. Battles were fought in Cauca at Cali and Buga. On March 15 the Government forces under Gen. Reyes defeated a large body of revolutionists, and captured the town of Enciso. The rebel loss was reported to

be 1,200 men and that of the Government 700. Many of the loyalist soldiers perished during the forced march. After this decisive engagement the rebels were too much discouraged to take the field again in force, though the army of Gen. Reyes, originally 30,000 strong, had been reduced by deaths and desertion to 8,000. Guerrilla raids continued in the mountainous districts, and martial law was still maintained through the country. Concealed arms were unearthed and confiscated, and the frontier was so closely guarded that attempts to invade the country were finally given up.

To obtain means to prosecute the war the Government raised forced loans, and increased the import duties 15 per cent., and put a heavier export duty on coffee. The collection of a special duty of 10 per cent. on goods destined for the Isthmus of Panama was decided by the courts to be illegal. An extra tax of $10 a head on all cattle slaughtered was decreed, and the stamp duties and internal-revenue duties were doubled.

Italian Indemnity Claims.-After a long correspondence in relation to claims for damages amounting to over $600,000 sustained by Italian citizens during the revolution of 1885, the Colombian Government proposed that the matter should be referred to the President of the United States for arbitration. The proposition was accepted by the Italian Government, and in February, 1895, President Cleveland signified his willingness to act as arbitrator.

COLORADO, a Western State, admitted to the Union Aug. 1, 1876; area, 103,925 square miles. The population in 1880 was 194,327; in 1890 it was 412,198. Capital, Denver.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Albert W. McIntire, Republican; Lieutenant Governor, Jared L. Brush; Secretary of State, Albert B. McGaffey; Treasurer, Harry E. Muluix; Auditor, C. C. Parks; Superintendent of Education, Anjanette J. Peavey; Attorney-General, B. L. Carr; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Charles D. Hayt; Associate Justices, Luther M. Goddard, and John Campbell.

Finances.-The Treasurer's report shows the balance on hand Nov. 30, 1892, to have been $850,051.47; the cash receipts during the two years, $2,502,208.01; and the amount from investment warrants redeemed and interest, $854,633,41. The cash disbursements were $2,706,367.04; the warrants bought for investment amounted to $932,526.28; and the cash in the treasury Nov. 30, 1894 was $567,999.57. The floating State debt amounted to $2,488,289.37, and the assets due the State $1,180,081.59, leaving the net floating debt $1,308,207.78. The capital bonds amounted to $600,000.

Education. The ninth biennial report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the two years ending June 30, 1894, gives the school population of 1893 as 116,119 and the attendance 46,187; and the school population of 1894 as 113,384, and the attendance 58,330. The whole amount of money paid for schools in 1894 was $2,218,723.57, of which $1,216,324.20 was teachers' wages.

The report of the State University at Boulder shows an enrollment of 159 university students