use in Greek art, 233; and after-
wards for signets and seals, ib.;
modern and ancient knowledge
compared, 234; classical allusions
to, 235; Theophrastus and Pliny
the sole substantial authorities,
ib.; their ancient names retained,
236; instances of etymology, 237;
classified only by colour till the
end of the last century, 239;
Egyptian nomenclature of, ib.;
modern use of crystallography,
240; degrees of value of different
kinds, 241; diamonds the most
valuable, ib.; then the corundum
class, viz., rubies, sapphires, and
'Oriental' stones, ib. ; the group of
spinels, 242; spinel rubies, 243;
the chrysoberyl or Oriental chryso-
lite, ib.; the beryl, 244; zircon and
tourmaline, 245; topaz, ib.; the
'group of garnets, 246; class of
silica, 250; opal and chalcedony,
ib.; agates and jaspers, 251; sili-
ceous minerals of the classics iden-
tified, 252; ancient onyx and sar-
donyx, b.; Roman use of, for
engraving, 254; the carbunculus
and lychnis of Pliny, ib., 255;
yellow stones among the ancients,
256; Pliny's green stones difficult
to classify, 257; blue stones, 258;
turquoise, ib.; lapis lazuli, 260
Prefaces, egotism in modern, cxx. 54
Prehistoric Times. See Archæology,
Prehistoric

Prendergast (Mr. J. P.), his 'Crom-

wellian Settlement of Ireland,'
cxxii. 518; his study of original
archives, 520; his partiality against
Cromwell, ib.

his rancorous attack on Mr.
Froude, cxxxvii. 131 note
Presbyterianism, called the 'Creed

of the Yellow Stick,' cxix. 189
Presbyterians (Irish), origin of, cxxix.
447; support of, by James I., ib. ;
the Regium Donum, 448; . their
devotion to William III., ib.;

their subjection to Irish Protes-
tants, 449; the Test and Schism
Acts, ib. ; alienated by High Church
tyranny, ib.; emigration of, to
America, 450; their reconciliation,
ib.; the Church in Ulster, ib.
Presbyterians (Irish), marriages of,
cxxx. 278, 279

their want of assimilation
with the native races in the last
century, cxxxviii. 140; persecuted
by the Anglican Church, 141;
exodus to America, ib.
Presbyterians (Scottish), oppression

of, at the Restoration, cxiv. 413;
the new Presbyterian Church of
the Revolution, 416; the Modera-
tist party, 420; the movement of
1843, 424

conduct of Charles II. to-
wards, cxviii. 6; their persecution
by Claverhouse, 8; character of
their nonconformity, 9

contests of, with Episcopacy,
cxxxiv. 108, 124; results of the
struggle of the seventeenth cen-
tury, ib.; good features of, 126
Press, the, increasing subordination
of public speech to, cxviii. 581
Prestwich (Mr.), on the stone-wea-
pons found at Abbeville, cxviii.
264 and 268; on the Moulin-
Quignon beds, 275
Pretender, the. See Stuart
Pretorius (Andries), leader of the
Boers in South Africa, cxxxiv. 412;
his defeat by the British, 414.
See Africa, South
Previous question,' motion of, in
England and America, cxxxiv. 589

note

Priam (King), alleged treasures of,
unearthed by Dr. Schliemann,
cxxxix. 519; question of his
legendary character unsolved,

532

Price (Dr.), his proposals of a Sink-
ing Fund, cxvi. 137

(Dr. Richard), his pamphlet

on 'Civil Liberty' answered by
Adam Ferguson, cxxv. 73
Price (Professor), his evidence on
the results of public school educa-
tion at Oxford, cxx. 157
Prie (Madame de), intrigues for the
marriage of Louis XV., cxxv. 475;
exiled to Normandy, 477
Primary Education. See Education
Prime Minister, his relations with
the Crown, cxv. 222

Primogeniture, law of, a narrow
question, if the power of settle-
ment is left, cxxviii. 545

results of abolition of, on
land, cxxxix. 282
Prince (John, 1643-1723), his pic-

ture of the squire archy in the
'Worthies of Devon,' cxxxviii. 12
Prinsep (Mr. James), his deciphering
of Buddhist inscriptions, cxxii.
379

Printing, invention of, effect of,
on classical texts, cxxxvii. 94
Prior (Matthew, 1664-1721), his
correspondence with Bolingbroke,
cxviii. 424, 425

Lord Strafford refuses to act
with him in the Embassy to
Versailles, cxxxii. 544

Cowper's eulogy of his
minor verse, cxl. 366; his che-
quered life, ib. 367; specimens of
his light verse, 368

Prisoners' Counsel Bill, urgent need
of the measure, cxi. 192; Lord
Lyndhurst's opposition overcome,
ib. note

Prisons, the intermediate system in
Ireland, cxvii. 251; its extension
to England proposed, 263; dietary
in State-prisons too low, 264
Pritchett (Mr.), his collection of
chinchona plants in Northern
Peru, cxviii. 516

Private Bill legislation, proposed
transfer to an independent tri-
bunal, cxxii. 284

present system should be

its ecclesiastical jurisdiction
assailed, cxxi. 155; 'Judgments
of, in cases of doctrine and disci-
pline from 1840 to 1864,' 161;
practice in giving judgment, 170;
creation of, by Lord Brougham,
ib.; the Church Discipline Act,
171; progress of ecclesiastical
suits before, ib.; decisions on doc-
trinal points, 172, 174; criminal
suits against clergymen, ib. 175;
other cases, ib. 177; ecclesiastical
appeals from the colonies, 178
its ecclesiastical functions
compared with the Court of Dele-
gates, cxxviii. 273

varied character of its ap-
pellate jurisdiction, exxix. 63;
high character of the tribunal, 64
Proclus, statement of, on the Homeric
poems, cxxxiii. 358

Procopius (of Cæsarea, d. about 560),

his MS. on the Gothic War pla-
giarised by L. Aretin, cxxiv. 357
Proctor (R. A.), his works on the
approaching transit of Venus,
cxxxviii. 144; his controversy
with the Astronomer Royal, 160,
163

his work on the Moon, cxl.
72, 90; copious popular writings
on Astronomy, 104

Professional education of the sexes,

compared, cxxx. 595

Propertius, early MSS. of, cxxxvii.

59 note

America, cxxix. 466; views of Mr.
Dilke, 467

Protective system, promotes anta-
gonism of class-interests, cxix.
297
Protestantism, its present tendencies
against Judaism, cxvii. 204; its
anti-progressive character dis-
cussed, 207

M. Taine's materialist theory
of, cxxi. 312

destroyed the principle of
persecution, 439
Protestantism (in France), origin of,
cxxiv. 88 (see Reformation in
France); its golden age, 105;
executions of Protestants as late
as 1762, 118; edicts against, lasted
till 1787, 119; present sectarian
character of, 120. See Huguenots
Protestants, French, state of, in the
sixteenth century, cxxxiii. 491,
492
Protestant Dissenters, their voluntary

and extra-legal status in England,
cxviii. 572; their position in the
Colonies, 573

arbitrary treatment of, by
Church Bishops after 1688, cxxviii.
267; removal of disabilities, ib.
marriages of, in Ireland,

of, cxxxiii. 401; charge of schism
examined, 408; their theory of
union outside the State, 409; pre-
sent attitude of suspicious reserve
and self-complacency, 418, 419;
alleged authority of St. Paul for
Dissent, 422
Protestant Dissenters, their position
in England and Scotland compared,
cxxxiv. 126

recent claims to Church dis-
establishment criticised, cxxxV.
367 sqq. (see Miall, Mr.); alleged
inferiority of, before the law, 388;
evils of past educational exclusion,
389; pride of birth in old families
of, ib.; narrow professional spirit
of their ministers, 390

their original position in the
Church, cxxxvii. 199; first signs
of separation, 290; Episcopal
Non-jurors, ib.; common grounds
of antagonism to the Church, ib.;
Presbyterians and Baptists, 201;
fallacies of Puritans and their ex-
treme opponents, 203; modern
dogma of a separate religion, ib.
204; the Liberation Society, 205;
alliance with High Church faction,
206; thoroughly English character
of Dissent, 208; their past services
to the national Church, 213, 215;
proposed means of reconciliation,
216, 223

their political bigotry at the
present day, cxxxix. 281
Protoplasm, Dr. Beale's work on,
cxxxvi. 216, 222. See Life
Protozoa, description of, cxxx. 158
Proverbs, frequency of, in the

Spanish language, cxiv. 104
Prudentius (Clemens, b. 348), his
verses on the Catacombs, cxx. 217,

218

Prussia, declares the Diet to be at
an end, cxxiv. 280; her immoral
policy of self-aggrandisement, ib.;
real object of her attack on Den-
mark, 281; responsible for the

war of 1866 with Austria, ib. (see Bismarck, Count); evils of Prussian ascendency in Germany, 283, 284; her dilemma as regards the war with Austria, 286; provokes a future collision with France, ib.; proposal to re-organise the Bund, 290; subsequent aggressions, ib.; illegal invasion of the Elbe Duchies, ib.; coup d'état against the Federal Constitution, 291; suddenness of her attack on Austria, ib.; causes of her success, 292 Prussia, the military growth of, cxxiv. 553; her exhausted condition after the Seven Years' War, ib.; first rivalry with Austria, ib. 554; policy of conquest since Frederick the Great, ib.; influence of reigning family, ib.; her greatness dates from the Great Elector, 555; Silesia added to, 557; designs on Bohemia, ib.; contest with Austria, ib.; partition of Poland, 558; results of the 'Potato War,' 562; intervention in Holland, ib.; nefarious second partition of Poland, ib.; policy at the French Revolution, 563; failure of the French campaign of 1792, 565; withdraws from the Coalition, 566; decline of the army, ib. 567; accession of Frederick William III., ib.; annexation of Hanover, 568; humiliated by France, ib. 569; her overthrow at Jena, ib.; national disasters, ib. 570; reform of military system, 571; improvements of Stein and Scharnhorst, 572; foundation of the national force, 573; the landwehr and landsturm, ib., 575; nobility exempted from the conscription, 576; life of a young einjähriger, 578; relations of officers and privates, 580 and note; training of landwehr officers, 581; tactical system of 1814, 582; experiments of mobilisation, ib.; military changes of, 1859, 584;

the system complete in 1866, 585; leading officers in the late war with Austria, 586; needle-musket drill, 587; deep-seated disaffection of the soldiery, 589; problems of the late war, 591; its moral, 593; hostilities in the Elbe duchies, 594; effect of late successes on public morality, ib.

Prussia, campaign of 1866 against

Austria, cxxv. 363; popular explanation of her success, ib. See Prusso-Austrian War

her efforts at moral ascendency in Germany, cxxviii. 237 ; Bismarck's policy of 'blood and iron,' 238; predominance of, in the North German Constitution, 241, 246; her aggrandising policy in Germany after the war of 1866, 248

want of solidity in the constitution, cxxx. 430; isolated by the Polish Convention, 431, 436

military changes in 1861, cxxxii. 484 (see Prussian Army); withdraws her claims to Luxembourg, 491; preparations for the late war (see Franco-German War); growth of population in,561

institutions of, contrasted with those of France, cxxxiii. 5; Spartan character thereof, 6; constant hostility to the French Revolution, 7; power of, increased by her strong monarchy, 10; sanctity of hereditary kingship, ib.; repudiation of the Luxembourg Treaty, 278, 285; historical rivalry of, with Austria for the leadership of Germany, 467; recent supremacy of, 471 (see German Empire); strength of military caste in, 475; coalitions provoked by, 476; her reversal of the Treaty of Westphalia, 480

railway organisation of, adapted for war, cxxxv. 153

conflict between Church and

State in, cxxxix. 360. See Ger-
many

Prussia, her wavering policy before

Austerlitz, cxl. 308

Prussian Army, its constitution trans-
formed in 1861, cxxxii. 484;
altered system of tactics, 485; in
1859 and 1866, ib.; conditions of
service, 486; constitution of, 487;
the landwehr detached from the
field-army, ib.; not a national
militia, 488; its powerful organi-
sation, ib.; lighter system of tac-
tics, 489; regarded as an instru-
ment for achieving German unity,
ib.; its numbers increased by recent
conquests, 490; reforms in, after
the Luxembourg question, 492;
efficiency of the North German
army, 493; study of French prin-
ciples, ib.; perfect organisation of,
in the war of 1870, 563 (see
Franco-German War); cost of
maintenance per man, 585; such
economy impossible in other coun-
tries, 586

the reserve system compared
with the militia, cxxxiii. 216;
decentralising process in supply
departments, 234; drill regulations
of 1847, 549; tactical reforms in,
after 1866, 551; the staff system,
577, 579

reorganisation of, by Scharn-
horst, cxl. 315, 321
Prusso-Austrian War (1866), pub-
lications on, cxxv. 363; its strate-
gical moral, 364; Benedek's first
movements, 365; he abandons the
aggressive, ib.; concentration of
the Crown Prince at Neisse, ib.;
Prussian occupation of Saxony,
ib.; movements of Prince Fred-
erick Charles, 366; statement of
forces, ib. note; position of Clam
Gallas, 369; Prussian junction
near Gitschin, 370; Prussian mis-
takes not due to the general-in-
chief, ib.; defence of passes neg-

lected by Austrians, 372; Stein-
metz defeats the Austrians at
Nachod, 373; their success at
Trautenau, 374; mutual surprises
376 (see Gablentz, General); strug-
gle at Alt-Rognitz, ib.; Austrians
driven back on Josephstadt (see
Steinmetz, General); combined
advance of Prussians, 379; dis-
positions of Benedek, ib., 380;
counter-instructions of Moltke,
381; supposed retreat of the
Austrians, ib., 382; their advance
repulsed by Fransecky and Horn,
ib., 383; movements of the Crown
Prince, ib.; Prussian capture of
Chlum, 384; Benedek's defeat at
Königgrätz or Sadowa, 385; sub-
sequent operations and armistice,
386; movements of Hanoverian
army, b.; their indecision and
supineness, 387; Von Fliess and
Falkenstein, 388. See Benedek
Prynne, his protest in 1564 against
the excise on hops, cxvi. 502
Prynne (William, 1600-1669), books
of, suppressed, cxxxiv. 182; his
Histriomastix,' ib.; his sentence,

186

Pseudonyms, literary, cxx. 438
Psychology, Comte's notion of,
cxxvii. 329

neglect of, by physicians,

cxxxi. 447

prevalent rage for hypotheses
in, cxxxvii. 498; confused use of
terms, 500
'Publicist,' continental meaning of
the term, cxxxii. 557

Public Schools, Report of Commis-
sioners on (1864), cxx. 147; in-
quiry limited to endowed schools,
148; reforms recommended at
Eton with regard to leases and
fines, 149; operation of perpetual
endowments in, ib.; dangers of
stagnation therefrom, 150; defici-
ency of average attainments at,
151; unfavourable evidence of