warned of their existence 252 or if the excavations are not properly lighted,253 protected or guarded, 25+ a liability will follow. An interesting question frequently arises in respect to liability arising Fisher v. City of Mt. Vernon, 41 App. Div. 293, 58 N. Y. Supp. 499. Question for jury. Twist v. City of City of Rochester, 165 N. Y. 619, 59 N. E. 1131; Mooney v. Borough of Luzerne, 186 Pa. 161, 40 Atl. 311, 40 L. R. A. 811. 252 Sherwood v. District of Columbia, 3 Mackay (D. C.) 276. Well in highway. Norwood v. City of Somerville, 159 Mass. 105; Gilchrist v. City of South Omaha, 36 Neb. 163; Sherman v. Village of Oneonta, 66 Hun, 629, 21 N. Y. Supp. 137; Foy v. City of Winston, 126 N. C. 381, 35 S. E. 609; Seamons v. Fitts, 20 R. I. 443, 40 Atl. 3; Boyle v. Borough of Hazleton, 171 Pa. 167, 33 Atl. 142. But see O'Rourke v. City of Monroe, 98 Mich. 520; Bowen v. City of Huntington, 35 W. Va. 682, 14 S. E. 217; Gibson v. City of Huntington, 38 W. Va. 177, 18 S. E. 447, 22 L. R. A. 561. Not liable for caving in of embankment. See note 31 Am. & Eng. Corp. Cas. 40. 253 City of Birmingham v. Lewis, 92 Ala. 352, 9 So. 243; Cummings v. City of Hartford, 70 Conn. 115, 38 Atl. 916; City of Americus v. Chapman, 94 Ga. 711, 20 S. E. 3; City of Salem v. Webster, 192 Ill. 369, 61 N. E. 323, affirming 95 Ill. App. 120; City of Olathe v. Mizee, 48 Kan. 435, 29 Pac. 754; Butler v. City of Bangor, 67 Me. 385; Norwood v. City of Somerville, 159 Mass. 105, 33 N. E. 1108. Whether precautions taken are sufficient is a question for the jury. Fox v. City of Chelsea, 171 Mass. 297, 50 N. E. 622; Clark v. City of Austin, 38 Minn. 487, 38 N. W. 615; Haniford v. Kansas City, 103 Mo. 172, 15 S. W. 753, Myers v. Kansas City, 108 Mo. 480; City of Omaha v. Randolph, 30 Neb. 699, 46 N. W. 1013; Crowther v. City of Yonkers, 60 Hun, 586, 15 N. Y. Supp. 588; Storrs v. City of Utica, 17 N. Y. Supp. 104; Groves v. City of Rochester, 39 Hun (N. Y.) 5; Grant v. City of Brooklyn, 41 Barb. (N. Y.) 381; Blakeslee v. City of Geneva, 61 App. Div. 42, 69 N. Y. Supp. 1122; McAllister v. City of Albany, 18 Or. 426, 23 Pac. 845, Reed v. City of Spokane, 21 Wash. 218, 57 Pac. 803. But see Ball v. City of Independence, 41 Mo. App. 469. No liability where lights have been removed by a wrong doer. 254 Carstesen v. Town of Stratford, 67 Conn. 428, 35 Atl. 276; Seward v. City of Wilmington, 2 Marv. (Del.) 189, 42 Atl. 451; City of Tallahassee v. Fortune, 3 Fla. 19; Jackson v. City Council of Buena Vista, 88 Ga. 466, 14 S. E. 867; Pfau v. Williamson, 63 Ill. 16; Dooley v. Town of Sullivan, 112 Ind. 451, 14 N. E. 566; Hall v. Town of Manson, 99 Iowa, 698, 68 N. W. 922, 34 L. R. A. 207; Kemper v. City of Burlington, 81 Iowa, 354; Johnson v. Sioux City, 114 Iowa, 137, 86 N. W. 212; Fletcher v. City of Ellsworth, 53 Kan. 751, 37 Pac. 115; Blessington v. City of Boston, 153 Mass. 409, 26 N. E. 1113; Powers v. City of Boston, 154 Mass. 60; City of Boston v. Coon, 175 Mass. 283, 56 N. E. 287; Brydon v. City of Detroit, 117 Mich. 296, 76 N. W. 620; Monje v. City of Grand Rapids, 122 Mich. 645, 81 N. W. 574; City of Grand Rapids v. Van Rossum, 126 § 1010 from an injury received because of a failure to guard or warn against an excavation not within the limits of a highway but immediately contiguous to it. The rule seems to be in this class of cases that no liability will exist if the excavation is not immediately adjacent to the highway and, therefore, does not constitute a dangerous defect in connection with the use of the highway 255 Whether a depression or rut is sufficient to be regarded as a defect is a question of fact for the jury.256 § 1010. Basement or sidewalk openings. Akin to excavations are cellar,257 basement 258 and sidewalk openings 259 made by private owners in the public streets under Mich. 310, 85 N. W. 867; McCune v. Town of Missoula, 10 Mont. 146; City of Omaha v. Jensen, 35 Neb. 68, 52 N. W. 833; Brown v. Town of Louisburg, 126 N. C. 701, 36 S. E. 166; City of Circleville v. Neuding, 41 Ohio St. 465; Overpeck v. City of Rapid City, 14 S. D. 507, 85 N. W. 990; Town of Franklin v. House, 104 Tenn. 1. But see Gallagher v. Proctor, 84 Me. 41, 24 Atl. 459; City of Meridian v. Stainback (Miss.) 30 So. 607; O'Neil v. Bates, 20 R. I. 793, 40 Atl. 236. No liability where a barrier is taken down without authority. 255 Zettler v. City of Atlanta, 66 Ga. 195; City of Chicago v. Baker, 195 Ill. 54, 62 N. E. 892. Question for jury. Talty v. City of Atlantic, 92 Iowa, 135, 60 N. W. 516; Hawley v. City of Atlantic, 92 Iowa, 172, 60 N. W. 519; MacHugh v. City of St. Paul, 67 Minn. 441, 70 N. W. 5; Bassett v. City of St. Joseph, 53 Mo. 290; Halpin v. Kansas City, 76 Mo. 335; Wiggin v. City of St. Louis, 135 Mo. 558, 37 S W. 528. Reasonable care is required for the protection of persons from falling into excavations adjacent to a sidewalk but upon private property. Baldwin v. City of Springfield, 141 Mo. 205, 42 S. W. 717. The alleged negligence is one of fact to be determined by the conditions of the case. City of Lincoln v. Beckman, 23 Neb. 677, 37 N. W. 593; City of South Omaha v. Cunningham, 31 Neb. 316, 47 N. W. 930; Kelley v. City of Columbus, 41 Ohio St. 263; City of Oklahoma City v. Meyers, 4 Okl. 686, 46 Pac. 552; Gorr v. Mittelstaedt, 96 Wis. 296, 71 N. W. 656; Boltz v. Town of Sullivan, 101 Wis. 608, 77 N. W. 870. 256 Brush v. City of New York, 59 App. Div. 12, 69 N. Y. Supp. 51; Sutter v. Young Tp., 130 Pa. 72, 18 Atl. 610; Wiltze v. Town of Tilden, 77 Wis. 152, 46 N. W. 234; Rumrill v. Town of Delafield, 82 Wis. 184, 52 N. W. 261; Burroughs v. City of Milwaukee, 110 Wis. 478, 86 N. W. 159. But see Osterhout v. Town of Bethlehem, 55 App. Div. 198, 66 N. Y. Supp. 845. 257 Chapman v. City of Macon, 55 Ga. 566; City of Augusta v. Hafers, 59 Ga. 151; City of Augusta v. Hafers, 61 Ga. 48; Village of Evanston v. Fitzgerald, 37 Ill. App. 86; Day v. City of Mt. Pleasant, 70 Iowa, 193, 30 N. W. 853; Lichtenberger v. license or otherwise or upon private property immediately contiguous to the traveled portion of the highway. The rule stated in the preceding section applies. The imperative duty is imposed on the public authorities because of the dangerous condition of these openings to guard the public against injury in a manner commensurate with the danger.200 § 1011. Ditches, culverts, catch basins or open sewers. In the construction of ditches,261 culverts,262 catch basins,263 sewers, or water pipes,26* their condition as originally made or as Town of Meriden, 91 Iowa, 45, 58 N. W. 1058; Ledgerwood v. Webster City, 93 Iowa, 726, 61 N. W. 1089; Smith v. City of Leavenworth, 15 Kan. 81. Negligence question for jury. City of Abilene v. Cowperthwait, 52 Kan. 324, 34 Pac. 795; Carrington v. City of St. Louis, 89 Mo. 208, 1 S. W. 240; Sweeney v. Newport, 65 N. H. 86, 18 Atl. 86; Barstow v. City of Berlin, 34 Wis. 357; Smalley v. City of Appleton, 75 Wis. 18. 258 City of Galesburg v. Higley, 61 Ill. 287; McNerney v. City of Reading, 150 Pa. 611, 25 Atl. 57. 259 Rider v. Clark, 132 Cal. 382, 64 Pac. 564; City of Denver v. Solomon, 2 Colo. App. 534, 31 Pac. 507; Littlefield v. City of Norwich, 40 Conn. 406; Wickwire v. Town of Angola, 4 Ind. App. 253, 30 N. E. 917; City of Henderson v. Reed, 23 Ky. L. R. 463, 62 S. W. 1039; Betz v. Limingi, 46 La. Ann. 1113; Burt v. City of Boston, 122 Mass. 223; Lynch v. Hubbard, 101 Mich. 43; City of Wabasha v. Southworth, 54 Minn. 79, 55 N. W. 818; Buckley v. Kansas City, 95 Mo. App. 188, 68 S. W. 1069; Grove v. Kansas City, 75 Mo. 672; Sweeney v. City of Butte, 15 Mont. 274, 39 Pac. 286; McNerney v. City of Reading, 150 Pa. 611, 25 Atl. 57; McLeod v. City of Spokane, 26 Wash. 346, 67 Pac. 74; McClure v. City of Sparta, 84 Wis. 269, 54 N. W. 337; Stege v. City of Milwaukee, 110 Wis. 484, 86 N. W. 161. But see Hanscom V. City of Boston, 141 Mass. 242. 200 Burridge v. City of Detroit, 117 Mich. 557, 42 L. R. A. 684; Hall v. City of Austin, 73 Minn. 134; Dehanitz v. City of St. Paul, 73 Minn. 385; Young v. City of Webb City, 150 Mo. 333; City of Lincoln v. O'Brien, 56 Neb. 761; Temperance Hall Ass'n v. Giles, 33 N. J. Law, 260; City of Greenville v. Britton, 19 Tex. Civ. App. 79; Whitty v. City of Oshkosh, 106 Wis. 87, 81 N. W. 992. 261 Lewman v. Andrews, 129 Ala. 170, 29 So. 692; Lewis v. Riverside Water Co., 76 Cal. 249, 18 Pac. 314; Davis v. Com'rs of Highways, 143 Ill. 9, 33 N. E. 58; Goucher v. Sioux City, 115 Iowa, 639, 89 N. W. 24; Williams v. Town of Greenville, 130 N. C. 93, 40 S. E. 977, 57 L. R. A. 207; Wood v. Bridgeport Borough, 143 Pa. 167, 22 Atl. 752; City of Corsicana v. Tobin, 23 Tex. Civ. App. 492, 57 S. W. 319; City of Galveston v. Posnainsky, 62 Tex. 118; Hart v. Town of Red Cedar, 63 Wis. 634; Donahue v. Town of Warren, 95 Wis. 367, 70 N. W. 305. 262 City of LaSalle v. Porterfield, it may subsequently become may constitute such a defect in the highway as to create a liability to one suffering injury by reason of this defective condition.265 1012. Use of street. The particular use to which a street is put may constitute an obstruction in respect to the creation of a liability. A highway is designed, primarily, for the use of travelers on foot or otherwise but where horses are used as a means of locomotion, whenever the duty exists, it does not apply to those which are unmanageable,266 vicious, easily frightened,267 or in the act of running away.208 The use of highways by objects, therefore, of such a character as to frighten or render unmanageable horses not coming within the classes above mentioned constitutes a defect in the proper maintenance of the highway and creates a liability on the 138 Ill. 114, 27 N. E. 937; City of Mt. Vernon v. Lee, 36 Ill. App. 24; City of Elwood v. Addison, 26 Ind. App. 28, 59 N. E. 47; Hodgkins v. Inhabitants of Rockport, 116 Mass. 573; Howard v. Inhabitants of Mendon, 117 Mass. 585; O'Gorman v. Village of Morris, 26 Minn. 267. But see Ford v. Town of Braintree, 64 Vt. 144, 23 Atl. 633. 203 Buck v. City of Biddeford, 82 Me. 433, 19 Atl. 912; Stone v. City of Troy, 60 Hun, 580, 14 N. Y. Supp. 616; Lloyd v. Village of Walton, 57 App. Div. 288, 67 N. Y. Supp. 929. But see City Council of Sheffield v. Harris, 101 Ala. 564; Lyon v. City of Logansport (Ind. App.) 32 N. E. 582; Buscher v. City of Lafayette, 8 Ind. App. 590, 36 N. E. 371; Bryant v. Inhabitants of Westbrook, 86 Me. 450, 29 Atl. 1109; Wright v. Lancaster, 203 Pa. 276, 52 Atl. 245; Canavan v. City of Oil City, 183 Pa. 611, 38 Atl. 1096; Van Pelt v. Town of Clarksburg, 42 W. Va. 218, 24 S. E. 878. 264 Wilkins v. City of Wilmington, 2 Marv. (Del.) 132, 42 Atl. 418; City of Champaign v. Patterson, 50 Ill. 61; City of Baltimore v. Pendleton, 15 Md. 12; Lane v. City of Lewiston, 91 Me. 292; Hinckley v. Inhabitants of Barnstable, 109 Mass. 126; Post v. Boston, 141 Mass. 189; Lincoln, v. City of Detroit, 101 Mich. 245, 59 N. W. 617; Gale v. Town of Dover, 68 N. H. 403, 44 Atl. 535; Blizzard v. Borough of Danville, 175 Pa. 479, 34 Atl. 846; Burger v. City of Philadelphia, 196 Pa. 41, 46 Atl. 262; City of Dallas v. McAllister (Tex. Civ. App.) 39 S. W. 173. 265 Hall v. Town of Manson, 90 Iowa, 585; Johnson v. City of Worcester, 172 Mass. 122, 51 N. E. 519; Goins v. City of Moberly, 127 Mo. 116; Hopkins v. Ogden City, 5 Utah, 390, 15 Pac. 596. See, also, §§ 958 et seq., ante. 266 See §§ 992, ante and 1055, post. 267 Johnston v. City of Philadel phia, 139 Pa. 646. 208 See §§ 992, ante, and 1055, post. part of the corporation.269 The reverse rule applies where the horses are of the nature first indicated in this section. The question of negligence in a particular instance in common with all the questions raised in the sections discussing the subject of liability or torts is one of fact for a jury to determine upon the circumstances arising in each particular case. Moving objects. As a rule moving objects are not regarded as obstructions; they may become so, however, upon their becoming fixed and left in that condition for an unreasonable time. The duty requires their removal within a reasonable period. § 1013. Illegal use of the street. The illegal use of a public way or park for a purpose not authorized by law or in violation of some specific statute or ordinance,270 269 Kyne v. Wilmington & N. R. Co., 8 Houst. (Del.) 185, 14 Atl. 922; City of Vandalia v. Huss, 41 Ill. App. 517. Pile of shavings. City of Elgin v. Thompson, 98 Ill. App. 358. Steam roller. Weinstein v. City of Terre Haute, 147 Ind. 556; Pease v. Inhabitants of Parsonsfield, 92 Me. 345; Butman v. City of Newton, 179 Mass. 160 N. E. 401; Winship v. Town of Enfield, 42 N. H. 197; Chamberlain v. Town of Enfield, 43 N. H. 356. Lumber pile. Mullen v. Village of Glens Falls, 11 App. Div. 275, 42 N. Y. Supp. 113. Use of steam roller not a defect. Burns v. Town of Farmington, 31 App. Div. 364, 52 N. Y. Supp. 229; Barr v. Village of Bainbridge, 42 App. Div. 628, 59 N. Y. Supp. 132; Dunn v. Town of BarnWell, 43 S. C. 398; Ouverson v. City of Grafton, 5 N. D. 281, 65 N. W. 676. It is a question for the jury whether a steam threshing machine standing on the city street is an object calculated to frighten horses of ordinary gentleness. North Manheim Tp. v. Arnold, 119 Abb. Corp. Vol. III — 21 Pa. 380, 13 Atl. 444; Baker v. Borough of North East, 151 Pa 234, 24 Atl. 1079; Bennett v. Fifield, 13 R. I. 139; Stone v. Pendleton, 21 R. I. 332, 43 Atl. 643; Patterson v. City of Austin, 15 Tex. Civ. App. 201, 39 S. W. 976; City of Weatherford v. Lowery (Tex. Civ. App.) 47 S. W. 34; Morse v. Town of Richmond, 41 Vt. 435; Little v. City of Madison, 42 Wis. 643. Exhibiting wild animals. Prahl v. Town of Waupaca, 109 Wis. 299, 85 N. W. 350. Pile of drain pipes. But see District of Columbia v. Moulton, 182 U. S. 576, 21 Sup. Ct. 840, Id., 15 App. D. C. 363. Steam roller. Hebbard v. Town of Berlin, 66 N. H. 623, 32 Atl. 229. Following Knowlton v. Pittsfield, 62 N. H. 535. Steam engine. Dunn v. Town of Barnwell, 43 S. C. 398, 21 S. E. 315; Loberg v. Town of Amherst, 87 Wis. 634, 58 N. W. 1048. 270 Town of Cullman v. McMinn, 109 Ala. 614, 19 So. 981; Carswell v. City of Wilmington, 2 Marv. (Del.) 360, 43 Atl. 169; Herries v. City of Waterloo, 114 Iowa, 374, 86 N. W. |