were on the muster rolls. He recommended the repeal of the substitute and exemptive pro visions, and that all having substitutes be put back into the field, and stated that the privileges which Congress granted, to put in substitutes, could be regularly and constitutionally abrogated by the same power. He said that no compact was entered into between the Government and the person furnishing a substitute, as had been alleged, but only a privilege which Government accorded. Instead of complaining of such abrogation, the person ought to feel gratified at what had heretofore been allowed him. He recommended an abridgment of exemptions and the conscription of all, making details according to the wants of society at home. The Secretary said that the three years' men, when their terms expire, could not be finally discharged, and should be retained, allowing them to choose the existing company, under its present organization, in the same arm of the service. He recommended the consolidation of such companies and regiments as were reduced below a certain complement. The following is a list of the officers in the rebel service, who previously belonged to the regular army of the United States: Armstrong, Francis C., Captain, 2d Dragoons. Deshler, James, First Lieutenant, 10th Infantry. nance Department. Hoxton, Llewellyn, brevet Second Lieutenant, Ord- Haskell, Alexander M., 2d Lieutenant, 1st Infantry. Armistead, L. A., Captain and brevet Major, 6th Huger, Frank, Second Lieutenant, 10th Infantry. Infantry. Adams, John, Captain, 1st Dragoons. Armistead, F. S., First Lieutenant, 10th Infantry. Alexander, E. P., Second Lieutenant, Engineers. Anderson, Charles D., First Lieutenant, 4th Artillery. Anderson, R. H., Second Lieutenant, 9th Infantry. Anderson, R. H., Captain, 2d Dragoons. Alexander, J. B. S., Second Lieutenant, 9th Infantry. Anderson, S. S., Captain and brevet Major, 2d Artillery. Anderson, G. B., First Lieutenant, 2d Dragoons. Blair, William B., Captain, Commissary Department. Borland, Harold, brevet 2d Lieutenant, 5th Infantry. Claiborne, Thomas J., Captain, Mounted Rifles. Collins, Charles R., brevet Second Lieutenant, Topographical Engineers. Cooke, John R., First Lieutenant, 8th Infantry. Heth, Henry, Captain, 10th Infantry. Jackson, Wm. H., Second Lieutenant, Mounted Rifles. Johnson, Edw., Captain and brevet Major, 6th Infantry. Jordan, Thomas, Captain and Assistant Quartermaster. Johnston, Albert S., Colonel and brevet Brigadier General, Second Cavalry. Jackson, Andrew, Jr., Second Lieutenant, 1st Cavalry. Johnston, Joseph E., Quartermaster-General, U. S. A. Jones, Samuel, Captain, 1st Artillery. Jones, David R., brevet Captain and Assistant Adjutant-General. Jones, Thomas M., First Lieutenant, 8th Infantry. Lockett, Sam'l H., brevet 2d Lieutenant, Engineers. Myers, Abraham C., Captain and brevet Lieutenant, Marmaduke, John S., Second Lieutenant, 7th Infantry. Mullins, John, First Lieutenant, 2d Dragoons. Montgomery, Alexander B., Second Lieutenant, 4th Magruder, William J., Captain, 1st Cavalry. Pemberton, John C., Captain and brevet Major, 4th Pender, William D., First Lieutenant, 1st Dragoons. Rice, Olin F., Second Lieutenant, 6th Infantry. onel, 5th Infantry. Reynolds, Alex. W., Captain and Assist. Quartermaster. Smith, William D., Captain, 2d Dragoons. Slaughter, James E., First Lieutenant, 1st Artillery. Stith, Donald C., Captain, 5th Infantry. Taylor, John G, First Lieutenant, 8th Infantry. Tyler, Charles H., Captain, 2d Dragoons. ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. On States, comprising the regular troops, and the January 1st, 1863, the army of the United volunteers obtained under the various calls made by the President since the commence600,000 and 700,000 men. ment of the war, numbered probably between Of the whole number of men voluntarily raised to that date no precise statement can be afforded, the information furnished by some of the reports being so obscure that it is difficult to decide to which class of service (that of the individual States or of the General Government), the troops furnished belong; but the following table is believed to be as complete as it is possible to make it: Twiggs, David E., Brigadier-General and brevet Ma- the service of the United States, the number jor-General, U. S. A. Van Dorn, Earl, Major, 2d Cavalry. Villepigue, John V., First Lieutenant, 2d Dragoons. Williams, William Ó., First Lieutenant, 2d Cavalry. Withers, John, Captain and Assist. Adjutant-General. Wayne, Henry C., Captain and brevet Major, Quarter master's Department. Williams, Solomon, Second Lieutenant, 2d Dragoons. Washington, T. A., First Lieutenant, 1st Infantry. of men engaged from April, 1861, to January, 1863, will probably not vary much from a million and a half. The troops actually in service at the close of 1862, comprising 3 years', 2 years', 12 months', 9 months' men and regu lars, represented organizations amounting originally to an aggregate of 1,200,000; but among these the casualties of the field, diseases of the camp, discharges for physical disability, and desertions, had made fearful inroads, some regiments having within a year of their enlistment been reduced to less than the strength of a couple of full companies. As an illustration at once of the bravery of the troops and of the rate at which the army is depleted, Gen. Meade stated in reply to an address of welcome from the mayor of Philadelphia, that from March, 1862, when the army of the Potomac left its lines in front of Washington, to the close of 1863, not less than a hundred thousand men in it had been killed and wounded. The causes and rate of the depletion in this and other military departments will be found treated under the heads of HYGIENE OF THE ARMY and SANITARY COMMISSION. In view of the serious loss of disciplined troops which would be caused by the return home of the 2 years', 12 months' and 9 months' regiments, comprising an aggregate of about 65,000 men, whose terms of enlistment would expire during the summer and autumn of 1863, the Government early in the year took measures to obtain the passage of an Enrolment and Conscription Act, authorizing the President to recruit the army, when necessary, by drafting from the able-bodied male citizens of the country between the ages of twenty and fortyfive. The measure was unpopular in many parts of the country, though few, if any, among the party in favor of carrying on the war objected to it upon principle, as a final and peremptory means of providing men. They, however, preferred volunteering as more effective and more in accordance with republican institutions. In reply to these objections it was urged that volunteering under the last call had proceeded slowly, that the bounties demanded were excessive, and that the quota of many States, even under the inducement of heavy bounties, had not been filled. These reasons being deemed conclusive, the conscription act became a law on March 3d; in the succeeding May and June the enrolment was effected in most of the States, and early in the former month a draft of 300,000 men was ordered, the conscription commencing in the several districts into which the country was divided by the provost marshal-general and his assistants, as soon as the enrolment was completed and the quota in each assigned. For the operations of the conscription act, see ENROLMENT. On December 1st, 1863, the draft had resulted, in twelve States in which it was enforced, in adding about 50,000 men to the army, and in the accumulation of a fund of $10,518,000, derived from commutations under what is known as the "Three Hundred Dollar clause" of the act, which was reserved for the procurement of recruits by bounties. On June 15th, under apprehensions of an invasion of Pennsylvania and other Northern States, the President issued a proclamation, calling for 100,000 militia to be mustered into the United States service for six months unless sooner discharged, viz. : from Maryland, 10,000; from Pennsylvania, 50,000; from Ohio, 30,000; and from West Virginia, 10,000; and directing that these States should be respectively credited under the Enrolment Act for the militia service rendered under the proclamation. The governor of New York also received a requisition for 20,000 men. The latter call was obeyed with commendable promptitude, and very nearly to the extent required by the President; but from the States most immediately affected by the invasion of Gen. Lee, the number of men thus obtained was proportionately less. The speedy retirement of the Confederates after the battle of Gettysburg rendered the services of these troops useless, and by August 1st they were nearly all disbanded. It having become apparent to the Government, during the progress of the draft, that the act of March 3d was insufficient to supply the army with recruits, the President issued a call on October 15th for 300,000 volunteers, to be enlisted by the governors of the different States "for the various companies and regiments in the field from their respective States." The volunteers thus enlisted were declared entitled to advance pay, premium, and bounty, as previously established by Government for enlisted troops; and, together with all other volunteers not previously credited, were to be credited on and deducted from the quotas established for the draft. Should any State fail to raise the quota assigned to it by the War Department under this call, then a draft for the deficiency was to be made on the State or its districts on January 5th, 1864. Nothing in the proclamation was to interfere with existing orders, or any subsequently to be issued, for the draft then in progress or where it had not commenced; and it was stated that in the assignment of quotas of States and districts due regard would be had for the men previously furnished, whether by volunteering or drafting. This call differed in several particulars from any previously made, and indicated the adoption of a wiser policy in reference to reënforcing the army. In the first place the troops were ordered to be raised six months or more before the expiration of the terms of any of the three years' men, and not, as previously, when there was imperative need of their services, either to repel invasions, to save the menaced capital, or to fill the places of those whose term of enlistment was about to expire. They were to be incorporated into the various organizations in the field, and not formed into new regiments or companies. And lastly, the people were called upon to decide under which system, volunteering or the draft, they would replenish the wasted battalions of the army, thus relieving the Government from the odium which, in the opinion of many, its enforcement of the conscription had brought upon it. But although the call was made several months in advance of the withdrawal of the enlisted men of 1861, it came none too soon for the needs of the country. Estimating the strength of the army at 650,000 men, on Jan. 1st, 1863, we have to deduct from that number 10,000 two years' and 55,000 to 60,000 nine months' men, whose terms expired previous to October; and if from the remainder we make a further deduction of 25 per cent. for losses of every description, which is the ascertained ratio of depletion, there would be left but 450,000 effective men at the close of the year. To offset these losses there were 50,000 conscripts, and, as appears by the provost-marshalgeneral's report, 83,242 recruits obtained, previous to November, by volunteering, of whom all but about 15,000 were 3 years' men, a total of 133,242, which would bring the strength of the army, in October, up to about 580,000 men. The estimates of the War Depertment show that the paymaster-general of volunteers was called upon in November to pay 961 regiments of infantry, 159 of cavalry, 42 of artillery, 4 of engineers, and 174 artillery batteries, making a total of about 1,150 full regiments. The regular army to be added consists of 6 regiments of cavalry, 5 of artillery, and 19 of infantry, making an aggregate of 1,200 regiments. To this large number, the exigencies that follow victory and occupation, the nature and extent of the field of operations, and the formidable size of the enemy's army, imperatively demanded that considerable reënforcements should be added. Within a few days after the last call, volunteering commenced in all the States with an activity which promises a substantial increase to the national forces. In addition to the bounties offered by Government, from its commutation fund and from other sources, viz., $302 to new recruits, and $402 to veteran volunteers, there were bounties provided by State, county, town, or other local authorities, nearly, if not fully, equal in amount, making the whole sum received by the recruit from $600 to $900. Under this stimulus a sufficient number of recruits had probably come in at the close of the year to restore the army to the effective strength possessed by it a twelvemonth previous. Previous campaigns having shown the folly of recruiting the army by the addition of new regiments and companies, which require many months of experience in actual warfare to become effective, the Government, early in the year, began to devise means to retain in the field the veteran troops whose terms were about to expire, and to fill up the regiments in active service to the maximum strength. Many of the latter were reduced to mere skeleton commands; a brigade of four or five regiments being frequently inferior in numerical strength to a full regiment; and, in the opinion of experienced officers, an army made up of numerous small organizations of this nature was wanting in mobility and in other elements of power. Few of the regiments raised during the first two years of the war had received any considerable reënforcements, and though the men had become good soldiers, the gradual reduction (amounting in some cases to almost 90 per cent.) in their numbers had greatly weakened that esprit du corps which it is one of the chief objects of a general to promote. A regiment reduced to 150 or 200 men, with no hope of being reënforced, soon loses interest in its or ganization, and its members, if not demoralized or affected in their discipline, become at the best only machines. Influenced, doubtless, by these considerations, the Secretary of War announced, in his annual report, that "the prime importance of filling up the old regiments, and the superiority of such forces over new regiments, were points upon which all military experience and opinions agree," and, throughout the year, the policy of the Government in providing for an increase of the army, was in conformity with these views. An important exception was made in the case of negro regiments, of which mention will be made hereafter. In some of the States also nine months' men, and in New York two years' men, were formed into new regiments, which were considered, and were in fact, equivalent to veteran regiments. As a means of inducing veterans, both out of and in the service, to reënlist, or to enter old regiments other than their own, a liberal system of bounties and furloughs was adopted, the details of which are given in the following order, issued by the War Department, on June 28th. GENERAL ORDERS, No. 191.-First: In order to increase the armies now in the field, volunteer infantry, cavalry, and artillery may be enlisted at any time within ninety days from this date, in the respective States, under the regulations hereinafter mentioned. The volunteers so enlisted, and such of the three years' troops now in the field as may reenlist, in accordance with this order, will constitute a force to be designated "Veteran Volunteers." The regulations for enlisting the force are as follows: Second: The period of service for the enlistments and reënlistments above mentioned shall be for three years or during the war. Third: All able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 45 years, who have heretofore been enlisted and have served for not less than nine months, and can pass the examination required by the mustering regulations of the United States, may be enlisted under this order as veteran volunteers in accordance with the provisions hereinafter set forth. Fourth Every volunteer enlisted and mustered into the service as a veteran under this order, shall be entitled to receive from the United States one month's pay in advance, and a bounty and premium of $402. Fifth. If the Government shall not require these troops for the full period of three years, and they shall be mustered honorably out of the service before the expiration of their term of enlistment, they shall rebounty remaining unpaid, and the same as if the full ceive, upon being mustered out, the whole amount of term had been served. The legal heirs of volunteers who die in service shall be entitled to receive the whole bounty remaining unpaid at the time of the soldier's death. Sixth Veteran volunteers enlisted under this order will be permitted at their option to enter old regiments now in the field, but their service will continue for the full term of their own enlistment, notwithstanding the expiration of the term for which the regiment was originally enlisted. New organizations will be officered only by persons who have been in service, and have shown themselves properly qualified for command. As a badge of honorable distinction, service chevrons will be furnished by the War Department, to be worn by the veteran volunteers. Seventh: Officers of regiments, whose terms have expired, will be authorized, on proper application and approval of their respective governors, to raise companies and regiments, within the period of sixty days, and, if the company or regiment authorized to be raised shall be filled up and mustered into service within the said period of sixty days, the officers may be recommissioned at the date of their original commission, and, for the time engaged in recruiting, they will be entitled to receive the pay belonging to their tank. Eighth: Volunteers or militia now in service, whose term of service will expire within ninety days, and who shall then have been in service at least nine months, shall be entitled to the aforesaid bounty and premium of 8402, provided they reenlist before the expiration of their present term for three years, from date of reënlistment or for the war, and said bounty and premium shall be paid in the manner herein provided for other troops reëntering the service. Ninth: After the expiration of ninety days from this date, volunteers serving in three years' organizations who may reënlist for three years from the date of such reënlistment or for the war, shall be entitled to the aforesaid bounty and premium of 8402, to be paid in the manner herein provided for other troops reentering the service. Tenth: Officers in service, whose regiments or companies may reenlist in accordance with the provisions of this order, before the expiration of their present term, shall have their commissions continued so as to preserve their date of rank as fixed by their original master into the United States service. Eleventh: As soon after the expiration of their original term of enlistment as the exigencies of the service will permit, a furlough of thirty days will be granted to men who may reenlist in accordance with the provisions of this order. Twelfth Volunteers enlisted under this order will be credited as three years' men in the quotas of their respective States, of recruiting officers, and for enlisting veteran volunInstructions for the appointment teers, will be immediately issued to the governors of States. By order of the Secretary of War. E. D. TOWNSEND, Asst. Adjt.-Gen. By an order issued Sept. 11th, section 9 of the above order was amended, so as to read as fol lows: 9,-After the expiration of ninety days from this date (June 25th) volunteers serving in three years' organizations, who may reënlist for three years or the war in the companies of regiments to which they now belong, and who may have, at the date of reenlist ment, less than one year to serve, shall be entitled to the aforesaid bounty and premium of $402 to be paid in the manner provided for other troops reëntering the service. The new term will commence from the time of reenlistment. Another order, dated in December, extended the time for reënlisting veteran volunteers in the respective States under General Orders No. 191, current series, to Jan. 5th, 1864. A further order from the War Department, dated Nov. 21st, provided that volunteers then in the service, reenlisting as veteran volunteers under General Orders, No. 191, should have a furlough of at least thirty days previous to the expiration of their original enlistment; and that when three fourths of a regiment or company should reënlist, the men so enlisted might go home in a body with their officers; the individuals of the regiments or companies not reenlisting to be assigned, during the absence of their comrades, to duty with other organizations. This modification of the original order, together with the liberal bounty offered to veteran volunteers, had the effect of inducing 23 large numbers to reënlist, and, subsequent to the middle of December, a steady stream of furloughed regiments poured northward, affording indications that the army, when reorganized in the spring of 1864, would contain a considerable nucleus of disciplined troops. from time to time, among the regiments or The men raised by drafting were distributed, companies of their States, and those volunteering under the October call, it was understood, disposed of. Few of the latter class of recruits, at the close of the year were to be similarly however, had been forwarded to the seat of war at that date. The great body of them were the States the number of these was still inconin temporary State camps, and in many of siderable. efficiency of the army, a plan of consolida- SEC. 19. And be it further enacted, That whenever 8 lowed by law, no officer shall be appointed in such SEC. 20. And be it further enacted, That whenever regiment beyond those necessary for the command of regiment is reduced below the minimum number al such reduced number. regiments which had dwindled to insignificant proportions were consolidated into five or a less In accordance with these provisions, some the service seemed to demand it; but, in the number of companies, where the interests of majority of cases, they were allowed to remain conclusive by those having discretion in the matter, and which can be best understood by refer as originally organized, for reasons deemed mustering out of supernumerary officers in such ence to the following order providing for the consolidated regiments: General Orders, No. 86. WAR DEPARTMENT, Adjutant-GENERAL'S OFFICE, Infantry. less number of companies, and the colonel, major, and Cavalry. less number of companies, and the colonel, two majors, Artillery. 3. Each regiment will be consolidated into six or a |