Statements of the State and local obligations and taxation, according to the census of 1890, wil be found at pages 236 to 245 of Volume I of the Year Book."

will be found under appropriate headings in other parts of this volume.

+ Exclusive of Alaska.

TELEGRAPH,
POSTAL SERVICE,
CONSULAR SERVICE,

UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE RULES.

(Revised by the Secretary of the Civil Service Commission.)

The Civil Service Act "To Regulate and Improve the Civil Service of the United States" was passed on January 16, 1883. It provides for the appointment of three Commissioners, a Chief Examiner, a Secretary, and other employés, and makes it the duty of the Commission to aid the President, as he may request, in preparing suitable rules for carrying the Act into effect, to make regulations to govern all examinations held under the provisions of the Act, and to control such examinations. The main purpose of the Act is to establish a system of examinations for ascertaining the fitness of applicants for performance of the public work. In place of the machinery of patronage, largely based on official favor and social and political influence, it substitutes a merit system of competitive examinations for appointment and promotion in the Civil Service, open to all citizens alike, and forbids discrimination for political or religious reasons. Among others, the Act contains provisions forbidding any person in the service of the United States from levying upon or collecting from persons in the Executive Civil Service contributions to be devoted to political objects; the collection of such contributions in any public building of the United States; or discrimination against persons who do not make such contributions or render political service.

The number of persons regularly employed in the Executive Civil Service of the United States is about 179,000, of whom 80,334 are classified subject to competitive examination or registration under the Civil Service Act and rules. The total number of persons in the Classified Civil Service (by which is meant all that part of the Executive Civil Service embraced within the provisions of the Civil Service Act and rules) is 83,817. Of this number, 78,728 are classified by reason of designation, duties performed, or compensation, and of these 3,483 are required merely to pass a non-competitive examination, or are excepted from examination (2,240 of the latter class being Indians); 5,063 are classified under regulations of the Navy Department approved by the Commission and sanctioned by the President; and 26 are classified whose appointments are made by the President solely. The classified Civil Service does not include persons whose appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate, or mere laborers or workmen.

The Classified Civil Service is arranged in the following branches: The Departmental Service (including therein the Navy-Yard Service), with 46,998 positions, of which 2,358 are excepted from examination (2,240 of these being filled by Indians); the Post-Office Service, with 26,316 positions, of which 592 are excepted from examination; the Government Printing Service, with 2,816 positions; the Custom-House Service, with 4,545 positions, of which 316 are subject to non-competitive examination; and the Internal Revenue Service, with 3,168 positions, of which 217 are subject to noncompetitive examination.

The examinations cover a wide range of subjects, and are practical in character, adapted to the duties of the places to be filled. Examinations are held twice a year in every State and Territory at fixed times and places. In some of the principal examinations for positions requiring technical, professional, or scientific knowledge, an investigation is made into the business experience, as well as the educational qualifications, of competitors. In other examinations, for certain trades and other positions, no scholastic tests are given, relative fitness being determined by consideration of the experience and physical ability of applicants. Persons desiring information respecting the Postal, Customs, Internal Revenue, Light-House, Life-Saving, Navy-Yard, or Marine Hospital Service, or positions in the Engineer Department at Large or Ordnance Department at Large, should make application to the local board of examiners at the classified office at which service is sought. For other branches of the service, application should be made to the Civil Service Commission at Washington.

Few women are appointed to clerical positions in the departments at Washington. A few receive appointments as stenographers and typewriters. Women have the best chance for appointment as assistant microscopists in the branch offices of the Bureau of Animal Industry at the various stock-yards throughout the country, and as teachers, matrons, seamstresses, etc., in the Indian Service, the salaries of which are from $400 to $720 a year. Men have the best chance for appointment as stenographers and typewriters, draftsmen, meat inspectors, patent examiners, fish-culturists, civil engineers, and other positions requiring technical qualifications.

No applicant is admitted to an examination in any one of the recognized trades, such as that of compositor or bookbinder in the Government Printing Office, unless he has had five years' experience in his trade, one of which must have been as a journeyman. This information is obtained by personal questions relating to the applicant's experience at his trade, and the certificates of persons who have employed him. For ordinary clerical places the examination is confined to orthography, penmanship, copying, letter-writing, and simple arithmetic. Patent examiners are examined in physics, technics, mathematics, chemistry, and mechanical drawing. Meat inspectors are examined in letter-writing, veterinary anatomy and physiology, veterinary pathology, and meat inspection. One of the practical tests for post-office clerks and railway mail clerks is an exercise in reading manuscript addresses. Specimen sets of examination questions will be furnished by the Commission upon request. The Consular Service is not within the Classified Civil Service. Examinations for positions therein are non-competitive, and conducted by a board of the Department of State.

Persons who served in the military or naval service of the United States, and were discharged by reason of disabilities resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty, are given certain preferences in the Classified Civil Service. They are released from all maximum age limitations, are eligible for appointment at a grade of 65, while others are obliged to obtain a grade of 70, and are certified to appointing officers before all others. Subject to the other conditions of the rules, any person who served in the military or naval service of the United States in the war of the rebellion, and was honorably discharged therefrom, or the widow of any such person, or any army nurse of said war, may be reinstated without regard to the length of time he or she has been separated from the service. Appointments in the departments at Washington and in the Government Printing Office are required to be apportioned among the States and Territories upon the basis of population. Upon the occurrence of a vacancy, the appointment to fill it, if not made by promotion, reduction, transfer, or reinstatement, must be made by selection from the three eligibles of highest grade on the appropriate register.

Provision is made in the rules for transfer from one department or office to another; for reinstatement to the service within a period of one year from the date of separation, where there has been no misconduct on the part of the person separated (no limitation as to time being recognized in the cases of the soldiers, sailors, army nurses, and widows of the war of the rebellion), and for examinations for promotion.

The following provisions have been adopted for the protection of Government employés : "Any person in the Executive Civil Service of the United States who shall willfully violate any of the provisions of the Civil Service Act, or of these rules, shall be dismissed from office."

"No person in the Executive Civil Service shall use his official authority or official influence for the purpose of interfering with an election or controlling the result thereof."

"No person in the Executive Civil Service shall dismiss, or cause to be dismissed, or make any attempt to procure the dismissal of, or in any manner change the official rank or compensation of, any other person therein, because of his political or religious opinions or affiliations."

No removal shall be made from any position subject to competitive examination except for just cause, and upon written charges filed with the head of the department or other appointing officer, and of which the accused shall have full notice and an opportunity to make defense."

The Civil Service Act also provides that when rules shall have been promulgated "it shall be the duty of all officers of the United States in the departments and offices to which any such rules may relate, to aid, in all proper ways, in carrying said rules, and any modification thereof, into effect."

For information relating to examinations for the service of the State of New York, application should be made to the Civil Service Commission at Albany, N. Y., and for the service of New York City, to the Municipal Supervisory Board at Cooper Union.

REGISTRY OF TRADE-MARKS.

Owners of trade-marks used in commerce with foreign nations, or with the Indian tribes, pro vided such owners are domiciled in the United States, or in any country granting similar privileges to citizens of the United States, are entitled to have their trade-marks registered.

The application for registry must be sent to the Patent Office in Washington, accompanied by a statement showing: 1. The name, domicile, location and citizenship of the applicant; 2. The class of merchandise and the particular description of goods to which the trade-mark has been appropriated; 3. A description of the trade-mark itself, with fac-similes of it, and a statement of the way in which it is to be affixed to the goods, and the length of time during which it has been used.

The application must be accompanied by a written declaration, verified by the person, or by a member of a firm, or by an officer of a corporation applying, to the effect that such person, firm or corporation has at the time a right to the use of the trade-mark, and that no other person, firm or corporation has a right to such use, either in the identical form or in any such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive; that the trade-mark is used in commerce with foreign nations or Indian tribes, and that the description and fac-similes presented for registry truly represent the trade-mark.

The fee for registering a trade-mark is $25.

A trade-mark will not be admitted to registry if it is merely the name of the applicant; or if it is identical with a registered or known trade-mark owned by another and appropriate to the same class of merchandise; or if it so nearly resembles some other person's lawful trade-mark as to be likely to cause confusion or mistake in the mind of the public, or to deceive purchasers.

Copies of trade-marks and of statements and declarations filed therewith, and certificates of registry may be used as evidence in any suit in which the trade-marks are brought in controversy; and the registry is prima facie evidence of ownership.

The certificate of registry remains in force for 30 years, except where the trade-mark is applied to articles not manufactured in this country and receives protection under the laws of a foreign country for a shorter period, in which case it ceases to have any force in this country at the time the trade-mark ceases to be exclusive property elsewhere.

At any time during the six months prior to the expiration of the registry, the certificate may be renewed on the same terms and for a like period.

Any one who counterfeits, copies or colorably imitates a registered trade-mark and affixes it to merchandise of substantially the same kind as that described in the registration is liable to an action for damages at the suit of the owner of the registered trade-mark, and he may also be enjoined from continuing the wrongful use. One who procures the registry of a trade-mark by false or fraudulent means is liable in damages to any person injured thereby.

No imported article which copies or imitates the name or trade-mark of any domestic manufacture or manufacturer can be admitted to entry at a custom house. Any domestic manufacturer who has a trade-mark may require his name and residence and a description of the trade-mark to be recorded in books kept for that purpose in the Treasury Department, and may furnish to the Department fac-similes of such trade-marks; and then it is the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to send one or more copies of the same to each collector. This provision applies equally to unregistered and to registered trade-marks.

Trade labels are entered and registered in conformity with the regulations provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that the fee for recording the title of any print or label not a trade-mark is $6.

COPYRIGHT.

Under the International Copyright Act (approved March 3, 1891; took effect July 1, 1891), any United States citizen, or citizen or subject of foreign nations granting copyright to United States citizens on substantially the same basis with their own citizens, or which become parties to an international agreement for reciprocity in copyright, who is " the author, inventor, designer or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print or photograph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts, and the executors, administrators or assigns of any such person" may secure for twenty-eight years the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing and vending the same; and, in case of a dramatic composition, of publicly performing or representing it or causing it to be performed or represented by others. The applicant, on or before the day of publication in this or any foreign country, must deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to him at Washington, D. C., a printed copy of the title of the book, map, etc., or a description of the painting, etc., or a description or title and a photograph of the model or design for a work of the fine arts for which he desires a copyright. He must also, not later than the day of publication in this or any foreign country, deliver at the Librarian's office, or deposit in the mail within the United States. addressed to him at Washington, D. C., two copies of a book, photograph, chromo or lithograph printed from the type set within the United States, or from plates made therefrom, or from negatives or drawings on stone made within the United States, or from transfers made therefrom, or a photograph of a painting, drawing, statue, model or design. The Librarian's fees are: 1. For recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 50 cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, 50 cents. 3. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of a copyright, $1. 4. For every copy of an assignment, $1. The charge for recording the title or description of any article entered for copyright, the production of a non-resident alien, is $1. The Secretary of the Treasury prints weekly catalogues of copyright publications for distribution at a charge of $5 the year.

Proprietors of copyrights must send to the Librarian a copy of all subsequent editions in which substantial changes are made. Authors have exclusive right to dramatize or translate their works copyrighted in the United States. An author, inventor or designer, or his widow or children, may secure an extension of the copyright for 14 years by recording the title a second time within 6 months before the expiration of the first period. (The title of a periodical should include the date and number; and each number of a periodical requires a separate entry of copyright.)

No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy published, on the title page or the page following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some portion thereof or on the substance on which the same is mounted, the following words, víz.: “Entered according to act of Congress, in the year by, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington," or at the option of the person entering the copyright, the words: "Copyright, 18-, by." The penalty for unauthorized use of copyright notice is $100. Every person who shall, without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, dramatize, translate or import, or knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, translated or imported, shall sell or expose to sale" any copy of a copyrighted book, must forfeit every copy to the proprietor and is liable for damages in a civil action. In the case of paintings or statuary, the infringer forfeits $10 for every copy he sells, possesses or exposes for sale. With other copyrighted articles, he forfeits the plates and $1 for every sheet he possesses or exposes for sale: Provided, however, that in case of infringement of the copyright of a photograph made from any object not a work of the fine arts, the forfeiture shall not be less than $100, nor more than $5,000; and in case of infringement of the copyright of a painting, drawing, statue, engraving, etching, print, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, or of a photograph of a work of the fine arts, the forfeiture shall not be less than $250 nor more than $10,000. Persons purchasing for use, and not for sale, may import, subject to duty, not more than two foreign copies of a copyrighted book.

Switzerland France, Belgium, England, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Mexico, and Chili have been admitted to the benefits of the new law, For an American citizen to secure copyright in Great Britain, the title must be entered at Stationers' Hall, London, the fee for which is five shillings sterling; the work must be published in Great Britain simultaneously with its pub. lication in the United States, and five copies of the publication are required.

A foreigner may secure copyright in France by depositing two copies of the publication at the Ministry of the Interior in Paris.

In Germany a foreigner must enter his work in the general registry book of copyrights at Leipzig and have it published by a firm having its place of business within the German Empire.

Copyright in Canada is to be registered with the Minister of Agriculture, fee $1; the work to be published in Canada.

POSTAGE RATES AND REGULATIONS.

DOMESTIC MATTER.

First Class.

LETTERS.-The rate of postage on letters (sealed or unsealed) sent by mail from one post office to another within the United States, or posted at a city or town where letter carriers are employed, addressed for local delivery in such city or town, is two cents an ounce or fraction thereof.

All packages scaled or closed against inspection (except proprietary articles, such as pills, powders, etc., put up in original trade packages), all typewritten matter, all printed matter containing writing (except corrected proof sheets, books or other printed articles with written complimentary dedications or inscriptions, and circulars with written dates, addresses and signatures), and all written matter except manuscript accompanying proof sheets of the same, is subject to postage at ketter rates.

All letters (and all other articles subject to letter rates) must be prepaid to the amount of at least two cents or they cannot be forwarded by mail.

ORDINARY POSTAL CARDS.-The postage of one cen each is paid by the stamp impressed on these cards, and no further payment is required.

DOUBLE (OR REPLY) POSTAL CARDS.-These consist of two attached cards - one for the original message, the other to be detached and used for reply by the person originally addressed. The original sender may write or print his name and address on the reply card, or write or print a message thereon to be signed or filled up by the original addressee. The price of the double card is two cents.

PRIVATE MAILING CARDS.- "That from and after the first day of July, 1898, it shall be lawful to transmit by mail, at the postage of a cent apiece, payable by stamps to be affixed by the sender and under such regulations as the Postmaster-General may prescribe, written messages on private mailing cards, such cards to be sent openly in the mails, to be no larger than the size fixed by the convention of the Universal Postal Union, and to be approximately of the same form, quality, and weight as the stamped postal card now in general use in the United States."

Users of mailing cards must conform to these rules:

H" postal card, which is 34 1. Cards must not exceed the size of what is now known as the " by 5% inches in dimensions; nor must they be smaller than the "K" postal card, the size of which is 2 15-16 by 4 15-16 inches.

2. The quality of the cards must be substantially that of the Government postal cards, and weigh about 6 lbs. 3 ounces to the thousand.

3. The color of the cards may be white, cream, light gray, or the shade of the Government card, which is light buff.

4. The cards must bear these words, in print, on the address side: "Private Mailing CardAuthorized by Act of Congress on May 19, 1898." When prepared by printers or stationers for sale, they should also bear in the upper right-hand corner of the address side an oblong diagram with the words, "Place a one-cent stamp here"; and in the lower left-hand corner the following words should be printed: "This side is exclusively for the address."

5. The message on the cards may be either in writing or print; and there may also appear on the message side advertisements, illustrations, or other matter, printed either in black or in colors. 6. There must be attached to every card mailed a one-cent adhesive postage stamp.

7. The privilege given by the Act is not intended to work a discontinuance of the Government postal cards. These will be issued and sold the same as heretofore.

8. Private mailing cards with written messages can be mailed to foreign countries on payment of two cents postage.

Second Class.

Second-class matter embraces newspapers, magazines and other periodical publications issued at regular intervals and not less frequently than four times a year, devoted to information of a publio character, or to literature, science, art, or some special industry, having a known office of publication and a legitimate list of subscribers. Publications circulated free, or at merely nominal subscription price, or primarily designed for advertising purposes, do not belong in the second class and cannot be mailed in the manner nor at the rate provided for matter of that class.

The rate of postage on second-class matter sent by mail, when paid by the publisher or a news agent, is one cent a pound, to be prepaid in currency. When sent by others, one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof.

The rate of postage on second-class matter posted in New York by others than the publishers or news agents for delivery within the city is ONE CENT FOR EACH FOUR OUNCES or fraction thereof. On newspapers (other than weeklies) and periodicals, when deposited by publisher or news agent for general box delivery, one cent per pound.

On weekly newspapers deposited by publisher or news agent for general or box delivery, or delivery by carriers, one cent per pound or fraction thereof; when deposited by other than publisher or news agent, one cent for each package not exceeding four ounces, and one cent for each additional four pinces or fraction thereof.

There is no limit of weight on packages of second-class matter.